86 Kan. 712 | Kan. | 1912
Lead Opinion
The opinion of the court was delivered by
The plaintiff, while in the discharge of his duties as brakeman, was fun over by an engine, and his left leg was so badly crushed as to require amputa
The plaintiff was injured on July 30, 1906, about two o’clock in the morning. He was head brakeman on a freight train aproaching the city of Chanute, and was riding on the engine. His duties required him to get down from the engine before reaching the switch, run ahead, and throw the switch, so that the train could head in on the siding without stopping on the up grade. The manner in which plaintiff claims that the accident occurred is set out in his petition as follows:
“The position and arrangement of the switch stand were such that the position of plaintiff, after háving thrown the switch, was in close proximity to the track upon which said engine was coming, and in the efforts ■of the plaintiff to protect himself from injury,'and to get away from said engine, by reason of the dangerous condition of said track, the ties thereunder, the location of said switch stand, the approach thereto and its surroundings, and the condition of the surface of the ground, all of which were in an improper and dangerous condition, the plaintiff in making an effort to escape from said engine, slipped and stumbled over the ties, mud and irregular surface of the ground, and fell upon ■the track in front of said engine.”
The evidence is not at all clear as to how the plaintiff, while throwing the switch, fell across the track in front of the approaching engine; nor is it clear from either the petition or the evidence what particular defect in the condition of the track, roadbed, ties or switch stand caused him to fall. The railway company claimed at the trial and offered evidence tending to show that he
The plaintiff’s own testimony of how the accident occurred is as follows:
“In coming down to the switch from the north you would have to walk in the middle of the track or get out into the muddy ditch. The lever that manipulated the switch was about two feet long. In order to throw the switch so as to put the train on the west siding you had to push the lever towards the east, towards the rail. That would be towards the train. ... I left the engine about fifty feet north of the switch. The engine was running about five or six miles an hour at that time. The ditch was muddy and wet and rough. The lever that I had to use was on the south side of the switch-stand and I had to pass around the switch-stand. The switch was locked. I unlocked it and turned it around towards the east and throwed it in this way. I had to come down .against it with my weight, in fact I had my knee on the*716 head of the lever. I'shoved it in front of me to the east side. ' When I got to the east side and shoved it down in there and threw my weight on it with my knee, I went to straighten up and slipped and stumbled off of those ties kind of backwards, this way (illustrating). I fell towards the east and south and stumbled on one of the ties that was on the rails and fell on the track and I tried to get up but my hands slipped and went between the ties and before I could get up and get away the engine caught my foot and injured my leg. I'fell in a southeasterly direction. The engine was approaching me when I lay on the track. I tried to get out of the way of the engine. I used every exertion I could to get off the track. When I speak of my hands, of my hands going off of the ties, I was kind of face down at that time with my hands on the ties and my hands slipped and went in between the ties and before I could get away it ran over my foot and leg.”
Counsel for defendant contend that plaintiff’s account of how the accident occurred is inherently improbable. In their brief they say:
“He states that while standing on the east side of the switch he fell backwards in a southeasterly direction. This would throw his head toward the track and his feet away from the track. He states that when he tried to get up his hands slipped and went between the ties and before he could get up and get away the engine caught his foot and injured his leg; that he was kind of face down with his hands on the ties and before he could get away it ran over his foot and leg, but he got his body off. It is impossible to understand from this description how his legs, which must have been extending away from the track, could get under the engine wheels; nor, if he fell backwards, how.he came to be lying face downwards. If he fell with his head toward the track with his hands between the ties, all he had to do was to push the upper part of his body away from the track and his whole body, legs, feet and all, would have been clear of the track.”
The switch stand appears from the evidence to have been no different from those usually found at such places, and the defendant insists that there was no
“The evidence shows that it was necessary for the plaintiff, in order to get to the switch, to wade up through a muddy ditch, and of course, this would make his feet wet and muddy. The evidence further shows that when he got to the switch, the platform consisted. of the head block, the width of 'which was mostly taken up with the switch stand and the rod leading from the rails to the stand, and two old rotten discarded railroad ties, which were uneven as far as the surface was concerned, and that the first one, next to the head block, was about two inches lower than the top of the switch block, and that the second tie was still lower than the first, hence, when the plaintiff after getting to the switch, having passed through the wet muddy ditch, went to straighten up after he had thrown the switch and pushed the lever of the same down into the notch, that his foot slipped off of the head block onto the first tie. This threw him off of his center of gravity, and started him to falling backwards, and the second tie being still lower than the first, kept him falling; then when he struck the ties under the rails; which were naked at that place, and sticking out, they still kept him falling, and of course, as any man would naturally do, he attempted to recover himself, and would naturally, turn his face towards the way he was falling.”
The jury, fin answer to special questions submitted by the plaintiff, found that he was not guilty of any contributory negligence and that the accident was caused by the failure of the defendant to provide plaintiff a reasonably safe place at which to work. In
The conclusion which the court has reached is that the inferences to be drawn from the somewhat confusing account of how the accident was caused are inferences of fact for the jury to determine, and not of law for the court; and that it can not be said that plaintiff’s statement is so inherently improbable as to require the verdict to be set aside. The question is one which has so frequently been considered by the court that an elaborate citation of cases in point is not deemed necessary. (C. B. U. P. Rld. Co. v. Hotham, 22 Kan. 41; Avery v. Railroad Co., 73 Kan. 563, 85 Pac. 600; Railway Co. v. Watkins, 76 Kan. 813, 92 Pac. 1102; Johnson v. Railroad Co., 80 Kan. 456, 103 Pac. 90, and cases cited.)
Plaintiff concedes that the injury resulted from one of the risks which he assumed and that he is entitled to recover only upon proof showing a complaint to the master'of the defective conditions which caused the injury, a promise to remedy the defects,
“I remember being up at that switch something like three weeks before I was injured. I was making a run to throw the switch then. That night I got off of the head car. I was running alongside of the engine. I slipped and stumbled on something, a rock or cinder,, and threw me onto the engine, and struck the side-rod with my left hand. I was not injured at that time. After that I talked with A. W. Hadeen about the condition of that switch. He was division roadmaster with headquarters at Chanute. That was a day or two afterwards. I had the conversation with him in front of the reading room at Chanute. I told him the condition of that place and about it being very wet and muddy and rough there and it was n’t a safe place. He said he knew it was n’t a very nice place there and not any too safe and they were going to fix it up when they could get to it and make a double track from the Katy crossing and we would head in there and not have to make that switch. What Mr. Hadeen said would be done was done after that. They put in a double track the summer or fall after my injury. Since then it has not been necessary to make that switch at all in there.
“Q. At the time and after he told you that repair and change would be made, you may tell the jury whether you depended on his statement or not then after that time. A. Yes, sir.
“Q. And whether or not that was at least one of the reasons why you continued in .that service. A. Yes,, sir; I depended on his promise.”
On cross-examination he testified:
“I told my lawyer that I had had a talk with Hadeen whenever it was that he asked me that question. I never told him until he asked me. Mr. Farrelly asked me, I believe. He asked me the question at home. He asked me if I had ever had any talk with Mr. Hadeen,. and I told him that I had. I never mentioned the*720 matter to him until he asked me the question. I don’t remember when he asked that question. I suppose it was the same time when he brought the suit.”
Andy Hadeen was called as a witness by the defendant. He testified that he had not been in the employ of the defendant for two years; that prior thereto he had been division roadmaster for the company -at Cha-nute; had known the plaintiff since about two years before the accident; that at no time or place did plaintiff ever tell witness that the switch was dangerous or unsafe, that witness never said to plaintiff that it would be fixed, or that the company was going to make a double track, nor did he make the plaintiff any promise. He testified that he received orders to put in the double track several months before the accident occurred and that there had been a lot of grading done before that. The jury, in answer to special questions, found the facts respecting the complaint and promise as testified to by the plaintiff, and also found that the defendant had determined to make the change and to build the new track in 1905, and that the grade was completed before the accident.
The defendant maintains that the complaint pointed out no defects in the premises that required repair, and that it had no reference to the defects which the jury found to be the cause of the accident. The complaint seems to have had more specific reference to the condition of the track where plaintiff says he stumbled three weeks prior to the accident. This was before he reached the switch stand, and apparently his stumbling at that time was caused by the ground being wet, muddy and rough at the side of the track. At one point in his testimony he said:
“It was more dangerous at some times than at others because of the Kavanaugh shops there. Sometimes they would wash out the boilers and it would make more water there and it would be more muddy. . . . I knew for three weeks before I got hurt that it was n’t*721 a safe place. ... I had the talk with Mr. Hadeen because I thought I was liable to be hurt there.”
It must be admitted that the complaint is rather indefinite with respect to the particular negligence which the j ury based their verdict upon. Asked to state fully in what the want of care and prudence on the part of the defendant consisted, the jury answered “Bad platform and lack of ballast.” ' The' complaint, according to the testimony, was this: ‘
“I told him the condition of that place and about it being very wet and muddy and rough there and it was n’t a safe place.”
Although there was no mentón of any defect or dangerous condition of the platform, or of lack of ballast; and while, obviously, nothing that happened to the plaintiff on1 the occasion which induced him to make the complaint could have resulted from the conditions of the platform or from lack of ballast between the rails, still it appears from the reply which the roadmaster made to the complaint that the general conditions at the switch were in the minds of both. According to the plaintiff’s testimony Hadeen said “he knew it was n’t a very nice place there and not any too safe.”
It may be conceded that the law is well settled that before the servant can avail himself of a promise to repair or alter conditions it must appear that the injury sued for was caused by some defect covered by the promise. (1 Labatt, Mas. & Serv. §421.) He will not be permitted to extend the promise to, some unanticipated risk, because unless the promise to repair includes the danger, he can not be said to have remained in the service by reason of the promise. In B. & Colo. R. R. Co. v. Liehe, 17 Colo. 280, 29 Pac. 175, the plaintiff was injured by a defective rod on a hand car. He admitted in his testimony that he had said nothing about the defect in the rod. He testified that all he said to the section foreman to whom he
It is next contended that the promise is insufficient for the reason that roadmaster Hadeen was not in authority over plaintiff or authorized to make the changes claimed to have been promised; and for the further reason that it appears from plaintiff’s testimony, as well as from the findings, that the changes had already been determined upon by the company without any reference to the safety of the plaintiff. In other words, that the complaint was made to one without authority to bind the company by a promise to repair; and that the .reply made by Hadeen was not a promise but a mere statement of the company’s intentions to make certain changes in the future which would do away entirely with the use of the switch. In support of the contention that Hadeen was not a vice principal it is said that the trainmaster, not the roadmaster, had authority over the brakeman; that there was no showing that Ha-
The courts have quite generally ruled that the promise, in order to relieve the servant, must be made by the master or one standing in his place. If made by a fellow servant, authority to bind the master must be shown. (Cicalese v. Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., 75 N. J. Law, 897, 69 Atl. 166; Wilson v. Winona & St. Peter R. Co., 37 Minn. 326, 33 N. W. 908, 5 Am. St. Rep. 851; Burgess v. Humphry Bookcase Co., 156 Mich. 345, 120 N. W. 790; United Zinc Companies v. Wright, 156 Fed. 571.) In one case, at least, it has been held that it is immaterial whether the servant making the promise had authority to do so, provided the injured servant, upon reasonable grounds, supposed him to have. (Dells
The employee who made the promise or gave the assurance in the present case was the division road-master, to whom the plaintiff took his complaint. He had apparently more authority over repairs and alterations of the character which the plaintiff obviously sought to have made than a trainmaster would have.Perhaps the regular order of procedure would have been for a brakeman to complain to the trainmaster, who would naturally take up the matter with some employee whose duties involved repairs of the- kind needed. The plaintiff went over the heads of .those superior to him in his own line of work and took his ■complaint to the person he evidently supposed had authority to make the-slight changes and repairs necessary in this case to render the place reasonably safe. Under the circumstances we think the question whether he was warranted in relying upon the promise made to him by the division roadmaster was one of fact for the jury.
Cases will be found which go to the extent of holding that a promise is ineffectual unless it appears that the immediate purpose of the complaint and promise of a change in conditions was to secure more effectually the personal safety of the servant. (1 Labatt, Mas. & Serv.
The claim that the promise was ineffectual for the reason that it was not made for the purpose of insuring the safety of the plaintiff and because it had already been determined upon by the master before the complaint was made, is answered to some extent by the case of A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Sadler, 38 Kan. 128, 16 Pac. 46, where the promise to furnish new tools was made by the company to the section foreman, and it was held that the promise inured to the benefit of all employees on the section in whose presence and hearing it was made, although -the jury found that the plaintiff had made no complaint at all.
The promise in this case was that “they were going to fix it up when they could get to it and make a double track from the Katy crossing and we would head in there and not have to make that switch.” The most serious objection urged to the promise is that the time when the switch was to be fixed is coupled to the time when the company was to make a double track from the Katy crossing. The grading for the new track had been made for several months previous to ‘the promise, and there is some force in the suggestion that plaintiff, being familiar with the situation, must have known from what was said that no change of conditions at the switch would be made for a considerable time, and that, therefore, the promise was too indefinite as to time to justify him in relying upon it. In the leading case of Hough v. Railway Co., 100 U. S. 213, 25 L. Ed. 612, the following language was quoted (p.225) with approval:
“There can be do doubt that, where a master has expressly promised to repair a defect, the servant can recover for an injury caused thereby, within such a period of time after the promise as it would be reasonable to allow for its performance, and, as we think, for an injury suffered within any period which would not preclude all reasonable expectation that the promise might be kept.” (Shearman & Redf., Negligence, 3d ed., § 96.)
The court also adopted (p. 225) the language of Mr. Cooley in his work on torts, as follows:
“If the servant, having a right to abandon the service*727 because it is dangerous, refrains from doing so in consequence of assurances that the danger shall be removed, the -duty to remove the danger is manifest and imperative, and the master is not in the exercise of ordinary care unless or until he makes his assurances good. Moreover, the assurances remove all ground for the argument that the servant, by continuing the employment, engages to assume its risks.” (Cooley on Torts, 1st ed., p. 559.)
We think that the promise must be held sufficiently definite, and that the question whether or not the time was a reasonable one for the performance of the promise was a question for the jury. It was so held in Dowd v. Erie R. R. Co., 70 N. J. Law, 451, 57 Atl. 248, where the promise was to have the defect attended to “as soon as he could.” (p. 456.) The general rule, with few if any exceptions, is that the question of reasonable time for the performance of the promise is for the jury. (Morbach v. Mining Co., 53 Kan. 731, 37 Pac. 122.)
The defendant cites many cases holding that an excessive award of damages vitiates the whole verdict and requires that it be set aside and a new trial ordered, and relies especially upon the cases in which it has been held that verdicts not approved by the trial court because excessive should have been set aside instead of being reduced by allowing a remittitur. Steinbuchel v. Wright, 43 Kan. 307, 23 Pac. 560, was an extreme case. The action was slander, and the amount allowed' was $4000. .The court, in overruling a motion for a new trial, found that all of the amount above $500 was excessive, and allowed the plaintiff to remit $3500. It was held that in a case of that character a verdict which was seven-eighths excessive ought not to be the basis of a judgment, and therefore a new trial was ordered. Special attention is called to the language of the opinion in A. T. & S. F. Rld. Co. v. Dwelle, 44 Kan. 394, 410, 24 Pac. 500. The action was for damages for the wrongful ejection of a passenger. The verdict was
The judgment is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) : While the courts should not extend the harsh doctrine of assumed risk, I believe that, until it shall be by appropriate legislation abrogated as a defense, it is the duty of the courts to enforce -the rule upon principles which have been heretofore recognized as controlling. In this case the promise which the plaintiff claims to have relied upon was nothing more than a statement' that it was the intention of the company, as soon as the double track could be put in, to do away with the use of the switch at that place. While this would result in the removal of the dangerous conditions, it was a change which the company had long before determined upon, without reference to the plaintiff’s safety. This feature I do not regard as controlling, but the fact that plaintiff knew
“What Mr. Hadeen said would be done was done after that. They put in a double track the summer or fall after my injury. Since then it has not been necessary to make that switch at all in there.”
I agree with the majority opinion that the important inquiry is whether the servant relied upon the promise, provided it was such a promise as he had the right to rely upon. In this case it seems absurd to say that the plaintiff had any right to rely upon the statement that a double track was to be put in and the use of the switch done away with. It was not to be done for his benefit; it was not expected to be done at all in the near future, or within what a jury would have the right to say, under the admitted facts, was a reasonable time. He remained in the dangerous employment for three weeks after the alleged promise, and, so far as the evidence shows, without anything being done which might have induced him to believe that the double track was about to be completed, or that it would be completed within a, reasonable time. Having no reason, from what was said to him by Hadeen, to expect that any change would be made in the conditions of the switch until its use would be done away with by the building of the double track, I think He assumed the risk by remaining in the service, with full knowledge, which he says he had, of the danger.
I think this verdict, almost one-fourth of which was