253 S.E.2d 277 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1979
Eddie Marshall LYON
v.
SHELTER RESOURCES CORPORATION, Peachtree Housing Corporation and General Electric Credit Corporation of Georgia.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
*279 Powe, Porter, Alphin & Whichard by Edward L. Embree III, Durham, for plaintiff-appellee.
Sprinkle, Coffield & Stackhouse by H. Irwin Coffield, Jr., High Point, for defendant-appellant.
VAUGHN, Judge.
Shelter first asserts that the repairs made by Peachtree in August, 1976 and *280 plaintiff's release of Peachtree relieves Shelter from liability. Shelter contends that since the defects were repaired, plaintiff has sustained no damages. Furthermore, if plaintiff may recover from Shelter for a breach of warranty, Shelter in turn may recover from Peachtree for any liability to plaintiff. Thus, Shelter argues, the release of Peachtree released Shelter. A defense based on waiver or release is an affirmative defense and, therefore, the defendant bears the burden of proof. Rule 8(c), North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure; Price v. Conley, 21 N.C.App. 326, 204 S.E.2d 178 (1974). On this issue, Shelter has failed to sustain its burden of proving that the release of Peachtree released Shelter.
In this jurisdiction, in order for a consumer to sue for breach of warranty there must be privity of contract between the plaintiff and the defendant. Generally, therefore, consumers have no cause of action against a manufacturer of a product. Coffer v. Standard Brands, Inc., 30 N.C.App. 134, 226 S.E.2d 534 (1976); Byrd v. Star Rubber Co., 11 N.C.App. 297, 181 S.E.2d 227 (1971). See Hodge, Products Liability: The State of the Law in North Carolina, 8 Wake Forest L.Rev. 481 (1972). Nevertheless, consumers may sue retailers, with whom they have privity, and the retailers may, in turn, sue the manufacturers on any expressed or implied warranties made to the retailer.
"Where the retailer purchases personal property from the manufacturer . . for resale with implied or express warranty of fitness and the retailer resells to the consumer with the same warranty and the retailer has been compelled to pay for breach of warranty, he may recover his entire loss from the manufacturer." (Emphasis added.) Wilson v. Chemical Co., 281 N.C. 506, 512, 189 S.E.2d 221, 225 (1972).
Shelter's liability in this case arises from an alleged breach of the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. G.S. 25-2-314 and 25-2-315. Shelter does not contend that these implied warranties have been modified or excluded, pursuant to G.S. 25-2-316 and does not contest the jury's finding that Shelter made these warranties in the sale of the mobile home. Shelter has failed to show, however, that Peachtree warrantied the home to Shelter, and that Shelter passed this same warranty on to plaintiff. Without a showing that Shelter was secondarily liable, it cannot claim that the release of Peachtree operated to release Shelter.
Although the repairs increased the value of the house, the evidence indicated that they did not raise the market value to the contract price. Plaintiff testified that the value of the repairs was $1,500.00 and that the house was worth $4,515.00 less than what she paid. The jury returned a verdict awarding damages of $3,015.00, the difference between the value of the mobile home and the sale price less the value of the repairs. Despite the repairs, plaintiff's house was still not worth the price she paid and, therefore, she was entitled to recover.
Shelter also claims that plaintiff waived any breach of warranty by paying off the loan and releasing GECC. Plaintiff's acceptance of the mobile home barred her from rejecting it and recovering the purchase price. She was, therefore, obligated to pay the contract price. G.S. 25-2-607(1). Nevertheless, she could still maintain an action for breach of warranty. In Performance Motors, Inc. v. Allen, 280 N.C. 385, 186 S.E.2d 161 (1972), the Supreme Court stated that if the buyer "did not reject but accepted the mobile home . . she is obligated to pay the balance due on the contract price, and she is limited . . to recovery of damages for breach of implied warranty of fitness." Performance Motors, Inc. v. Allen, supra, at 396, 186 S.E.2d at 167. The Court implied, therefore, that even though plaintiff must pay, she may still recover damages for any breach of warranty. This holding comports with decisions in other jurisdictions. See 67 Am.Jur.2d Sales § 725 (1973) and cases cited therein.
*281 Furthermore, plaintiff's release of GECC in no way operated to release Shelter. Plaintiff's action against GECC was based on an allegation of unfair trade practice. Plaintiff's release of GECC on that cause of action would not bar plaintiff's action for breach of warranty.
Plaintiff's evidence was sufficient to establish a cause of action for breach of implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Shelter claims, however, that since no implied warranties could run between Peachtree and plaintiff, plaintiff's release of Peachtree must have been based on an express warranty given by Peachtree. Thus, Shelter argues, this express warranty would exclude any implied warranties. We first note that there was no evidence presented to show that the release was based on the existence of an express warranty. Furthermore, G.S. 25-2-317 provides that warranties, express and implied, should be construed as consistent with each other and as cumulative. Thus, if Peachtree had given an express warranty, it would not necessarily exclude an implied warranty given by Shelter. Shelter's argument, therefore, is groundless.
Shelter also contends that plaintiff failed to allege damages based on the difference between the value of the home and the value it would have if it had been as warranted. Thus, under plaintiff's allegations, the damages recoverable must be special damages. Shelter argues that since plaintiff has failed to prove special damages, she is not entitled to recover. This argument is without merit. In Rodd v. Drug Co., 30 N.C.App. 564, 228 S.E.2d 35 (1976), the Court held that plaintiff was entitled to recover general damages for breach of warranty under a general allegation of damages. We find that plaintiff's complaint was sufficient to support an award of general damages.
Shelter also contends that a directed verdict should have been granted because plaintiff failed to prove damages. For breach of warranty, plaintiff is entitled to recover the difference between the value of the goods accepted and the value they would have if they had been as warranted, at the time and place of acceptance. G.S. 25-2-714(2). Plaintiff must present evidence tending to show the value of the home if it had been as warranted and the fair market value of the home in its defective condition. HPS, Inc. v. All Wood Turning Corp., 21 N.C.App. 321, 204 S.E.2d 188 (1974). Plaintiff testified that the contract price was $10,515.00. The contract price will serve as strong evidence of the value of the mobile home as warranted. HPS, Inc. v. All Wood Turning Corp., supra. Plaintiff's testimony to the effect that the home was worth $6,000.00 is competent to establish the value of the home in its defective condition. "Unless it affirmatively appears that the owner does not know the market value of his property, it is generally held that he is competent to testify as to its value even though his knowledge on the subject would not qualify him as a witness were he not the owner." Highway Commission v. Helderman, 285 N.C. 645, 652, 207 S.E.2d 720, 725 (1974). The weight to be given the owner's testimony is for the jury to determine. Highway Commission v. Helderman, supra. We, therefore, find that plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to establish the value of the home and the damages could easily be calculated from these figures.
We have reviewed all of Shelter's assignments of error. No prejudicial error has been shown.
No error.
HEDRICK and CLARK, JJ., concur.
