GAIL LULAY, Appellee, v. MICHAEL LULAY et al., Appellants.
Nos. 87874, 87896 cons.
Supreme Court of Illinois
October 26, 2000
193 Ill. 2d 455
For the foregoing reasons, I would hold that plaintiff should be allowed to proceed with her claim for breach of fiduciary duty as well as her claim for negligence. I therefore dissent.
RATHJE, J., joined by HEIPLE and FREEMAN, JJ., also specially concurring.
Michael B. Lulay, of Wheaton, appellant pro se.
Mirabella & Kincaid, P.C., of Wheaton (William J. Scott Jr., and Patricia A. Fox, of counsel), for appellant Kiley Lulay.
David J. Winthers, of Mullen & Winthers, P.C., of Winfield, and Terence M. Madsen, of Wyanet, for appellee.
James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Joel D. Bertocchi, Solicitor General, and Mary E. Welsh, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, of counsel), intervenor-appellee.
JUSTICE BILANDIC delivered the opinion of the court:
Michael Lulay and Kiley Lulay were divorced on March 11, 1996. Pursuant to the judgment for dissolution of marriage, Michael and Kiley have joint custody over their three minor children. On November 30, 1998, Gail Lulay, Michael‘s mother, filed a petition in the circuit
Michael and Kiley filed a motion to dismiss the petition for visitation. See
“Should section 607 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (
750 ILCS 5/607 ) be interpreted to permit the court to conduct a hearing and determine whether it is in the best interest of a child to visit with grandparents who seek such visitation from their own child? If so, is such a statute constitutional?”
The appellate court denied the parents’ application for leave to appeal.
The parents filed separate petitions for leave to appeal in this court. See 177 Ill. 2d R. 315. This court granted the petitions for leave to appeal and consolidated the cases. We subsequently permitted the Attorney General of the State of Illinois to intervene to defend the constitutionality of section 607(b)(1). See 134 Ill. 2d R. 19.
STATUTE
Section 607(b)(1) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act provides:
“(b)(1) The court may grant reasonable visitation privileges to a grandparent, great-grandparent, or sibling of any minor child upon petition to the court by the grandparents
or great-grandparents or on behalf of the sibling, with notice to the parties required to be notified under Section 601 of this Act, if the court determines that it is in the best interests and welfare of the child, and may issue any necessary orders to enforce such visitation privileges. Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection (b), a petition for visitation privileges may be filed under this paragraph (1) whether or not a petition pursuant to this Act has been previously filed or is currently pending if one or more of the following circumstances exist: (A) the parents are not currently cohabiting on a permanent or an indefinite basis;
(B) one of the parents has been absent from the marital abode for more than one month without the spouse knowing his or her whereabouts;
(C) one of the parents is deceased;
(D) one of the parents joins in the petition with the grandparents, great-grandparents, or sibling; or
(E) a sibling is in State custody.”
750 ILCS 5/607(b)(1) (West 1998).
ANALYSIS
I. Troxel v. Granville
Recently, the United States Supreme Court, in Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49, 120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000) (plurality opinion), addressed the constitutionality of the State of Washington‘s nonparental visitation statute. The Washington statute provides: “‘Any person may petition the court for visitation rights at any time including, but not limited to, custody proceedings. The court may order visitation rights for any person when visitation may serve the best interest of the child whether or not there has been any change of circumstances.‘” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 61, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 54, 120 S. Ct. at 2057-58, quoting Wash. Rev. Code § 26.10.160(3) (1994) (section 26.10.160(3)).
In Troxel, the parents, who were never married, had two children. The father regularly brought the children
The Washington Court of Appeals reversed the lower court‘s visitation order on the basis that nonparents lack standing to seek visitation under section 26.10.160(3) unless a custody action is pending. The appellate court reasoned that this limitation on nonparental visitation actions was consistent with the constitutional restrictions on state interference with parents’ fundamental liberty interest in raising their children. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 62, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 54, 120 S. Ct. at 2058, quoting In re Troxel, 87 Wash. App. 131, 135, 940 P.2d 698, 700 (1997).
The Supreme Court of Washington disagreed with the appellate court‘s construction of the statute, holding that the plain language of section 26.10.160(3) gives grandparents standing to seek visitation regardless of whether a custody action is pending. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 62, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 55, 120 S. Ct. at 2058, citing In re Smith, 137 Wash. 2d 1, 12, 969 P.2d 21, 26-27 (1998). The Washington Supreme Court held, however, that section 26.10.160(3) is an unconstitutional infringement on the fundamental right of parents to rear their children. Specifically, the court found that the statute is too broad because it allows “any person” to petition for forced visitation with the child “at any time” with the only requirement being that the visitation serve the best inter-
The United States Supreme Court, in a plurality opinion, found that section 26.10.160(3), as applied to the facts of the case, is an unconstitutional infringement on the mother‘s fundamental liberty interest in raising her children. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 67, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 57, 120 S. Ct. at 2060-61. The Court began its analysis with a discussion of the important role that grandparents play in the prevalent existence of single-parent households. The Court pointed out that the nationwide enactment of nonparental visitation statutes is certainly due to the states’ recognition of the changing realities of the American family. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 64, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 55-56, 120 S. Ct. at 2059. Indeed, all 50 states have statutes that provide for grandparent visitation in some form. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73 n.*, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 61 n.*, 120 S. Ct. at 2064 n.* (citing nonparental visitation statute from each state). In enacting these statutes, states have “sought to ensure the welfare of the children therein by protecting the relationships those children form with such third parties. *** The extension of statutory rights in this area to persons other than a child‘s parents, however, comes with an obvious cost. For example, the State‘s recognition of an independent third-party interest in a child can place a substantial burden on the traditional parent-child relationship. *** [T]hese statutes can present questions of constitutional import.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 64-65, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 56, 120 S. Ct. at 2059.
Turning to the Washington statute, the Court in
Next, looking at the facts of the case, the Court noted that the grandparents did not allege, and no court has found, that the mother was an unfit parent. This point is pivotal because a court must presume that fit parents act in the best interests of their children. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 68, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 58, 120 S. Ct. at 2061, citing Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 602, 61 L. Ed. 2d 101, 118, 99 S. Ct. 2493, 2504 (1979). The Court emphasized that the trial court in the case gave no special weight to the mother‘s determination of her children‘s best interests. In fact, a review of the trial court‘s findings showed that the trial court presumed that the grandparents’ request for visitation should be granted unless the children would be adversely affected. Thus, the trial court effectively placed upon the mother the burden of disproving that visitation would be in the best interests of her children. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 69, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 58-59, 120 S. Ct. at 2062. The Court also stressed that the grandparents did not allege that the mother sought to cut off visitation entirely. Rather, the mother asked that the duration of the visits between her children and the grandparents be shorter than that requested by the grandparents. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 71, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 60, 120 S. Ct. at 2062-63.
The Court concluded that, because it rested its decision on the “sweeping breadth” of section 26.10.160(3) and the application of the statute to the facts in the case, it need not consider whether due process requires all nonparental visitation statutes to include a showing of harm or potential harm to the child as a prerequisite to granting visitation. Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 61, 120 S. Ct. at 2064. The Court continued: “We do not, and need not, define today the precise scope of the parental due process right in the visitation context. *** Because much state-court adjudication in this context occurs on a case-by-case basis, we would be hesitant to hold that specific nonparental visitation statutes violate the Due Process Clause as a per se matter.” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 61, 120 S. Ct. at 2064. Rather, “the constitutionality of any standard for awarding visitation turns on the specific manner in which that standard is applied,” and “the constitutional protections in this area are best ‘elaborated with care.’ [Citation.]” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 73, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 61, 120 S. Ct. at 2064.
With Troxel in mind, we review the certified question presented in this case.
II. Statutory Construction
The first portion of the certified question asks: “Should section 607 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolu-
We first review the development of grandparent visitation in Illinois. Prior to the legislature‘s enactment of section 607(b)(1), Illinois common law provided no visitation rights to grandparents unless there was a showing of “special circumstances.” In Chodzko v. Chodzko, 66 Ill. 2d 28 (1976), for example, the circuit court of Cook County allowed a maternal grandfather to intervene in the divorce proceeding between his daughter and her husband and receive visitation privileges with his grandchildren over the objection of the mother. The supreme court reversed the order granting visitation on the basis that the grandfather‘s petition contained no allegations to support a conclusion that either parent was unfit or had forfeited the superior right to the custody and care of the children. Chodzko, 66 Ill. 2d at 34.
Moreover, the court in Chodzko stated:
“[N]o special circumstances have been established that would warrant granting special visitation rights to the grandfather. It is commendable that a bond of love and affection, as alleged, exists between the grandfather and the minor children; however, this and the allegation of past favors do not justify carving out of the custody and visitation rights of the natural parents still another visitation right and vesting it in the grandfather. The right to determine the third parties who are to share in the custody and influence of and participate in the visitation privileges with the children should vest primarily with the parent who is charged with the daily responsibility of rearing the children. In the absence of unusual circumstances, these matters should not be of judicial concern.” Chodzko, 66 Ill. 2d at 34-35.
In 1981, the General Assembly passed the first version of section 607. Specifically, the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act was amended to provide that the “court may grant reasonable visitation privileges to a grandparent or great-grandparent of any minor child upon the grandparents’ or great-grandparents’ petition to the court *** if the court determines that it is in the best interest and welfare of the child.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 40, par. 607(b) (as amended by Public Act 82-344, eff. January 1, 1982). This provision was construed as recognizing a grandparent‘s right to seek visitation after the parents divorced. See Bush v. Squellati, 122 Ill. 2d 153, 157-58 (1988), citing Towne v. Cole, 133 Ill. App. 3d 380, 384 (1985).
Section 607 was amended the next year to add that the court “may grant reasonable visitation privileges to a grandparent or great-grandparent whose child has died where the court determines that it is in the best interests and welfare of the child.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 40, par. 607(b) (as amended by Public Act 82-1002, eff. September 17, 1982).
In 1985, the General Assembly again added to the language of section 607 to permit grandparent visitation following adoption of the minor by the spouse of the custodial parent after either death or termination of parental rights of the other parent. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 40, par. 607(b) (as amended by Public Act 84-667, eff. September 20, 1985).
In 1989, the provision was rewritten to allow grandparents to seek visitation privileges regardless of whether, among other things, “the parent, through whom the grandparent or great-grandparent is related to the child, is living,” and regardless of whether a proceeding
The applicable portion of the statute, however, was rewritten a year later. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 40, par. 607(b)(1) (as amended by Public Act 86-1452, eff. July 1, 1991). This amendment reflects the current version of section 607(b)(1), which we are addressing in this case. See
In interpreting the scope of section 607(b)(1), we are guided by certain well-established principles of statutory construction. The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. Paris v. Feder, 179 Ill. 2d 173, 177 (1997); Eagan v. Chicago Transit Authority, 158 Ill. 2d 527, 531 (1994). The best evidence of legislative intent is the language used in the statute itself, which must be given its plain and ordinary meaning. Paris, 179 Ill. 2d at 177; Eagan, 158 Ill. 2d at 531-32. The statute should be evaluated as a whole, with each provision construed in connection with every other section. Paris, 179 Ill. 2d at 177; Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill. 2d 178, 189 (1990). Further, in construing a statute, a court is not at liberty to depart from the plain language of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that the legislature did not express. Eagan, 158 Ill. 2d at 532; Kraft, Inc., 138 Ill. 2d at 189. Where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, it will be given effect without resort to other aids of construction. Paris, 179 Ill. 2d at 177; Eagan, 158 Ill. 2d at 532. We conduct de novo review when resolving an issue of statutory construction. Paris, 179 Ill. 2d at 177-78.
Applying these principles, we hold that section
Accordingly, a grandparent, such as Gail Lulay, may file a petition seeking visitation where, as in this case, the first enumerated circumstance is present, i.e., the parents are not currently cohabiting on a permanent basis. In this case, the parents are divorced. The statute makes no exception for a situation where a parent who opposes the visitation is the child of the petitioning grandparent. Thus, the fact that Michael Lulay, Gail‘s son and the father of the minor children, opposes the visitation does not alter Gail‘s ability under section 607(b)(1) to petition for visitation. There is simply no language in the statute to support such an interpretation.
Furthermore, three of the enumerated circumstances under which a grandparent may file a visitation petition refer to situations involving “one of the parents,” without ever specifying that the petitioning grandparent
To construe section 607(b)(1) as barring a visitation petition because the grandparent is related to a parent who opposes visitation would impermissibly add an exception that the legislature did not include. Because the plain language of the statute permits the petition at issue, we need not resort to other aids of statutory construction.
Michael and Kiley Lulay, the parents in this case, cite decisions from other jurisdictions to support their argument that section 607(b)(1) should not be interpreted to permit a grandparent to file a petition for visitation where the grandparent‘s own child objects. See Steward v. Steward, 111 Nev. 295, 303-04, 890 P.2d 777, 782 (1995) (interpreting grandparent visitation statute to “set up a presumption against court-ordered grandparental visitation when divorced parents with full legal rights to the
We have interpreted our Illinois statute by giving the language used in section 607(b)(1) its plain and ordinary meaning. Therefore, the cases to which the parents cite in this regard are inapposite.
III. Constitutionality of Statute
Because we have determined that the plain language of section 607(b)(1) permits a grandparent to file a petition for visitation where the grandparent‘s own child objects to the visitation, we must now address whether section 607(b)(1), as so interpreted and thus applied to this case, where both parents oppose visitation, is constitutional. The answer is no. We hold that section 607(b)(1), as applied to this case, is an unconstitutional infringement on Michael and Kiley Lulay‘s fundamental liberty interest in raising their children.
We begin our analysis with the recognition that statutes carry a strong presumption of constitutionality, and that the party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of rebutting this presumption. Best v. Taylor Machine Works, 179 Ill. 2d 367, 377 (1997); see Tully v. Edgar, 171 Ill. 2d 297, 304 (1996). This court, however, has the duty to interpret the statute and to protect the rights of citizens against acts beyond the scope of the legislature‘s power. Best, 179 Ill. 2d at 378. We review de novo the constitutionality of a statute. See
A court generally applies the rational basis test in examining the constitutionality of a statute under substantive due process. See Tully, 171 Ill. 2d at 304. To satisfy this test, a statute need only bear a rational relation to a legitimate state purpose, and must be neither arbitrary nor discriminatory. Tully, 171 Ill. 2d at 304. If, however, challenged legislation impinges upon a fundamental constitutional right, the court will examine the statute under the strict scrutiny standard. Tully, 171 Ill. 2d at 304. To withstand the strict scrutiny standard, a statute must serve a compelling state interest, and be narrowly tailored to serve the compelling interest, i.e., the legislature must use the least restrictive means to serve the compelling interest. See Tully, 171 Ill. 2d at 304-05; People v. R.G., 131 Ill. 2d 328, 342 (1989). Accordingly, we must first determine whether section 607(b)(1) impinges upon a fundamental constitutional right such that we must review the statute under the strict scrutiny test.
A. Fundamental Right
The fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” The due process clause “includes a substantive component that ‘provides heightened protection against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.‘” Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 56, 120 S. Ct. at 2059-60, quoting Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720, 138 L. Ed. 2d 772, 787, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2267 (1997).
As the United States Supreme Court stated in Troxel, the “liberty interest at issue in this case—the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children—is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty
In Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 67 L. Ed. 1042, 43 S. Ct. 625 (1923), the Court held unconstitutional a statute that prohibited the teaching of certain foreign languages at an elementary school. The Court reasoned that the due process clause protects the rights of parents to “establish a home and bring up children” and “to control the education of their own.” Meyer, 262 U.S. at 399, 401, 67 L. Ed. at 1045, 1046, 43 S. Ct. at 626, 627. Two years later, in Pierce v. Society of the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus & Mary, 268 U.S. 510, 69 L. Ed. 1070, 45 S. Ct. 571 (1925), the Court held unconstitutional a statute that required parents to send their children to public schools, reasoning that the statute interfered with the liberty right of parents “to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” The Pierce Court explained that the “child is not the mere creature of the State; those who nurture him and direct his destiny have the right, coupled with the high duty, to recognize and prepare him for additional obligations.” Pierce, 268 U.S. at 535, 69 L. Ed. at 1078, 45 S. Ct. at 573.
Years later, the fundamental right of parents to raise their children remained an important focus in the jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court. In Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551, 92 S. Ct. 1208 (1972), the Court held unconstitutional a statute that declared that, upon the death of the mother, children of unwed fathers became wards of the state. The Court reasoned: “The private interest here, that of a man in the children he has sired and raised, undeniably warrants deference and, absent a powerful countervailing interest, protection. It is plain that the interest of a parent in the companionship, care, custody, and management of his or her children ‘come[s] to this Court with a momentum for respect lacking when appeal is made to liberties which derive merely from shifting economic arrangements.’ [Citation.]” Stanley, 405 U.S. at 651, 31 L. Ed. 2d at 558, 92 S. Ct. at 1212.
Soon after, in Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 32 L. Ed. 2d 15, 92 S. Ct. 1526 (1972), the Court held, albeit primarily on the basis of the first amendment right to free exercise of religion, that a state‘s compulsory education law did not apply to a group of Amish children. The Court emphasized: “The history and culture of Western civilization reflect a strong tradition of parental concern for the nurture and upbringing of their children. This primary role of the parents in the upbringing of their children is now established beyond debate as an enduring American tradition.” Yoder, 406 U.S. at 232, 32 L. Ed. 2d at 35, 92 S. Ct. at 1541-42; see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599, 606, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1394 (1982) (determining the standard of proof necessary in termination of parental rights case and noting the Court‘s “historical recognition that freedom of personal choice in matters of family life is a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Fourteenth Amendment“); Parham v. J.R., 442 U.S. 584, 602, 61 L. Ed. 2d 101, 118, 99 S. Ct. 2493, 2504 (1979) (stating that “[o]ur jurisprudence historically has reflected Western civilization concepts of the family as a unit with broad parental authority over minor children“). In light of this extensive
Section 607(b)(1) allows grandparents to petition for court-ordered visitation with the grandchildren when both parents have decided not to allow such visitation. By allowing the State to interfere with the parents’ decision in this regard, section 607(b)(1) impinges upon the fundamental constitutional right of parents to make decisions regarding the upbringing of their children.
The State and the grandmother, Gail Lulay, argue that, even if section 607(b)(1) impinges upon a fundamental right, the statute does not significantly interfere with the fundamental right, and therefore, we should apply the rational basis test in reviewing the constitutionality of section 607(b)(1). See R.G., 131 Ill. 2d at 343 (stating that only statutes that “significantly interfere” with a fundamental right are subject to strict scrutiny), citing Zablocki v. Redhail, 434 U.S. 374, 386-88, 54 L. Ed. 2d 618, 630-31, 98 S. Ct. 673, 681-82 (1978). The State contends that section 607(b)(1) does not give grandparents the absolute right to visitation. Rather, the statute merely creates a procedure by which grandparents may petition for visitation under certain circumstances. The State points out that section 607(b)(1) states only that a court “may grant reasonable visitation privileges” (emphasis added) (
In light of the nature of the fundamental right at stake, the State‘s and the grandmother‘s argument is not persuasive. Encompassed within the well-established fundamental right of parents to raise their children is
The significant interference that section 607(b)(1) has on parents’ fundamental right is further evidenced by the procedure contemplated by the statute. The grandparents may file a petition for visitation under certain circumstances: in this case, where the parents are divorced. The parent or parents are then haled into court. The parents must presumably hire attorneys, and then present evidence and defend their decision regarding the visitation before a trial court. The parents’ authority over their children is necessarily diminished by
In comparison, in People v. R.G., 131 Ill. 2d 328, 343-44 (1989), this court concluded that the “Minors Requiring Authoritative Intervention” statutes (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 37, par. 803—1 et seq.) “necessarily affect[] the fundamental right of the parents of a runaway minor to control over their family.” Those statutes provide, among other things, that if the state takes a minor into limited custody and the minor refuses to return home, the state, during the first 21 days, must refuse any demand made by the parents to return the child home. The court reasoned that, even though “the State neither takes the minor out of the home nor alters the parents’ temporary or permanent custody of the minor, the state nevertheless intercedes, on behalf of the minor, in the family relationship.” R.G., 131 Ill. 2d at 344. Thus, the statutes “significantly interfere[ ] with the family relationship and can only be justified if the State has a compelling interest.” R.G., 131 Ill. 2d at 344.
Likewise, by allowing the state to override the decisions of parents regarding the upbringing of their children, section 607(b)(1) significantly interferes with the fundamental rights of parents. Indeed, section 607(b)(1) ultimately allows the state, under certain circumstances, to force parents to deliver their children to individuals whom the parents have decided the children should not
B. Strict Scrutiny
As discussed, to withstand the strict scrutiny test, a statute must serve a compelling state interest, and the statute must be narrowly tailored to serve the compelling interest. See Tully, 171 Ill. 2d at 304-05; R.G., 131 Ill. 2d at 342. The State and the grandmother argue that the state has a compelling interest, as parens patriae, to protect children whose lives have been disrupted through certain triggering events such as the divorce of the parents. The State cites the decision in West v. West, 294 Ill. App. 3d 356, 364 (1998), which, in upholding the facial validity of section 607(b)(1), reasoned that the state “has a compelling interest in maintaining and safeguarding an established grandparent-grandchild relationship where it has been proven by the grandparent that it is in the best interest of the child for the relationship to continue.”
The State also cites legislative history to support the existence of a compelling interest in this case. When the first version of the Illinois grandparent visitation statute was before the General Assembly, the bill‘s sponsor, Representative Matijevich, argued that the statute “will help assure that close grandparent-child ties and relationships will not be severed because of divorce.” 82d Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, May 6, 1981, at 146 (statements of Representative Matijevich). Representative Stewart argued that “the relationship of grandchildren and their grandparents should be one that the state should encourage, and I believe that grandparents should have an opportunity even if the parents cannot see their way clear [to] provi[d]ing them one, to allow that relationship to continue. *** Certainly children in divorce
In contrast, the parents cite decisions from other jurisdictions that question the premise that grandparent visitation is always beneficial to the child. In Brooks v. Parkerson, 265 Ga. 189, 194, 454 S.E.2d 769, 773 (1995), for example, the Supreme Court of Georgia held its grandparent visitation statute unconstitutional and noted that “there is insufficient evidence that supports the proposition that grandparents’ visitation with their grandchildren always promotes the children‘s health or welfare.” Moreover, “even if such a bond exists and would benefit the child if maintained, the impact of a lawsuit to enforce maintenance of the bond over the parents’ objection can only have a deleterious effect on the child.” Brooks, 265 Ga. at 194, 454 S.E.2d at 773. Likewise, in In re Application of Herbst, 971 P.2d 395, 399 (Okla. 1998), the Supreme Court of Oklahoma, in holding that the Oklahoma grandparent visitation statute was unconstitutional as applied to parents who were married and living together and who both opposed the grandparent‘s visitation with their child, reasoned that a “vague generalization about the positive influence many grandparents have upon their grandchildren falls far short of the necessary showing of harm which would warrant the state‘s interference with this parental decision regarding who may see a child.”
Similarly, in Prince v. Massachusetts, 321 U.S. 158, 88 L. Ed. 645, 64 S. Ct. 438 (1944), the Court held that a state‘s child labor laws, which prohibited minors from selling merchandise on a public street, were constitutional as applied to the case. The Court therefore upheld the conviction of a parent under these statutes for allowing her child to sell religious magazines on a public street. The Court recognized the fundamental right of parents to raise their children but reasoned that the state, acting as parens patriae, may restrict parents’ control by such things as requiring school attendance, mandating vaccination for the children, and regulating the children‘s labor. See Prince, 321 U.S. at 166-67, 88 L. Ed. at 652-53, 64 S. Ct. at 442; see also Yoder, 406 U.S. at 230, 32 L. Ed. 2d at 33, 92 S. Ct. at 1540 (distinguishing Prince on the basis that exempting Amish children from compulsory school attendance law was not a case in which “any harm to the physical or mental health of the child or to the public safety, peace, order, or welfare has been demonstrated or may be properly inferred“).
Here, the State essentially argues that it has a compelling interest in maintaining the relationship between
We are not unsympathetic to the plight of grandparents who wish to visit with their grandchildren. In fact, we commend grandparents who are involved in the lives of their grandchildren and recognize their important role in many families. Nevertheless, in this case, we cannot allow the state to use its power to impose its judgment that visitation may be better for the grandchildren over the joint decision of two fit parents who have determined that the visitation should not occur. The facts of this case do not warrant the state‘s interference with the parents’ joint decision regarding who may have visitation privileges with their children. To allow such interference would unconstitutionally infringe on the parents’ well-established fundamental liberty interest in making decisions regarding the upbringing of their children.
We hold that section 607(b)(1), as interpreted and applied to this case, does not serve a compelling state interest and therefore does not satisfy the strict scrutiny test. We therefore hold that section 607(b)(1), as applied to this case, is an unconstitutional infringement on Michael and Kiley Lulay‘s fundamental liberty interest in raising
CONCLUSION
Section 607(b)(1) permits a grandparent to file a petition for visitation where the grandparent‘s own child, i.e., the parent, objects to the visitation between the grandparent and grandchild. Therefore, we answer the first portion of the certified question in the affirmative. We hold, however, that section 607(b)(1), as applied to this case, is an unconstitutional infringement on Michael and Kiley Lulay‘s fundamental liberty interest in raising their children. We thus answer the second portion of the certified question in the negative.
We reverse the decision of the circuit court of Du Page County, which denied the parents’ motion to dismiss Gail Lulay‘s petition for visitation. We remand this cause to the circuit court of Du Page County with directions to dismiss Gail Lulay‘s visitation petition.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
JUSTICE HEIPLE, specially concurring:
I agree with the decision to reverse the trial court on grounds of unconstitutionality. However, the majority fails to settle the issue of grandparental visitation under our statute. The majority finds that section 607(b)(1) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (
The statute at issue in this case, section 607, states in pertinent part that:
“The court may grant reasonable visitation privileges to a grandparent, great-grandparent, or sibling of any minor child upon petition to the court by the grandparents or great-grandparents or on behalf of the sibling *** if the court determines that it is in the best interests and welfare of the child ***. *** [A] petition for visitation privileges may be filed under this paragraph if one or more of the following circumstances exist:
***
(C) one of the parents is deceased[.]”
750 ILCS 5/607(b)(1)(C) (West 1996).
Thus, under section 607, if one parent dies, a grandparent can petition for visitation, which can be granted if the court finds that visitation is in the best interests of the child. This case is simply Troxel by a different name and is precisely the remedy the Supreme Court held unconstitutional. The rationale of Troxel clearly points to a
JUSTICE RATHJE, also specially concurring:
The majority holds that section 607 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (
I would hold the statute unconstitutional on its face. In the majority‘s own words,
“section 607(b)(1) allows the State to usurp the decisionmaking function of parents with respect to the relationships that their children will have. This decisionmaking function lies at the core of parents’ liberty interest in the case, custody, and control of their children.” 193 Ill. 2d at 474.
Contrary to the majority‘s conclusion, such usurpation is not a function of the particular facts in this case. We are reviewing this case not because Gail Lulay simply failed to allege that Michael and Kiley Lulay are unfit parents. Rather, this case is before us because section 607(b)(1), on its face, does not require any such allegation before any parent can be dragged into court to defend his or her parental decisionmaking to the state. Consequently, the fatal flaw that the majority so astutely identifies in the passage above will be present in every section 607(b)(1) case, and the statute is unconstitutional on its face. This is a facial flaw, and I would hold section 607(b)(1) unconstitutional on its face.