Lusk v. Stoughton State Bank, 135 Wis. 311

135 Wis. 311 | Wis. | 1908

Timiuh, J.

There is nothing in the record before this court from which we can ascertain when this action was commenced. The findings of fact are silent upon this subject. A conclusion of law declares that the action upon these certificates of deposit is barred by the statute of limitations and there is no bill of exceptions. Tbe case is presented here upon tbe hypothesis that more than six years intervened between the date of the last certificate of deposit and the commencement of this action. While ordinarily the conclusions of law should follow from the facts found we may, in the absence of a bill of exceptions and in the absence of any claim by counsel to the contrary, assume that it was admitted on the trial or shown by undisputed evidence that the action in question was not commenced within six years from the date of either certificate of deposit. The findings of the court below do not settle the question raised by the pleadings with reference to the corporate character of the defendant at the time its cashier executed and delivered these certificates of deposit. The only finding upon that subject is “that during the years 1879 and 1880 a banking institution was located at Stoughton, Wisconsin, doing a general banking business under the name and style of the Stoughton Btwte Banh, and that during said years Robe Dow was tire cashier of said bank.” It is nowhere found that the defendant and this “banking institution” are identical nor that the defendant received the deposit or issued the certificates in question. The answer, however, contains a sort of a qualified admission that the private banking institution which existed prior to March 30, 1882, became incorporated on the date last mentioned and that the defendant is such corporation.

The argument in this court turned wholly upon the construction of sec. 4230, Stats. (1898), sec. 18, ch. 127, R. S. 1849, sec. 19, p. 261, Terr. Stats. 1839, and its application, to these certificates of deposit. AVhen this statute first appeared in 1839 in the chapter limiting the time for commencing actions it took the form of an exception in the following words:

“None of the foregoing provisions shall apply to any action brought upon a promissory note which is signed in the presence of an attesting witness provided the action be brought by the original payee or by bis executor or administrator, nor to an action brought upon any bills, notes or other evidences of debt issued by any bant.”

It continued in this form up to the statutes of 1858, when the provision relating to witnessed promissory notes was omitted and the section, rewritten so as to read as follows:

“Sec. 23. None of the provisions of this chapter shall apply to any action brought upon any bills, notes or other evidences of debt issued by any bank or issued or put in circulation as money.” [Ch. 138.]

In the latter form it is now in force as see. 4230, Stats. (1898). The appellant contends that this statute applies to incorporated as well as unincorporated banks, banks of discount as well as banks of issue, and exempts from the operation of the statute of limitations all obligations of such banks evidencing a debt of the bank whether such evidences of debt were intended to circulate as money or not. In short, that this exemption from the statute of limitations relates not to certain kinds of instruments, but to that class of makers therein designated as “any bank.” This is predicated upon the generality of the words “bills, notes, or other evidences of debt,” and upon an historical review of the relations of banks to the commonwealth in the early years of "Wisconsin territory and state. It would seem from the banking laws in force in this territory in 1839 that there may have been some instrument other than bank bills or bank notes put in circulation or attempted to be put into circulation as money, for sec. 1, p. 145, Terr. Stats. 1839, prohibits incorporated companies not authorized by law from receiving deposits, making discounts, or issuing notes or other evidences of debt to be loaned or put in circulation as money. Sec.. 2, p. 146, Id., forbids persons or associations of persons or bodies corporate, unless expressly authorized by law, to issue any bills ox promissory notes or other evidences of debt for the purpose of loaning them or putting them into circulation as money. These provisions were carried forward into cb. 39, E. S. 1849. In sec. II, cb. 71, R. S. 1858 (formerly cb. 479, Laws of 1852), a bank is forbidden to pay ont, to be pnt in circulation as money, “any bill, note, certificate of deposit, or other paper baying tbe similitude of a bank note and issued without authority.” Then apparently for tbe first time in this state provision was made for tbe bank comptroller delivering to each state bank upon its giving security certain engraved and printed notes “in tbe similitude of bank notes,” countersigned by tbe comptroller, and these and no other tbe banks, after signing, could issue for tbe purpose of circulation. Tbe comptroller was also authorized to refuse to deliver these engraved and countersigned notes to any bank unless he had satisfactory evidence that such banking association had not been or is not to he organized for the purpose of issuing circulating notes merely, but was organized for the purpose of doing a banking business by discounting bills, notes, and other evidences of debt, by receiving deposits, by buying and selling gold and silver bullion, foreign and inland bills of exchange, loaning money on real and personal security, and exercising such incidental powers as might be necessary to carry on such business. It was further required that he be satisfied that the place where the business of the association is carried on is an inhabited town, village, or city where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages, or cities is transacted.

Prior to 1858 tire Wisconsin Marine & Fire Insurance .Company had a charter from the state which authorized it to carry on the business of marine, fire, or life insurance, also to receive money on deposit and loan the same. This charter contains a provision that if tbe moneys so- received on deposit were in bills, notes, or other evidences of debt issued by any banker, bank, or other corporation, and loaned by the insurance company, such bills, etc., should be indorsed by the president of -the insurance company with the corporate name thereof, and redeemed at its usual place of business in gold or silver on demand,, if the banker, bank, or other corporation first issuing the same should fail. This indicates two things: Eirst, that the expression “bills, notes, or other evidences of debt” was then used in statutes to designate and cover the various forms of obligation used by banks for the purpose of putting the same into circulation as currency; second, that there was at least one other, not a bank or banker, which was indorsing and loaning and thereby putting into circulation as currency bills, notes, and other evidences of debt.

Carrying back the history of the statute in question, we find it word for word in sec. 4, ch. 120, R. S. Mass. 1836. It was probably suggested by Hinsdale v. Larned, 16 Mass. 65, as indicated in Tower v. Appleton Bank, 3 Allen, 387, 389. Or it might have been suggested by the difficulty of applying the statute of limitations to bills and notes or other evidences of debt put into circulation as money received back and reissued, which difficulty must have occurred to many lawyers. Oases in 6 Cent. Dig. col. 1556, § 816. If evidences of debt other than notes or bills, whether specialties, formal instruments, or mere tokens, had been issued to- circulate as currency, as the history of'this statute and the words of other statutes in pari materia would seem to indicate, then the rule of interpretation, ejusdem generis, would govern, and not the exception to that rule quoted by appellant from 26 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.) 610. Again, the statute speaks of bills, notes, or other evidences of debt issued by any bank. The word “issue” and the word “issued” have many different meanings depending upon the subject matter of the writing or discourse, or upon the context, or both. But when the word “issue” is used with reference to the giving out of obligations by banks it has a “restricted, special, and almost technical meaning, relating exclusively to the moneyed currency of the country.” Curtis v. Leavitt, 17 Barb. 309, 341. The execution and delivery of an instrument or obligation not intended for further circulation by delivery is rarely spoken of as an issue of such instrument. When we speak of bills, notes, or other evidences of debt issued by any bank, it is quite difficult to believe that it is intended thereby to cover or include a contract made by the bank with one of its officers for his salary, or the execution of a bond and mortgage for the purchase money of its office site. One meaning of the word “issue,” used as a verb, is “to put into circulation; to emit, q. v.: as, to issue bank notes, bonds, script.” Anderson, Law Diet. 569.

Although only half a century has passed since the 1858 revision of the Wisconsin statutes, the banking methods of those days are known only in history or tradition. But it may readily be inferred that banks organized solely for the purpose of issuing their bills, notes, and other evidences of indebtedness to circulate as currency, and having their places of business fixed in uninhabited towns, villages, or cities, were ingenious enough to evade any statute which mentioned merely “bills and notes” without adding words of wider signification. Probably to forestall such enterprise and ingenuity the expression “bills, notes, or other evidences of debt” was necessary to also describe and cover any instrument or obligation not technically a bill or note by reason of the addition of a seal or some slight alteration, bnt in fact pnt in circulation as money. Putting bank notes into circulation at that time meant putting them into circulation as currency or money, because the bills and notes or other evidences of debt of solvent banks payable to bearer, although in form identical with the hill or note of a natural person, nevertheless formed part of the circulating currency. We think this is the sense in which the words under consideration are employed in this statute, and that sec. 4230, Stats. (1898), covers only hills, notes, and evidences of debt issued by a bank, that is to say, put into circulation as money by any bank. The amendment of 1858 included like paper put into •circulation, by any person, natural or artificial. We must therefore hold that the certificates of deposit in question at the time they were executed and delivered and thereafter were not intended for circulation, were not put into circulartion as currency, and are therefore not within the meaning of sec. 4230, Stats. (1898). Consequently, until the rule of that case is changed by legislation, Curran v. Witter, 68 Wis. 16, 31 N. W. 705, must control the decision of cases like the instant case. Moreover, a statute identical in terms has been in force in Michigan at least since 1838. This statute was construed in Tripp v. Curtenius, 36 Mich. 494, 499, to relate only to circulating notes and not to include certificates of deposit. We are therefore of opinion that the certificates of deposit in question fall within the general statute of limitations, sec. 4222, Stats. (1898), and not within the exception mentioned in sec. 4230, Id.

By the Court. — The order of the circuit court is affirmed.