134 F.3d 1235 | 4th Cir. | 1998
Lead Opinion
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded by published opinion. Judge DONALD S. RUSSELL wrote the opinion, in which Judge LUTTIG joined. Judge CAMPBELL wrote a concurring opinion.
OPINION
L.R. Willson and Sons, Inc. (“Willson”) appeals the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission’s affirmance of a citation by the Secretary of Labor (the “Secretary”) for violation of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (“the Act”).
Because we find that the Commission erred in placing the burden of showing the unforeseeability or preventability of the violation in question on Willson, we reverse.
I.
The inspection that resulted in the Secretary’s citation took place on April 29, 1994, and was precipitated by the observations of Joseph Dear, Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. Dear, whose room at the Peabody Hotel was across the street from Willson’s worksite in Orlando, observed from his window employees on the site working without fall protection. Dear telephoned Ronald Anderson, a local OSHA “compliance officer,” and told him of what he had seen, and Anderson came to make an inspection of the site. However, rather than going immediately to the Willson site, Anderson obtained permission from the Peabody Hotel to videotape the activities on the site from the hotel’s roof. For approximately 50 minutes, Anderson videotaped the activities at the site, which included two employees working at a height of about 80 feet without adequate safety cables, through a “16” power camera lens. Anderson then went to the site, presented his credentials, and was allowed to interview the two employees he had observed.
During the interview and at the hearing before the ALJ, the two employees, Randall Manley (“Manley”) and Donald McVay (“McVay”), admitted to violating the OSHA regulation, and Manley, who said he considered himself a foreman on the site, stated that he realized safety cables were required, but that they had not been installed on certain parts of the site. In addition, Manley stated his belief that the cables that had been installed were unsuitable.
In rebuttal, James Willson, Willson’s vice president for field operations, testified that the area where Manley and McVay were observed working without safety cables had not been opened for work, and that the two had begun work there without authorization from a supervisor. However, Willson also admitted that Manley was a “leadman” on the job, and that as such, he was responsible for making sure that his crew members observed all relevant safety regulations.
The ALJ found that Manley and McVay were working at a height of at least 75 feet without adequate protection, and that Manley’s knowledge of that lack of protection was imputed to Willson as a result of Manley’s
II.
Wifison asserts several grounds for reversing the Commission's order. We address each in turn.
A.
Willson first claims that the AU erred in admitting Anderson's videotape of Manley and McVay because the tape was made in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Since the possible application of the Fourth Amendment's exclusionary rule to this case involves a mixed question of law and fact, we review this issue de novo.
As Wilson notes, the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to corn-mercial property,
Although surveillance is a type of search that can invoke Fourth Amendment protections if performed unreasonably, we hold that Anderson's long-distance observations were not unreasonable. What Anderson's tape recorded was easily observable by anyone on one of the hotel's upper stories, which seems to fall squarely within the basic Fourth Amendment principle, restated by this court in Tarantino v. Baker,
Although, as Willson points out in its brief, the roof of the Peabody Hotel was not completely open to the public, and Anderson did employ a high powered lens in shooting the videotape, the crucial aspect of the situation seems to be that Wilison left the construction site open to observation from vantages outside its control. As the inquiry should focus on what sort of "expectation of privacy" Willson had, we believe that a sustained view from a hotel across the street is difficult to classify as an unreasonable intrusion into Willson's "private space."
B.
Wilson also contends that the surveillance violated § 8(a) of the Act ("~ 8(a)"). Specifically, Wilison argues that § 8(a) requires that an USIA inspector present his credentials before aivy "inspection" of a "factory, plant, establishment, construction site, or other area. •"
As the Commission made clear in its decision, § 8(a) is both broader and narrower in scope than the Fourth Amendment. It is broader in scope "because, even when the employer has consented to a compliance officer's entry and thus waived any protection under the Fourth Amendment, section 8(a)(2) may be violated if, for example, the on-site inspection is not conducted at reasonable times, within reasonable limits, and in a reasonable manner."
In full, § 8(a) provides that:
In order to carry out the purposes of this chapter, the Secretary, upon presenting appropriate credentials to the owner, operator, or agent in charge, is authorized-
(1) to enter without delay and at reasonable times any factory, plant, establishment, construction site, or other area, workplace or environment where work is performed by an employee of an employer; and
(2) to inspect and investigate during regular working hours and at other reasonable times, and within reasonable limits and in a reasonable manner, any such place of employment and all pertinent conditions, structures, machines, apparatus, devices, equipment, and materials therein, and to question privately any such employer, owner, operator, agent, or employee.16
The Commission, at the Secretary's urging, - read § 8(a)(1) as focusing on the entrance onto a worksite, and thus concluded that it does not apply to "off-site" observations such as the one in this case. We agree.
As the legislative history of the Act makes clear, § 8(a) was designed "for government personnel to have the right of entry in order to ascertain the safety and health condition and status of compliance of any covered employing establishment."
C.
Further, we find without merit Will-son's contention that the surveillance violated Wilison's "walk-around rights"
D.
Based on the foregoing, we hold that the AU correctly admitted the surveillance videotape into evidence.
III.
Willson next argues that the Commission incorrectly placed on Willson the burden of showing that the conduct of Manley and McVay was unforeseeable or unpreventable. Specifically, Willson takes issue with the Commission's conclusion that, because a "supervisory employee" committed the violations in question, the knowledge of those violations should be imputed to Willson, and that it was thus incumbent upon Wilson to "establish that it made good faith efforts to comply with the fall protection standards."
In Ocean Electric Corp. v. Secretary of Labor
Although some sister circuits have held that unpreventable employee misconduct "is an affirmative defense that an employer must plead and prove,"
Ocean Electric's reasoning is consistent with the clear intent of the Act.
IV.
Willson also argues that the $7,000 fine levied by the Secretary was excessive. However, as the Secretary notes, this allegation is procedurally barred, as 29 U.S.C. § 660(a) clearly states that, “[n]o objection that has not been urged before the Commission shall be considered by the [reviewing] court, unless the failure or neglect to urge such objection shall be excused because of extraordinary circumstances.”
V.
Based on the foregoing, we reverse the Commission’s order, and remand the case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
. 29U.S.C. §§ 651-678 (1994).
. This regulation states in part that: "On buildings or structures not adaptable to temporary floors, and where scaffolds are not used, safety nets shall be installed and maintained whenever the potential fall distance exceeds two stories or 25 feet.”
. United States v. Gastiaburo, 16 F.3d 582, 585 (4th Cir.1994).
. Marshall v. Barlow's, Inc., 436 U.S. 307, 311, 98 S.Ct. 1816, 1819-20, 56 L.Ed.2d 305 (1978).
. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 360, 88 S.Ct. 507, 516, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).
. LA. at 325.
. 825 F.2d 772 (4th Cir.1987).
. Tarantino v. Baker, 825 F.2d 772, 776 (4th Cir.1987) (quoting United States v. Head, 783 F.2d 1422 (9th Cir.1986)). Although Tarantino involved a Suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and thus inquired into whether the constitutional rule in question was "clearly settled," its discussion of what constitutes a "reasonable expectation of privacy" is instructive.
. Secretary of Labor v. Concrete Constr. Co., 15 O.S.H.C. 1614, 1617 (1992).
. See Marshall v. Western Waterproofing Co., 560 F.2d 947, 950-51 (8th Cir.1977). The Marshall court held that there was no Fourth Amendment violation in a case where an OSHA inspector obtained access to a private building to view adjacent repair scaffolding as "a person who exercises control over premises may consent to a search and evidence gathered in that search may be used against persons who did not consent." Id. at 950 (citations omitted).
. See Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 238, 106 S.Ct. 1819, 1826-27, 90 L.Ed.2d 226 (1986) (EPA's use of high-powered camera lenses in aerial surveillance did not violate company's reasonable expectation of privacy because, despite the fact that "they undoubtedly give EPA more detailed information than naked-eye views," the photographs "remain limited to an outline of the facility's buildings and equipment"). Such seems to be the case here.
. 29 U.S.C. § 657(a)(1)(1994).
. Id. § 657(a).
. J.A. at 327.
. Id.
. 29 U.S.C. § 657(a)(1994).
. S.Rep. No. 91-1282 (1970), reprinted in 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5177, 5187 (emphasis added).
. Id.
. Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 2781, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984).
. Id. at 844, 104 S.Ct. at 2782.
. "Walk-around rights" refers to the inspectee's right to have the OSHA inspector accompanied by one of the inspectee's employees during the inspection.
. 29 U.S.C. § 657(e)(1994).
. S.Rep. No. 91-1282 (1970), reprinted in 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5177, 5187.
. J.A. at 332.
. 594 F.2d 396 (4th Cir.1979).
. Ocean Elec. Corp. v. Secretary of Labor, 594 F.2d 396, 401 (4th Cir.1979).
. l.A. at 332. significantly, the improper burden-shifting complained of in Ocean Electric consisted of the Commission's requirement of a "showing by the employer that the supervisory employee with knowledge of the violation was himself adequately supervised with regard to safety matters." Ocean Elec., 594 F.2d at 401 (citations omitted). We find this requirement substantially similar to the one at issue in this case.
. The Secretary contends that Ocean Electric should not apply here, as Manley was accompanied by McVay, who was not a supervisory employee. However, in so doing the Secretary ignores the fact that the AU in this case found the prima facie case of a violation because of Manley's status, and then placed on Willson the burden of rebutting with the "affirmative defense" of employee misconduct, and the Commission affirmed. J.A. at 289; 332.
. New York State Elec. & Gas Corp. v. Secretary of Labor, 88 F.3d 98, 107 (2d Cir.1996) (holding that unforeseeability and unpreventability are affirmative defenses and citing authority from the
. See Ocean Elec., 594 F.2d at 401; Capital Elec. Line Builders v. Marshall, 678 F.2d 128, 129 (10th Cir.1982); Pennsylvania Power & Light Co. v. OSHRC, 737 F.2d 350, 358 (3d Cir.1984); Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. OSHRC, 623 F.2d 155 (10th Cir.1980).
. See Ocean Electric, 594 F.2d at 399 (Congress clearly did not intend employer to be insurer of employee safety: rather, employers are to promote such safety "as far as possible” (quoting 29 U.S.C. § 651)).
. 29 U.S.C. § 660(a) (1994).
. J.A. at 294.
. In its reply brief, Willson claims that the argument in its brief before the Commission (not included in record) that the ALJ was in error “not to vacate the citation in its entirety” constitutes the presentment of the fine issue to the Commission. We disagree.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring:
I agree with the court’s able opinion, but, in respect to the determinative issue, I limit my agreement to the fact that Ocean Electric Corp. v. Secretary of Labor, 594 F.2d 896 (4th Cir.1979), is controlling precedent in this Circuit and appears in these circumstances to be correctly applied in accordance with its terms. As a visitor, I see no occasion to decide, and do not decide, whether, as the opinion states, “Ocean Electric’s reasoning is consistent with the clear intent of the Act” and whether it is desirable to “reaffirm its application in this circuit.”
