In these consolidated appeals, defendant Dr. Yasser Awaad and his professional corporation, Yasser Awaad, M.D., P.C., and defendants Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., Great Lakes Fediatric Neurology, P.C., Oakwood Professional Billing, L.L.C., and Oakwood United Hospitals, Inc.,
I. BACKGROUND
Awaad is a board-certified pediatric neurologist who was formerly employed by the Oakwood defendants. All three of these appeals arise from allegations that Awaad
A. DOCKET NO. 292785
In Docket No. 292785, the plaintiff is Amber Lucas, who is the parent of children allegedly misdiagnosed by Awaad. Lucas filed suit, seeking damages personal to herself based on various tort theories, including intentional infliction of emotional distress and fraud. The trial court granted Lucas leave to file a second amended complaint. Although Lucas subsequently moved to file additional amended complaints, none of those motions had been decided at the time the orders on appeal were issued. Thus, only the second amended complaint is relevant on appeal.
Lucas’s second amended complaint included claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress against all the defendants, allegedly caused by extreme and outrageous conduct by Awaad in “falsely diagnosing the condition of epilepsy/seizure disorder in [her children] who did not suffer the condition [and] communicating that know[n] false diagnosis” for the purpose of inflating billings.
Defendants moved for partial summary disposition of this claim under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and argued that Lucas did not have a legally cognizable claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress arising from Awaad’s misdiagnosis of her children. Defendants argued that Lucas could not recover for emotional distress caused by defendants’ treatment of her children because she was not a “bystander” to the alleged harm, which defendants contend was a required element for recovery. Defendants also argued that Lucas’s claim sounded in medical malpractice and that there was no valid cause of action for a parent’s emotional distress arising from medical malpractice involving a child patient.
Lucas argued in response that her complaint alleged the required elements for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Plaintiff denied that the bystander requirement applied to her claim and also refuted defendants’ contention that her claim was subject to the procedural requirements of a medical malpractice action. Lucas emphasized that her claim was not based on Awaad’s malpractice against her children, but, rather, was based on his intentionally fraudulent communications to her.
The trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition. The trial court first determined that Lucas was not obligated to meet the bystander requirements because her claim was based on Awaad’s alleged communication of a false diagnosis directly to her. The trial court also rejected defendants’ argument that Lucas’s claim sounded in medical malpractice, reasoning that Lucas’s claim was not premised on a duty of care owed to the children as their physician.
In her second amended complaint, Lucas also asserted in count III that the defendants were liable for “Silent Fraud and Failure to Disclose the Truth,” and count VIII alleged that defendants were liable for “Fraud and Silent Fraud and Conspiracy.”
Defendants moved for summary disposition of all the fraud and conspiracy claims. Defendants argued that Lucas’s allegations of fraud were not stated with particularity
Lucas argued in response that her allegations were sufficient to state a claim for fraud and that defendants could learn the details of her case, including the dates of diagnoses and treatment, through discovery. Lucas denied that her claims for fraud and conspiracy sounded in medical malpractice because her claims were based on defendants’ alleged breaches of duties owed to her, with whom they had no professional relationship. Lucas also argued that defendants owed her a duty not to misrepresent diagnoses and treatment recommendations for her children. Lucas cited medical ethics codes requiring physicians to deal honestly and openly with patients. Finally, Lucas contended that a physiсian owes a minor patient’s parent the same fiduciary duty of honesty that a physician owes to an adult patient because the parent makes decisions on behalf of the child.
The trial court concluded that Lucas’s claim did not sound in medical malpractice because Lucas alleged false communication by defendants, not incorrect diagnoses. The trial court also ruled that Lucas had pleaded sufficient facts to establish a claim for fraud based on defendants’ alleged false information made for the purpose of increasing billings. In accordance with these findings, the trial court denied defendants’ motion for partial summary disposition with respect to fraud, silent fraud, and conspiracy.
B. DOCKET NO. 292786
In Docket No. 292786, the plaintiffs are parents of minors who were patients of Awaad.
The plaintiffs alleged that defendants violated the MCPA by engaging in “false, misleading and deceptive acts and/or omissions” that did not involve medical judgment; that the Oakwood defendants’ employment agreements with Awaad “provided an unconscionable incentive for Yasser Awaad to generate improper billings and removed his medical judgment”; and that Awaad “engaged in improper coding and billing practices, which included false, misleading and deceptive acts and/or omissions” that did not involve medical judgment. Plaintiffs further alleged that
Defendants moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8), arguing that plaintiffs failed to state a claim under the MCPA because the allegations did not involve “trade or commerce” as that term is used in MCL 445.903(1). Defendants also contended that plaintiffs’ claims were based on transactions that fall under the exceрtion to the MCPA found in MCL 445.904(l)(a), which provides that the MCPA does not apply to conduct “specifically authorized” by state or federal laws that are administered by a regulatory board.
In response, plaintiffs argued that the MCPA should be liberally construed to fulfill its goal of protecting consumers, including patients who are harmed by the commercial and business aspects of the practice of medicine. Plaintiffs denied that their claims were based on conduct involving medical judgment and, instead, characterized their claims as based on defendants’ “purposeful conduct to steal from Plaintiffs, which is based solely on Defendants’ entrepreneurial, commercial, and business aspect of the practice of medicine.” With respect to the exception in MCL 445.904(1)(a), plaintiffs argued that it was an affirmative defense and that they were not required to plead facts in avoidance of the defense in order to state a valid claim for relief.
The trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition, mainly on the basis that plaintiffs allegations related to the “entrepreneurial, commercial and/or business aspect of the practice of medicine.”
C. DOCKET NO. 295973
In Docket No. 295973, the minor plaintiffs, through their next friends, sued defendants for medical malpractice. Plaintiffs alleged that they were injured by Awaad’s false diagnoses of epilepsy/seizure disorder, which subjected the minor plaintiffs to inappropriate medication, treatment, and medical testing. The only pertinent claims on appeal are the medical malpractice claims found in count VII against the Awaad defendants and in count VIII against the Oakwood defendants.
Pursuant to MCL 600.2912d, the minor plaintiffs supported their medical malpractice claims with affidavits of merit executed by Dr. Michael Kohrman, a board-certified specialist in child neurology. In accordance with MCL 600.2912e, defendants filed affidavits of meritorious defense executed by Dr. Michael Duchowny and Dr. Michael Johnston.
Defendants moved for summary disposition of plaintiffs’ malpractice claims under MCR 2.116(C)(8). Defendants argued that plaintiffs’ “boilerplate” allegations of malpractice were not sufficiently specific to establish valid claims against defendants. Defendants contended that plaintiffs could not establish malpractice merely by alleging that Awaad had incorrectly diagnosed patients with epilepsy without alleging that he had breached a standard of practice. Defendants acknowledged at the summary disposition hearing that their motion was based, in part, on the alleged inadequacy of plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit.
The trial court concluded that plaintiffs’ complaint and the affidavits of merit contained sufficient allegations of malpractice to withstand a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Plaintiffs then moved to strike defendants’ affidavits of meritorious defense because
Defendants argued in response that the affidavits satisfied all the requirements of MCL 600.2912e because they set forth the applicable standard of practice for a pediatric neurologist, which was to diagnose epilepsy/seizure disorder on the basis of clinical history and examination and evaluation of the patient. Defendants asserted that plaintiffs’ challenge to the affidavits of meritorious defense was based only on “the fundamental disagreement between the parties regarding the medical issues underlying the claim of liability that lies at the very heart of this case.”
Defendants then moved to strike plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit and notices of intent. Defendants argued that plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit failed to state the applicable standard of care or the manner in which the standard was breached, as required by MCL 600.2912d. Defendants contended that the bare assertion that “testing” had been “improperly” interpreted failed to explain the manner in which the standard of practice had been breached. Plaintiffs argued in response that the trial court had already ruled on the sufficiency of plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit when it denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition.
The trial court concluded that the affidavits of meritorious defense did not sаtisfy the requirements of MCL 600.2912e because the affidavits did not address whether Awaad correctly read and interpreted the EEG test results. However, instead of entering a default against defendants as plaintiffs requested, the trial court gave defendants 14 days to file amended affidavits. And the trial court denied defendants’ motion to strike plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit and notices of intent, stating that it had already addressed those same arguments when it ruled on defendants’ motion for summary disposition.
On July 7, 2009, defendants filed amended affidavits of meritorious defense. Duchowny prepared an affidavit for each child, and Johnston prepared an affidavit for Benjamin Meier. Duchowny summarized each child’s signs and symptoms, the course of treatment recommended by Awaad, and the child’s progress as observed at each office visit. Although each affidavit of meritorious defense contained information specific to each child, they all provided the same information regarding the standard of care for Awaad and the other defendants, especially with respect to the use of EEGs as a diagnostic tool to confirm or. rule out a diagnosis of epilepsy/seizure disorder. At this time, defendants also submitted an affidavit of meritorious defense executed by Awaad. Unlike Duchowny’s and Johnston’s affidavits, Awaad’s affidavit stated that he correctly read the EEG results.
Plaintiffs filed a renewed motion to strike defendants’ amended affidavits of meritorious defense. Plaintiffs argued that the amended affidavits failed to correct the deficiencies in the original affidavits because they did not indicate whether the standard of practice required Awaad to correctly read and interpret the EEGs. Plaintiffs maintained that a second deficiency was that the affidavits failed to state that Awaad correctly read and interpreted the EEGs. Plaintiffs also argued that Awaad’s affidavit should be rejected because it was not an amended affidavit
Defendants argued that the affidavits of meritorious defense were sufficient because they stated that Awaad complied with the applicable standard of care. Defendants further argued that if their affidavits were not compliant, default would be an unjustly harsh sanction.
With respect to the substance of the affidavits, the trial court first determined that “defendants’ affidavits fail to identify a valid defense to plaintiffs’ claims regarding the correct reading and interpretation of the EEGs.” The trial court also ruled that the affidavits failed to provide a defense to plaintiffs’ claims “that the standard of care required Dr. Awaad to correctly read and interpret the EEGs, and that Dr. Awaad breached that standard of care when he failed to correctly read and interpret the EEGs.” Finally, the trial court concluded that “the affidavits of meritorious defense are substantively void of the statutorily required content under MCL 600.2912e as to these issues.”
The trial court also found that default was warranted “because defendants have failed to make a good-faith effort to comply with the requirements of MCL 600.2912e,” explaining:
This Court specifically found at the June 23, 2009 hearing on plaintiffs’ first motion to strike defendants’ affidavits that the affidavits were defective because they did not address whether the standard of care required Dr. Awaad to correctly read and interpreted [sic] the EEGs and whether Dr. Awaad did, in fact, correctly read and interpret the EEGs. Despite plaintiffs’ rеquest for a default, this Court allowed defendants 14 days to file affidavits addressing the issue of the EEGs. However, as explained above, defendants’ affidavits remain deficient. Given that this Court explicitly explained how defendants’ affidavits were defective and gave defendants 14 days in which to file amended affidavits addressing Dr. Awaad’s reading of the EEGs, the Court finds that defendants did not make a good-faith attempt to file affidavits which were responsive to plaintiffs’ claims.
The trial court therefore entered a default against defendants with respect to whether the standard of care required Awaad to correctly read and interpret the EEGs and whether he had, in fact, correctly read and interpreted the EEGs. The trial court also struck Awaad’s affidavit because it was not an amendment of previously filed affidavits.
II. ANALYSIS
A. DOCKET NO. 292785
Defendants argue that the trial court erred when it denied their motion for summary disposition with regard to Lucas’s allegations of intentional infliction of emotional distress, fraud, and conspiracy. This Court reviews a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition de novo. Henry v Dow Chem Co, 473 Midi 63, 71;
The trial court erred when it denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition with respect to Lucas’s claim for intention infliction of emotional distress.
“ ‘To establish a prima facie claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the plaintiff must present evidence of (1) the defendant’s extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) the defendant’s intent or recklessness, (3) causation, and (4) the severe emotional distress of the plaintiff.’ ” Dalley v Dykema Gossett PLLC,
Defendants do not directly address whether the complaint alleges each of the necessary elements for a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Instead, they contend that Lucas’s claim sounds in medical malpractice rather than being an independent claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Defendants correctly assert that Lucas’s labeling of her claim as intentional infliction of emotional distress is not dispositive of whether her claim sounds in medical malpractice. In determining the nature of a claim, “[i]t is well established that £[t]he gravamen of an action is determined by reading the claim as a whole’ and looking ‘beyond the procedural labels to determine the exact nature of the claim.’ ” Tipton v William Beaumont Hosp,
(1) whether the claim pertains to an action that occurred within the course of a professional relationship; and (2) whether the claim raises questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge and experience. If both these questions are answered in the affirmative, the action is subject to the procedural and substantive requirements that govern medical malpractice actions. [Id. at 422.]
We answer the first question in the affirmative because there can be no dispute that the alleged actions occurred within the course of a professional relationship. While Awaad was not providing healthcare to Lucas, Lucas was acting on behalf of her children, the patients, in the patient-physician relationship because, as their mother, she was responsible for providing the necessary medical consent on behalf of her children. See In re Rosebush,
We also answer the second question in the affirmative because Lucas’s claim raises questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge and experience. Because defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8), the pertinent inquiry is whether Lucas’s complaint alone is sufficient to state a claim and justify recovery. Smith,
Tipton,
In sum, Lucas’s allegation of intentional infliction of emotional distress sounds in
2. FRAUD AND SILENT FRAUD
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred when it denied their motion for summary disposition on Lucas’s claims of fraud and silent fraud. We agree.
A plaintiff asserting a claim of fraud must demonstrate these six elements: (1) that the defendant made a material representation; (2) that it was false; (3) that the defendant made the representation knowing that it was false or made it rеcklessly without knowledge of its truth; (4) that the defendant intended that the plaintiff would act on the representation; (5) that the plaintiff relied on the representation; and (6) that the plaintiff suffered injury as a result of having relied on the representation. Cooper v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
To prove silent fraud, also known as fraudulent concealment, the plaintiff must show that the defendant suppressed the truth with the intent to defraud the plaintiff and that the defendant had a legal or equitable duty of disclosure. Roberts v Saffell,
Defendants argue that Lucas’s claim of fraud sounds in medical malpractice. We agree. The gravamen of Lucas’s fraud complaint is that Awaad communicated the diagnoses of epilepsy/seizure disorder “when he knew that such disorders did not in fact exist.” Similar to Lucas’s claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, this claim requires proof that Lucas’s children “did not in fact” suffer from seizure/epilepsy disorder. This evidence requires the presentation of expert testimony addressing questions involving the exercise of medical judgment or medical competency. Therefore, for the reasons we stated earlier, we conclude that Lucas’s claim of fraud sounds in medical malpractice.
With respect to Lucas’s silent fraud claim, defendants argue that there “is no duty owed to a parent that would give rise to a claim by the parent against the health care provider.” We agree. While duty is irrelevant in a fraud claim, it is relevant in a silent fraud claim. Roberts,
• Defendants owed a duty to Lucas to notify her that Awaad “had engaged in a systematic pattern and practice of falsely diagnosing epilepsy/seizure disorder in hundreds of his pediatric patients.”
• Awaad owed a duty to Lucas “to refrain from communicating to [her] the diagnosis of... epilepsy/seizure disorder ... when he knew that such disorders did not in fact exist.”
• Defendants “had a duty to repоrt [Awaad’s] false diagnosis, treatmentand billings to appropriate government agencies pursuant to federal law.”
Whether a duty exists is a question of law, not a question of fact. Valcaniant v Detroit Edison Co,
Regarding Lucas’s first alleged duty, we hold that Lucas failed to provide sufficient facts to support a conclusion that defendants owed her a duty to inform her of Awaad’s prior conduct. In short, the mere fact that defendants were healthcare providers for her children, or that Lucas was in a professional relationship with Awaad, is insufficient to create such a duty to disclose. It is established that physicians do not have a duty to disclose their success rates to patients in order to obtain informed consent for particular medical procedures. Wlosinski,
B. DOCKET NO. 292786
In Docket No. 292786, plaintiffs are parents of children who were allegedly falsely diagnosed with epilepsy/seizure disorder by Awaad. They brought multiple claims against defendants, but the only one relevant on appeal is plaintiffs’ claim under the MCPA. We hold that the trial court erred by denying defendants’ motion for summary disposition with respect to plaintiffs’ MCPA claim.
The MCPA prohibits “[u]nfair, unconscionable, оr deceptive methods, acts, or practices in the conduct of trade or commerce.” MCL 445.903(1). Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that defendants violated the MCPA by engaging in improper coding and billing practices that included “false, misleading and deceptive acts and/or omissions,” but did not involve medical judgment. They allege that the Oakwood defendants were implicit in Awaad’s fraudulent billings by entering into revenue-sharing agreements that gave him the incentive to engage in these fraudulent practices and by accepting a share of the illegally obtained billings. They contend that Awaad’s practice of billing patients and their insurers on the basis of intentionally false diagnoses violated MCL 445.903(l)(s) (failure to disclose material facts to a consumer), (u) (failure to refund to a customer payment for a terminated agreement), (bb) (false representations of material fact), and (cc) (failure to reveal facts that are material to the transaction in view of favorable representations).
We do not consider either one of these allegations to charge defendant with misconduct in the entrepreneurial, commercial, or business aspect of his practice. Rather, we consider these to be principally attacks on the actual performance of defendant’s medical services, which would be more appropriately addressed in the context of a timely filed medical malpractice claim. Therefore, the MCPA does not apply, and plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. [Id. at 84.]
In the present case, plaintiffs argue that their claim is based on the entrepreneurial, commercial, and business aspect of the medical practice because it is based on fraudulent billing practices. They emphasize that Awaad falsely diagnosed patients with epilepsy in order to maximize his earnings under his employment and revenue-sharing agreements and that the Oakwood defendants participated in this fraud by entering into revenue-sharing agreements that gave Awaad an incentive to falsely diagnose patients, by cooperating in Awaad’s fraudulent billings, and by sharing in Awaad’s illegal gains. Similar to Lucas’s fraud claims in Docket No. 292785, plaintiffs’ MCPA claims are not based on an alleged mistake in medical judgment but instead on alleged fabrications for the purpose of enriching Awaad and the Oakwood defendants. Plaintiffs allеge that there was no medical judgment involved in issuing false diagnoses for financial gain. This claim therefore pertains to the entrepreneurial, commercial, and business aspects of medical practice under the MCPA.
However, MCL 445.904(1)(a) provides that the MCPA does not apply to “[a] transaction or conduct specifically authorized under laws administered by a regulatory board or officer acting under statutory authority of this state or the United States.” Two years after this Court issued its opinion in Nelson, our Supreme Court held that in determining whether a transaction or conduct is outside the scope of the MCPA, “the relevant inquiry is not whether the specific misconduct alleged by the plaintiffs is ‘specifically authorized.’ Rather, it is whether the general transaction is specifically authorized by law, regardless of whether the specific misconduct alleged is prohibited.” Smith v Globe Life Ins Co,
Because the state specifically authorizes the general transaction here, plaintiffs’ MCPA claim must fail. This situation is analogous to the situation in Liss v Lewiston-Richards, Inc,
There is no dispute that the practice of medicine is specifically authorized and regulated by law. See MCL 333.17001 to MCL 333.17084. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ MCPA claim is barred by that statute’s exception for transactions specifically authorized by law, MCL 445.904(1)(a); Smith,
C. DOCKET NO. 295973
1. DEFENDANTS’ AFFIDAVITS OF MERITORIOUS DEFENSE
Defendants argue that the trial court erred by concluding that defendants’ affidavits of meritorious defense failed to satisfy the statutory requirements of MCL 600.2912e. We agree, and because we agree, we also reverse the trial court’s entry of default against defendants based on the trial court striking defendants’ affidavits. However, we hold that the trial court correctly struck Awaad’s affidavit of meritorious defense as untimely.
The question of whether an affidavit of meritorious defense is sufficient under MCL 600.2912e is reviewed de novo as a question of law. See Jackson v Detroit Med Ctr,
In a malpractice claim, the plaintiff must file an affidavit of merit along with the complaint. MCL 600.2912d. The defendant, in turn, must file an affidavit of meritorious defense. MCL 600.2912e(l) provides the requirements for an affidavit of meritorious defense:
(1) .. . The affidavit of meritorious defense shall certify that the health professional has reviewеd the complaint and all medical records supplied to him or her by the defendant’s attorney concerning the allegations contained in the complaint and shall contain a statement of each of the following:
(a) The factual basis for each defense to the claims made against the defendant in the complaint.
(b) The standard of practice or care that the health professional or health facility named as a defendant in the complaint claims to be applicable to the action and that the health professional or health facility complied with that standard.
(c) The manner in which it is claimed by the health professional or health facility named as a defendant in the complaint that there was compliance withthe applicable standard of practice or care.
(d) The manner in which the health professional or health facility named as a defendant in the complaint contends that the alleged injury or alleged damage to the plaintiff is not related to the care and treatment rendered.
a. DUCHOWNY AND JOHNSTON AFFIDAVITS
Pursuant to MCL 600.2912d, the minor plaintiffs supported their medical malpractice claims with affidavits of merit executed by Kohrman. All the affidavits of merit are identical, with only the name of the child plaintiff being changed. Kohrman averred, in pertinent part, that the applicable standard of care required Awaad to do the following:
3. Perform or otherwise obtain examinations and/or testing to confirm or to rule out the condition of epilepsy. Such testing... include[s], but [is] not limited to, EEGs, MRIs, PET and other diagnostic and imaging studies.
4. Properly and accurately read the results of testing to confirm or to rule out the condition of epilepsy. Such test results include, but are not limited to, EEGs, MRIs, PET and other diagnostic and imaging studies.
Kohrman also averred that Awaad breached the standard of care by failing to comply with the above requirements.
In response, defendants filed (amended) affidavits of meritorious defense by Duchowny and Johnston on July 7, 2009. Duchowny stated that the applicable standard of care for a pediatric neurologist “is to appropriately evaluate, examine, monitor, diagnose, and treat a patient in the same set of circumstances” as each plaintiff. Duchowny further stated:
The standard of practice is esрecially based upon clinical information such as patient history and data received from the patient’s family. The standard of practice required taking into account the above information, in coordination with examination and evaluation of the patient.
While it is within the standard of practice for a pediatric neurologist to order EEG testing or to consider the results of EEG testing or other testing that is performed, EEG testing is performed because it may provide information that would confirm a diagnosis based on clinical history, or because it may help in selecting which anti-seizure medication, among many possible anti-seizure medications, should be provided to a patient. Some anti-seizure medications can accentuate seizures, and EEG testing may help to determine whether this is occurring.
The standard of practice does not require that a pediatric neurologist order EEG testing or rely on EEG tests to determine whether a diagnosis of epilepsy/seizure disorder should be made, or to determine the course of treatment. A patient’s clinical history and physical findings alone, if suggestive of a seizure disorder/epilepsy, are sufficient to support both a diagnosis of epilepsy/seizure disorder and the propriety of a particular course of treatment for that condition. The existence of a “normal” EEG test, and even multiple “normal” EEGs, cannot rule out epilepsy/seizure disorder, and cannot “override” or negate a clinical history and physical findings that are suggestive of epilepsy/seizure disorder.
Duchowny opined that Awaad complied with the applicable standard of care in treating the minor plaintiffs. Duchowny also provided summaries of the care provided for each child.
We conclude that the trial court erred when it made this determination. While we agree that the affidavits did not state that Awaad correctly read and interpreted the EEG tests, the affidavits clearly identified defendants’ defense against this claim. Typically, defenses are based on an assertion that the defendant did not breach the applicable standard of care, which is but one element in a malpractice case.
As to the EEG testing in particular, any claimed acts or alleged omissions with respect to EEG testing did not cause any injury because the EEG tests, regardless of their results, could not have negated or overridden the clinical diagnosis in these cases, and because the diagnosis and treatment were within the standard of practice, regardless of any EEG test results.
Thus, for this particular defense, there is no further factual basis that would help develop this theory. MCL 600.2912e(1)(a) only requires a “factual basis for each defense,” not a factual basis for each claim asserted by the plaintiff. If no factual basis is applicable for a particular defense, then no factual basis needs to be, or could be, provided. We note that the affidavits of meritorious defense did provide extensive factual bases for defenses related to other aspects of plaintiffs’ malpractice claim,
With respect to plaintiffs’ claim that the standard of care requires the pediatric neurologist to order EEG testing and to correctly interpret EEG testing, defendants’ affidavit from Duchowny addressed the issue as follows:
The standard of practice does not require that a pediatric neurologist order EEG testing or rely on EEG tests to determine whether a diagnosis of epilepsy/seizure disorder should be made, or to determine the course of treatment. A patient’s clinical history and physical findings alone, if suggestive of a seizure disorder/epilepsy, are sufficient to support both a diagnosis of epilepsy/seizure disorder and the рropriety of a particular course of treatment for that condition. The existence of a “normal” EEG test, and even multiple “normal” EEGs, cannot rule out epilepsy/seizure disorder, and cannot “override” or negate a clinical history and physical findings thatare suggestive of epilepsy/seizure disorder.
The affidavit from Johnston addressed the issue almost identically. Thus, the affidavits of meritorious defense adequately address this issue by providing a different standard of care.
In sum, plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit stated that the applicable standard of care required Awaad to understand and recognize the signs and symptoms of epilepsy, recognize that the signs and symptoms displayed by his patients were inconsistent with epilepsy, and perform testing, including EEGs, to “confirm or to rule out the condition of epilepsy.” Plaintiffs’ affidavits also provided that the standard of care required the physician to “[p]roperly and accurately read the results” of the tests, including EEGs, to confirm or rule out the condition of epilepsy. Defendants’ affidavits sufficiently responded to these assertions by stating that the applicable standard of practice requires a pediatriс neurologist to base a diagnosis of epilepsy on the patients’ signs, symptoms, physical condition, and clinical history. Defendants’ expert stated that the standard of practice does not involve relying on EEG test results to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of epilepsy, although the physician might consider EEG test results in making decisions regarding the patients’ treatment. Moreover, defendants’ expert stated that any alleged breach involving misreading or misinterpreting an EEG test would not have affected any diagnosis.
As a result, the trial court erred when it struck Duchowny’s and Johnston’s affidavits of meritorious defense.
b. AWAAD’S AFFIDAVIT
After plaintiffs’ delay in serving defendants with their complaints and affidavits of merit, the trial court granted defendants a 91-day stay of proceedings to allow them sufficient time to prepare and file affidavits of meritorious defense. Consequently, defendants were required to file and serve affidavits of meritorious defense on or before January 14, 2009. At issue is whether Awaad’s affidavit of meritorious defense was untimely when it was filed on July 7, 2009, the same date that the other amended affidavits of meritorious defense were filed pursuant to the trial court’s order of June 23, 2009.
Defendants argue that Awaad’s affidavit should be treated as an amendment of the previously filed affidavits. We disagree. Awaad’s affidavit was an entirely new affidavit, not an amendment of a previously submitted affidavit. Accordingly, defendants’ failure to file the affidavit by the January 14, 2009, deadline precluded them from subsequently filing it under the guise of an “amendment.”
Defendants also contend that Awaad’s affidavit relates back to the timely filed affidavits of meritorious defense and, therefore, is permissible under MCR 2.118. MCR 2.118(A)(1) provides that a party may amend a pleading by right within 14 days after being served with a responsive pleading or within 14 days after serving the pleading if a responsive pleading is not required. Outside of this time frame, a party may not amend a pleading unless the court grants leave to do so or the adverse party consents in writing. MCR 2.118(A)(2). As amended effective May 1, 2010, MCR 2.118(D) provides:
An amendment that adds a claim or defense relates back to the date of the original pleading if the claim or defense asserted in the amended pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set forth, or attempted to be set forth, in the original pleading.In a medical malpractice action, an amendment of an affidavit of merit or affidavit of meritorious defense relates back to the date of the original filing of the affidavit. [Emphasis added.]
The italicized sentence became effective May 1, 2010, after the trial court struck Awaad’s affidavit as untimely. Similarly, MCR 2.112(L)(2)(b) was amended effective May 1, 2010, and now provides that “[a]n affidavit of merit or meritorious defense may be amended in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in MCR 2.118 and MCL 600.2301.” In Ligons v Crittenton Hosp,
The Supreme Court also held that an affidavit of merit is not a pleading and, as such, may not be amended under the previous version of MCR 2.118. Id. at 81. The Court concluded, “Because permitting amendment of a defective AOM [affidavit of merit] runs counter to the established statutes, court rules, and cases governing this area of law, we hold that a plaintiff may not amend a deficient AOM under the version of MCR 2.118 in еffect during the pendency of this suit in the trial court.” Id. at 85. This holding applies by analogy to affidavits of meritorious defense under MCL 600.2912e. Accordingly, the trial court properly struck Awaad’s affidavit.
2. PLAINTIFFS’ AFFIDAVIT OF MERIT
Defendants next argue that the trial court erred when it failed to find plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit deficient. We disagree. Whether plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit complied with the requirements of MCL 600.2912d is reviewed de novo as a question of law. See Jackson,
MCL 600.2912d(1) provides that the plaintiff in a medical malpractice action must file with the complaint “an affidavit of merit signed by a health professional who the plaintiffs attorney reasonably believes meets the requirements of an expert witness under [MCL 600.2169].” The affidavit must contain a statement of each of the following:
(a) The applicable standard of practice or care.
(b) The health professional’s opinion that the applicable standard of practice or care was breached by the health professional or health facility receiving the notice.
(c) The actions that should have been taken or omitted by the health professional or health facility in order to have complied with the applicable standard of practice or care.
(d) The manner in which the breach of the standard of practice or care was the proximate cause of the injury alleged in the notice. [MCL 600.2912d(l).]
The failure to include any of these required items of information renders the affidavit of merit insufficient. Ligons,
In attempting to comply with MCL 600.2912d(l)(a), plaintiffs’ affidavits of merit set forth standards of care for Awaad and the other defendants that can be summarized as follows:
• Defendants were required to understand the signs and symptoms of epilepsy;
• Defendants were required to recognize that the patients did not exhibit those symptoms;
• Defendants were required to order testing, including EEGs, MRIs, andPET tests, to confirm or rule out the condition of epilepsy;
• Defendants were required to accurately interpret those test results;
• Defendants were required to refer the patients to, and/or obtain consultation from, physicians with the education, training, and experience to recognize the signs and symptoms of epilepsy;
• Defendants were required to refrain from diagnosing and undertaking procedures related to epilepsy when they were not qualified to do so;
• Defendants were required to refrain from administering and prescribing anti-seizure medications when the patients did not suffer from epilepsy;
• Defendants were required to refrain from diagnosing patients as suffering from epilepsy when they did not; and
• Defendants were required to refrain from ordering/performing testing which was unnecessary, including, but not limited to, EEG testing.
In addressing MCL 600.2912d(1)(b), the affidavits then, by using the exact same verbiage from the standard-of-care section of the affidavit, stated that defendants breached the various standards of care. As an example, the following is how the affidavit addressed the first standard of care with respect to Awaad:
4. The applicable standard of practice or care in this matter required a physician practicing the specialty of pediatric neurology!,] and specifically Yasser Awaad, M.D., to:
1. Appreciate and understand the signs and symptoms associated with the condition of epilepsy.
8. It is my opinion that Yasser Awaad, M.D. breached the applicable standard of practice or care by failing to:
1. Appreciate and understand the signs and symptoms associated with the condition оf epilepsy.
This process was repeated for each of the nine standards of care provided, thereby satisfying the requirements of MCL 600.2912d(l)(b) and (c).
Additionally, the requirement under MCL 600.2912d(l)(d) was met as well. Our Supreme Court has noted that an affidavit
answering the question “How was the breach the proximate cause of the injury?” requires more than “The breach caused the injury.” In other words, the mere correlation between alleged malpractice and an injury is insufficient to show proximate causfation], [Ligons,490 Mich at 77-78 , citations and quotation marks omitted).]
The affidavit of merit explained that Awaad’s wrongful diagnosis resulted in the children and their parents having to unnecessarily attend numerous office visits and unnecessarily submit to EEG, MRI, and other testing. The affidavit also described that the incorrect diagnoses resulting in the prescription of medication that not only was not needed, but also caused adverse side effects, such as delays in cognition and speech. These explanations address the salient question of how the breaches proximately caused injuries to the plaintiff children.
Defendants contend that these assertions do not provide specific information with rеspect to the applicable standard of care and Awaad’s failure to comply with that standard. Defendants assert that the affidavits of merit are unacceptably vague because they do not identify what testing was done, or what testing should have been done, or what signs and symptoms each patient presented. Defendants further argue that the affidavits of merit do
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs are taxable pursuant to MCR 7.219, neither party having prevailed in full.
Notes
Oakwood United Hospitals, Inc., is only a party in Docket Nos. 292786 and 295973. For simplicity’s sake, the defendants, not including Awaad and his professional corporation, will be referred to as the “Oakwood defendants.”
We note that the name of one of the plaintiffs, “Btheag Jaber,” appears to have been misspelled in the lower court filings. The caption of this case retains that spelling for the sake of consistency. We further note that “Laura Abel-Slater” also appears as “Laura Abdel-Slater” in some lower court filings.
Although the various plaintiffs brought many of the same claims, defendants opted to selectively target claims in each action.
In a medical malpractice case, a plaintiff must establish (1) the appropriate standard of care governing the defendant’s conduct, (2) that the defendant breached that standard of care, (3) that the plaintiff was injured, and (4) that defendant’s breach of the standard of care proximately caused plaintiffs injuries. See Kalaj v Khan,
For example, the seven-page affidavit regarding patient Mariah Martinez contains 15 paragraphs of facts relating to her various office visits and treatment.