Lead Opinion
Memorandum Decision
T1 Sean Doyle appeals the trial court's grant of M.K.'s petition for a civil stalking injunction against him. We affirm.
12 In order to obtain a civil stalking injunction, M.K. was required to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that Doyle intentionally or knowingly engaged in a course of conduct directed at her that he knew or should have known would cause a reasonable person to fear for her safety or to suffer emotional distress. See Utah Code Ann. § 77-S8a-101(1), (5)(a) (LexisNexis 2012), id. § 76-5-106.5(2). Doyle argues that he could not have known that MK. would fear for her safety or suffer emotional distress as a result of his behavior because Doyle and MK. were in an ongoing consensual relationship. Whether this type of relationship precludes application of the stalking statute is a question of law, which we review for correctness. See Bott v. Osburn,
13 In Towner v. Ridgway, our supreme court rejected the idea that an attempt to obtain a civil stalking injunction may be thwarted where the victim and alleged stalker maintained "'normal relations'" between stalking incidents.
14 However, we are not convinced that even significant consensual contact nee-essarily negates the intent element of the stalking statute, as Doyle suggests, and the facts of this case illustrate the absurdity of such a conclusion. MK. testified that, among other things, Doyle repeatedly forced her to engage in sexual activity despite her physical and verbal attempts to prevent him from doing so. Thus, to reach the conclusion Doyle advocates, we would have to conclude that he could not reasonably have known that sexually abusing M.K. would lead her to fear for her safety or suffer emotional distress simply because they were in a relationship at the time the abuse occurred. While the existence of an ongoing relationship could undermine evidence supporting the imposition of a stalking injunetion,
15 Doyle next argues that the trial court erred in taking judicial notice of an
First, it is undisputed that on November 13th, 2011, there was an act of forcible sexual assault on [M.K.] by [Doyle], that she attempted to fight back ..., [and] that he sat on her with his full weight, causing her not to be able to breathe.... [A] reasonable person would suffer ... physical harm and severe emotional distress from an event like that and, in fact, it's undisputed that [MK.] did suffer that. She testified to that.
The only testimony to the contrary ... or the only evidence to the contrary would be [M.K.'s] continued contact with [Doyle] and also the fact that she appeared cheerful while in [Doyle's] home.
That's a fairly minor point in the Court's mind, given the nature of the-this Axis I disorder that battered women tend to have where they-and I ... don't understand why this happens, we only know that it happens ...-it's something that the Court can certainly take notice of as it considers this issue of severe emotional distress.
The legislature's intended that the Court be allowed to use its experience [of] this nature, otherwise we would have to have a psychologist in on every one of these hearings. And so we don't know ... why, particularly, women tend to stay with batterers and so forth but they do. And ... it's usually something that requires some type of therapeutic intervention.
16 Doyle asserts that an Axis I clinical diagnosis is outside the information " 'generally known'" to a trial court judge and could not be considered without any evidence or expert testimony on the subject, See Utah R. Evid. 201(b) ("The court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it; (1) is generally known within the trial court's territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned."). We conclude that, taken in context, the court's reference to "Axis I disorder" was not an attempt to bring in a clinical diagnosis through judicial notice but, rather, an allusion to an increasingly familiar psychological concept that the judge used simply to describe knowledge gleaned from his own experience.
17 The determination of witness credibility is a matter within the province of the finder of fact. Iacono v. Hicken,
The Utah Supreme Court has recognized that in performing their duties as finders of fact [the judge or jurors] are the exclusive judges of the credibility of the evidence. In so doing, they may consider all of the facts affirmatively shown, as well as any unexplained areas, and draw whatever inferences may fairly and reasonably be drawn therefrom in the light of their own experience and judgment.
State v. John,
[ 8 In the case of a stalking injunction, the trial court is the finder of fact. Utah Code Ann. § T7-3a-10l(5)(a) (LexisNexis 2012) ("If the court determines that there is reason to believe that an offense of stalking has occurred, an ex parte civil stalking injunction may be issued...." (emphasis added)). And judges, by virtue of the duties of their office, are regularly exposed to evidence of incidents of domestic violence and the persons involved in such incidents, including victims. For example, domestic violence may be a significant issue in the context of a request for a protective order or stalking injunction, a petition for divorcee, or a trial on a criminal offense, such as assault (physical or sexual), abuse, or homicide. In presiding over these proceedings, a trial judge has many opportunities to become familiar with the behavioral interactions of people in abusive relationships. And although this experience alone does not qualify a judge to diagnose a particular medical or psychological condition, judges cannot be expected to "divorcee themselves" from the knowledge they have attained by their experience. See Russell,
T9 The trial judge here did exactly that. He heard M.K.'s testimony that she felt compelled to stay in a relationship with Doyle, that Doyle repeatedly used force to engage her in sexual activity after she physically and verbally refused him, and that she suffered emotional distress as a result of Doyle's behavior. Doyle attempted to undereut this testimony by pointing out that after the abuse occurred, MK. continued a consensual relationship with him and seemed cheerful in his presence. Based on the trial judge's explanation as a whole, it is reasonable to conclude that the judge rejected this argument as "a fairly minor point" of contention because he viewed such behavior as not unusual in victims of abuse. That assessment was clearly informed by the judge's frequent exposure to the conduct of persons in relationships involving domestic violence in the course of his judicial duties. Applying this experience, the judge determined that M.K.'s behavior-continuing a relationship with Doyle after he abused her-was common enough among victims of domestic violence that it did not materially undermine his overall judgment that MK. was a credible witness when she testified that she suffered severe emotional distress from Doyle's continued contact with her.
[10 Under the cireumstances, it seems reasonable to conclude that the judge's labeling of his understanding of the behavior of victims of domestic violence as an "Axis I disorder that battered women tend to have" did not amount to judicial notice that MK. was actually suffering from the condition. Instead, it is clear that the judge made his credibility determination after hearing her testimony and seeing her demeanor and then refining his judgment in the context of other evidence and in light of his experience with the behavior of victims of domestic violence. It was that experience that enabled the judge to reconcile M.K.'s seemingly inconsistent behavior with her testimony that she was emotionally distressed by Doyle's abuse and coercion. And although the judge inartfully labeled it with a DSM tag, he sufficiently stated that his finding was based on his experience: "[The Court [is] allowed to use its experience in [cases involving domestic violence], otherwise we would have to have a psychologist in on every one of these hearings. And so we don't know ... why, particularly, women tend to stay with batterers and so forth but they do." A trial court is well equipped to make this kind of determination due to its opportunity to "view[ ] the witnesses firsthand, to assess their demeanor and to consider their testimonies in the context of the proceedings as a whole." Henshaw v. Henshaw,
{11 Accordingly, we affirm. - Because MK. was granted attorney fees below and
Notes
. The significance of the ongoing relationship is a question of fact. Because Doyle has explicitly declined to challenge the trial court's factual findings, we need not consider this issue further.
Concurrence in Part
(concurring in part and dissenting in part):
12 I agree with the majority that M.K.'s ongoing relationship with Doyle did not preclude her from obtaining a civil stalking injunction against him. However, I disagree with the majority's characterization of the trial court's comments regarding "Axis I disorder" as a mere credibility determination.
13 In weighing the evidence before it, the trial court took judicial notice of an "Axis I disorder that battered women tend to have where they ... tend to stay with batterers." By using this fact as a basis for disregarding evidence that . M.K. had "continued contact" with Doyle after he abused her and "that she appeared cheerful while in [Doyle's] home," the trial court implicitly determined not simply that this evidence was not credible or was outweighed by other evidence, but that MK. suffered from a psychological disorder that caused her to behave in a particular way.
{14 While the trial judge could appropriately judge the parties' credibility "in the light of [its] own experience and judgment," State v. John,
{ 15 While it is possible that the trial court did not actually intend to diagnose M.K., its comments strongly suggest that it considered her to be suffering from an Axis I disorder. While the court may have rejected the evidence contradicting M.K.'s claims of emotional distress even without such a diagnosis, its "inartful" language referring to a specific psychological disorder and implying a diagnosis suggests a misunderstanding of the bounds of judicial notice. By dismissing this language as inconsequential and attempting to interpret what the court meant rather than relying on what it said, I fear that the majority may have opened the door for judges to rely on their own knowledge of psychology in making factual determinations rather than on the evidence presented to them. Cf. Brown v. Sandy City Appeal Bd.,
{16 It is my opinion that, having been presented with no evidence regarding the symptoms of an Axis I disorder or any evidence indicating that M.K. in fact suffered from any such symptoms, the trial court's stated basis for rejecting the evidence that contradicted M.K.'s claims of emotional distress is unsupported. We have no way of knowing whether the trial court would have weighed the evidence in the same way had it not applied its own knowledge of psychology to decide the case. I would therefore remand for the trial court to determine, without attributing the Axis I disorder to MK., whether the evidence supported findings on the necessary elements of the stalking statute.