MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plаintiff M Consulting and Export, LLC (“Plaintiff”) brings the presently pending action against Defendant Travelers Casualty Insurance Company of America (“De
BACKGROUND
This Court reviews the facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmоving party. Scott v. Hams,
This case arises out of a business transaction involving the purchase and shipment of sparkling wine. Specifically, Wine & Spirits Expo, LLC, d/b/a Cork N Bottle (“Cork N Bottle”) contracted with Plaintiff M Consulting and Export, LLC (“Plaintiff’) to provide five hundred (500) cases of sparkling wine for shipment to West Africa. Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 1, ECF No. 22-1. Upon arrival, however, only some three hundred (300) crates were in the shipping container. Ogbebor Dep. 20:17-19, ECF No. 22-4. Plaintiff filed a lawsuit against Cork N Bottle in the Circuit Court of Maryland for Baltimore City for breach of contract and negligence, and obtained a default judgment after Cork N Bottlе failed to answer. Pl.’s Opp. 1, ECF No. 25.
Thereafter, Plaintiff filed the currently pending action against Defendant Travelers Casualty Insurance Company of America (“Defendant” or “Travelers”), which had insured Cork N Bottle at the time. Id. at 2. Specifically, Travelers insured Cork N Bottle under a commercial general liability insurance agreement, policy number I-680-8660L673-ACJ-09 (“the Policy”). Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ J. 2, ECF No. 22-1; see also Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. A, ECF No. 22-2 (hereinafter “Def.’s Ex. A”). The scope of the coverage was stated as follows:
a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages becausе of “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any “suit” seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the insured against any “suit” seeking damages for “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance does not apply.
b. This insurance applies to “bodily injury” and “property damage” only if:
(1) The “bodily injury” or “property damage” is caused by an “occurrence” ....
Def.’s Ex. A at 00077. The policy also provides the following definitions:
13. “Occurrence” means an accident, including continuous or repeated еxposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.
17. “Property damage” means:
a. Physical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the physical injury that caused it; or
b. Loss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured. All such loss of use shall be deemed to occur at the time of the “occurrence” that caused it.
Def.’s Ex. A at 00090-91, 00103 (amending 00091 to include new definition of property damage).
The Policy also excludes several types of damage from coverage. Under section I.A.2.m of the Policy, “Damage to Impaired Property or Propеrty Not Physically Injured” is excluded from coverage in the following circumstances:
“Property damage” to “impaired property” or property that has not been physically injured, arising out of:
(1) A defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in “your product” or “your work”; or
(2) A delay or failure by you or anyone acting on your behalf to perform a contract or agreement in accordance with its terms.
This exclusion does not apply to the loss of use of other property arising out of sudden and accidental physical injury to “your product” or “your work” after it has been put to its intended use.
Def.’s Ex. A at 00081. In addition, the Policy also contains an exclusion for damage to the insured’s product under section I.A.2.k (hereinafter the “Your Product Exclusion”). Specifically, the Policy excludes coverage for “property damage to ‘your product’ arising out of it or any part of it.” Def.’s Ex. A at 00081. The policy defines “your product” as:
(1) Any goods or products, other than real property, manufactured, sold, handled, distributed or disposed of by:
(a) [Cork N Bottle];
(b) Others trading under [Cork N Bottle’s] name; or
(c) A person or organization whose business or assets [Cork N Bottle has] acquired; and
(2) Containers (othеr than vehicles), materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection with such goods or products.
Def.’s Ex. A at 00091.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Crv. P. 56(c). A material fact is one that “might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
In undertaking this inquiry, this Court must consider the facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Scott v. Harris, 550
ANALYSIS
I. Choice of Law
In this diversity action, this Court must apply applicable state law. Here, Defendant Travelers argues that Maryland law applies. Defi’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 10, ECF No. 22. Plaintiff does not dispute this assertion and, in fact, repeatedly cites to Maryland cases. As such, this Court applies Maryland law. Accord French v. Assurance Company of America,
II. Evidentiary Issue — Rule 408 of the Federal Rules of Evidence
Attached to Defendant Travelers’ Motion for Summary Judgment was a July 26, 2012 letter from Plaintiff M Consulting to Defendant explaining its theory of the case and demanding payment. See ECF No. 22-7. The letter suggests that only three hundred (300) crates of sparkling wine had been loaded into the shipping container. In its Response brief, Plaintiff argues that this demand letter is inadmissible under Rule 408 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Under Rule 408, evidence of “furnishing, promising, or offering ... a valuable consideration in compromising or attempting to compromise [a] claim” “is not admissible — on behalf оf any party — ... to impeach by a prior inconsistent statement or a contradiction.” Fed.R.Evid. 408(a)(2). The Rule, however, does not prevent the admission of such evidence “for another purpose, such as proving a witness’s bias or prejudice, negating a contention of undue delay, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution.” Rule 408(b).
Plaintiff M Consulting argues that “any inferences or conclusions drawn ... from the letter mailed by Plaintiff to Defendant on July 26, 2012” are inadmissible because “the letter would be covered by the prohibitions of Rule 408.”
III. Principles of Maryland Insurance Law
Under Maryland law, insurance agreements are interpreted under normal contract principles. See Travelers Indemnity Co. of Am. v. Jim Coleman Auto. of Columbia, LLC,
IV. Coverage for Plaintiff’s Loss under the Policy
The Policy states that Travelers will provide coverage for sums that Cork N Bottle bеcomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage caused by an “occurrence.” See Ex. A at 00077. In its Motion for Summary Judgment, Travelers argues that the Policy did not provide coverage for the loss in this case because (1) there was no property damage or physical injury; and (2) there was no occurrence.
A. Property Damage
Under the terms of the Policy, property damage entails “[p]hysical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property”; and “[l]oss of use of tangible property that is not physically
1. Physical Injury to Tangible Property
With respect to the “physical injury to tangible property” prong, Travelers characterizes the issue as whether “disappearance, theft, or conversion of property” can qualify as physical injury. See Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 14. Plaintiff argues that conversion of property qualifies as physical loss to tangible property, but that claim is unsupported by any applicable case law.
In addition, Plaintiff seeks to avoid summary judgment by asserting that “there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the loss suffered in this case is physical injury to the property of Plaintiff.” See Pl.’s Opp. 7. Despite Plaintiffs protest, interpretation of insurance contracts is a matter for the Court, see Jim Coleman Auto.,
Plaintiff also contends that it suffered “property damage” within the terms of the Policy because it lost the use of the crates of sparkling wine. Again, Maryland courts have not directly addressed the precise issue presented in this case.
The correct analysis of loss of use coverage is set forth in Collin v. American Empire Insurance Co.[,21 Cal. App.4th 787 ,26 Cal.Rptr.2d 391 , 408-09 (2d Dist.1994),] Thе issue before the court was whether a claim for conversion of property constitutes a claim for loss of use of such property. The court held that it does not.
“Loss of use” of property is different from “loss” of property. To take a simple example, assume that an automobile is stolen from its owner. The value of the “loss of use” of the car is the rental value of a substitute vehicle; the value of the “loss” of the car is its replacement cost.
3 Insurance Claims and Disputes § 11:1 (6th ed.). In this case, Plaintiff has made no allegation of specific loss of use dаm
B. Occurrence
Under the terms of the Policy, Cork N Bottle’s insurance coverage only extended to property damage “caused by an occurrence.” Ex. A at 00077. The Policy defines an occurrence as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” Ex. A at 00090. Thе term “accident” is not defined in the Policy-
Despite the lack of an express definition, various courts have construed the term “accident” in similar insurance agreements. In Sheets v. Brethren Mut. Ins. Co.,
[W]e hold today that an act of negligence constitutes an “accident” under a liability insurance policy when thе resulting damage was “ ‘an event that takes place without [the insured’s] foresight or expectation.’ ” Harleysville,248 Md. at 154 ,235 A.2d at 559 (citation omitted). In other words, when a negligent act causes damage that is unforeseen or unexpected by the insured, the act is an “accident” under a general liability policy.
Id. at 652,
In Lerner Corp. v. Assurance Company of America, the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland addressed the question whether an insured was “entitled to indemnity for the costs associated with the contractually obligated repair of a latent construction defect under the comprehensive general liability policies.” See
In this ease, the event in question relates to Cork N Bottle’s failure to ensure delivery of all of the sparkling wine that had been ordered. In Plaintiffs view, this failure qualifies as an ocсurrence under the Policy:
[Cork N Bottle’s] conduct in this case can best be described as an accident. It would appear that [Cork N Bottle] did not intend that the shipment of the sparkling wine would be short. In addition, it is not reasonable to assert that Plaintiff could have or should have foreseen the failure of [Cork N Bottle] to properly monitor and verify the shipment contents or to put safeguards in place to guard against their failure in this case. Unlike Defendant’s cited examples, the loss at issue in this case had nothing to do with a defective product or disappointment of a purchaser under a contract. The issue in this case is the negligent conduct of Defendant, independent of the terms of the contract. As a consequence, Plaintiff asserts that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the loss at issue was in fact an occurrence under the policy.
Pl.’s Resp. 5, ECF No. 25. This argument is unavailing. Plaintiff attempts to cast the issue as a matter of Cork N Bottle’s negligent conduct. However, Plaintiff has not identified any duty that Cork N Bottle owed to Plaintiff other than the duty arising from the contract between the two parties. Accordingly, it is quite clear that, despite Plaintiffs protests, this is indeed a case of a disappointed purchaser under a contract. Just as the insured construction management companies failed to deliver a defect-free building in Lemer, here Cork N Bottle failed to deliver the full shipment. Accordingly, the loss claimed by Plaintiff was foreseeable and, therefore, not accidental. See Lemer,
V. Policy Exclusions
Assuming arguendo that Plaintiffs loss is within the general scope of coverage, the loss is excluded from coverage under section I.A.2.m of the Policy, which excludes coverage for damage to property “that has not been physically injured, arising out of ... [a] delay or failure by [Cork N Bottle] or anyone acting on [Cork N Bottle’s] behalf to perform a contract or
Plaintiff attempts to distinguish its claim from the reasoning in these cases, arguing that:
Here, Plaintiffs loss does not arise out of any contract and is not limited by the chain of events discussion in EDP noted above. Rather, the loss is an independent negligence action whereby the injuries arise independent of the contract breach and relate more to services provided by [Cork N Bottle] and not a contract entered into between Plaintiff and [Cork N Bottle]. In other words, the breach of contract is not the instrumentality of the injury аnd the negligence is not an event further back in a sequence of events ending with or including excluded liability under the policy.
PL’s Resp. 10, ECF No. 25. Indeed, Plaintiffs Complaint characterizes this case as a “direct action” based on an “underlying claim [involving] ... a case of negligence on the part of [Cork N Bottle], which arose when an international shipment of sparkling wine purchased by the plaintiff was mishandled and partially destroyed.” PL’s Compl. ¶¶ 1, 2.
Nevertheless, Plaintiffs characterization of the suit is not dispositive of the matter. As this Court has previously noted, under Maryland law, the theory of liability emрloyed by the Plaintiff does not affect the analysis. See Insights Trading Group,
For the reasons stated above, Defendant Travelers Casualty Insurance Company of America’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 22) is GRANTED.
A separate Order follows.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT
For the rеasons stated in the foregoing Memorandum Opinion, it is this 27th day of February, 2014, ORDERED and ADJUDGED, that:
1. Defendant Travelers Casualty Insurance Company of America’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 22) is GRANTED;
2. That judgment BE, and it hereby IS, entered in favor of the Defendant and against the Plaintiff; •
3. The Clerk of the Court transmit copies of this Order and accompanying Memorandum Opinion to the parties; and
4. The Clerk of Court CLOSE this case.
Notes
. Plaintiff also contends that the letter is inadmissible under Rule 408’s “Maryland counterpart.” Maryland Rule 5-408 provides:
(a) The following evidence is not admissible to prove the validity, invalidity, or amount of a civil claim in dispute:
(1)Furnishing or offering or promising to furnish a valuable consideration for the purpose of compromising or attempting to compromise the claim or any other claim;
(2) Accepting or offering to accept such consideration for that purpose; and
(3) Conduct or statements made in compromise negotiations or mediation.
(b) This Rule does not require the exclusion of any evidence otherwise obtained merely because it is also presented in the course of compromise negotiations or mediation.
(c) Except as otherwise provided by law, evidence of a type specified in section (a) of this Rule is not excluded under this Rule when offered for another purpose, such as proving bias or prejudice of a witness, controverting a defense of laches or limitations, establishing the existence of a "Mary Carter” agreement, or proving an effort to obstruct a criminal investigation or prosecution, but exclusion is required where the sole purpose for offering the evidence is to impeach a party by showing a prior inconsistent statement.
(d) When an act giving rise to criminal liability would also result in civil liability, evidence that would be inadmissible in a civil action is also inadmissible in a criminal action based on that act.
Md. Rule 5-408. While this Court has routinely applied the Federal Rules of Evidence to diversity actions, see, e.g., Osunde v. Lewis,
. Defendant also cites to Ausherman v. Bank of Am. Corp.,
. The only relevant case that Plaintiff cites in support of this proposition is U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Mayor’s Jewelers of Pompano, Inc.,
The only other case cited by Plaintiff does not address the issue of conversion. See Pitt-way Corp. v. American Motorists Insurance Co.,
. This Court rеcognizes that there is some slight ambiguity regarding the exact fate of the missing cases of sparkling wine. The original complaint filed against Cork N Bottle in the underlying case presented conversion theories:
9. On or about June 7, 2010, at the Port of Baltimore, there was delivered to [the defendant shipping companies] five hundred cases of sparkling wine, in good order and condition....
10. [The defendant shipping companies] have failed to deliver said shipment to the plaintiff at the Port of Cotonou, or at any location, in the same condition as received, but in short condition....
12. [The defendant shipping companies'] actions aforesaid are a conversion of the shipment to their own use.
18. On or about, June 7. 2010, at the warehouse of CNB in Washington. DC, the 500 cases of Sparkling Wine ("shipment”) was loaded into container No. MEDU 1522492 in good order and condition and received by [the defendant trucking company] as an interstate motor carrier for carriage to the Port of Baltimore, Maryland. At the time of receipt seal no. 4057299 was placed on the container.
19. [The defendant trucking company] failed to make delivery of the said shipment in like good order and condition as when shipped, delivered to and received by them, but on the contrary, lost or permitted to be stolen and impaired in value....
26. The alleged loss, damage or other impairment to value to the shipment was caused in whole or in part by CNB’s negligent acts, faults, omissions or want of due care in improperly delivering, loading, storing, packaging and/or assuring that the full shipment was received and documented as received by OST.
Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. 5-7 (quoting underlying Amended Complaint, attached as Ex. B to Defendant’s Memorandum (ECF No. 22-3)). At her deposition, Ms. Mercy Ogbebor, the corporate designee for Plaintiff, suggested something had happened somewhere in transit. See Ogbebor Depo. 40:15-41:2, ECF No. 22-4 (stating that Ogbebor "knew that something happened along the line between the time of purchase and the time the goods got to Contonou” because the seal number provided by Cork N Bottle's employee was not the same as the seal number on the other documents). The only directly contrary evidence before the Court is Plaintiff's July 26, 2012 letter to Defendant, which suggests that the seal numbers were consistent and that the full order had not been loaded into the shipping container; however, that letter is not considered by the Court at Plaintiff's own request. In either scenario, however, the loss to the Plaintiff arose from Cork N Bottle's failure to deliver the full shipment amount. As such, there is no need for this Court to precisely determine where in the process the missing sparkling wine went missing.
. The closest case is Sheets v. Brethren Mut. Ins. Co.,
. In this action, Plaintiff seeks $103,680.80. See Pl.’s Compl., ECF No. 2. In the action before the Maryland state court, Plaintiff sought "$64,776, invoice value of the missing goods, lost profits in the amount of $28,824, pro-rated freight of $1,520 and prejudgment interest to be determined at trial.” Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. Ex. B ¶31. Presumably, the discrepancy is due to the award of interest; however, the order granting default judgment against Cork N Bottle, which Plaintiff attached to its Complaint, is illegible. See Pl.’s Compl. Ex. 1, ECF No. 2-1.
. As noted above, Plaintiff sought "$64,776, invoice value of the missing goods, lost profits in the amount of $28,824, pro-rated freight of $1,520 and prejudgment interest to be determined at trial” in the underlying suit against Cork N Bottle in Maryland state court.
. Moreover, while negligence claims are not barred by the occurrence language of commercial general liability policies under Sheets, one cannot simply disguise a сontract claim as a negligence claim. See Travelers Indent. Co. of Am. v. Coleman Auto, of Columbia, LLC,
. While the same basic reasoning would apply to the "arising out of" language contained in