6 Rob. 192 | La. | 1843
The plaintiff, as curator of the vacant estate of
The defendant, after a general denial, avers, that on the 6th of July, in the year 1840, he became the purchaser, at a public sale made by the Marshal of the Eastern District of Louisiana, who had seized the property under a writ of seizure and sale, issued on an order or judgment given by the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Ninth Circuit, in the Eastern District of Louisiana. That said writ was issued in the case of Andrew Erwin against Hector McNeil, testamentary executor of Alexander McNeil, as mentioned in the sale from the Marshal, and in the record of the suit annexed. He alleges, that he gave the sum of $16,000 cash, for the plantation and slaves, which was applied to the payment of a mortgage debt owing by the aforesaid succession to Andrew Erwin ; that after the purchase of said property, he (defendant) received possession of the same from the Marshal, in good faith, under the aforesaid title, except certain slaves which are named, which he states, were never delivered. He further avers, that under the title aforesaid, he proceeded to improve the land by clearing a large part of it, and placing valuable and permanent improvements on it, which are worth $50,000, and have enhanced its value to that amount. He denies, that the crops produced, amounted to the sum stated in the petition, and alleges, that they were made at great labor and expense. He asserts,
The facts of the case are, that on the 8th day of January, 1835, Dawson and Nutt, by an authentic act of sale before the Parish Judge of the parish of Carroll in this State, sold to Alexander McNeil, the plantation and slaves in controversy, they being situated in that parish, now the parish of Madison. All the parlies were at the time residents of the State of Mississippi, as appears by the act of sale, and none of them ever were residents of this State. The property was sold for $105,000, payable in five annual instalments, four of $25,000 each, and one of $5,000. All the payments have been made except the fourth, on which it is alleged $17,500 aré due, with interest, from January, 1839. The notes given by Alexander McNeil, to secure the price of the property, were secured by a mortgage in the ordinary form. Alexander McNeil died in Mississippi, about the 28th of May, 1839. By his will, which contains several legacies of small value, he bequeathed the mass of his estate to Hector McNeil, also a resident and citizen of Mississippi, whom he appointed his testamentary executor. On the 6th of June, 1839, this executor, stating himself to be a citizen of Coahoma county, in Mississippi, presented a petition to the Judge of Probates of the parish of Madison, in which, after reciting that his testator had died at the date above stated in Mississippi, and left a will in which he was appointed sole executor and principal legatee, an unauthenticaled copy of which was annexed to the petition, he proceeds to state, that two large estates were in the possession of his testator situated in that parish ; that, by the laws of Mississippi, as executor of the will, he is bound to present it for probate in Warren county in that State,
On the 23d of May, 1840, Andrew Erwin, a resident of Tennessee, presented his petition to the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Eastern District of Louisiana, stating that he was
We have stated the facts of the case fully, and from them we have strong grounds to believe, that there was collusion between the parties to the sale, under which the defendant claims.
Upon the pleadings and evidence, the District Judge gave, a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, for the land and slaves. He annulled the sale made by the Marshal, and decreed the defendant to account for the crops of cotton made in the years 1840, 1841, and 1842, which, after deducting the expenses of the plantation, and the value of the improvements made by the defendant, produced an amount nearly sufficient to repay him the price he alleged, that he had paid for the whole property. This sum the Judge compensated against the price so far as it extinguished it, and gave the defendant a judgment for the remainder, from which judgment he has appealed.
In this court, the counsel for the defendant calls our attention to the exceptions set up in the answer, in relation to the jurisdiction of the court that tried the cause. He avers, that no State
The second exception is, that a state tribunal, cannot annul or inquire into the acts of a Marshal of the United States, when acting under the authority of a decree of the United States Court, when such acts are only voidable, not void. Upon this point, and the one first stated, the counsel for the defendant have not furnished us with satisfactory authorities. We have recently considered the subject in the case just cited, and have come to a different conclusion. The Marshals of the United States in Louisiana, in executing the process of their courts, are bound to conform to the State laws, by an act of Congress and the rules of the Circuit Court; and when their proceedings form a link in the chain of title set up, we are bound to examine into the legality of them. A state court cannot direct a Marshal how he shall act, nor send process to him to be executed ; but when he has acted, and his acts are instrumental in changing the title to property, then, between litigants before our courts, we will examine whether his acts have legally effected that object.
It is well settled, in our jurisprudence, that in forced alienations of property, there must be a reasonable diligence and a com-' plianee with the forms of the law, under the penalty of nullity. When a party resorts to the summary and more severe remedies
In 13 La. 431, it is said, if there is a total want of jurisdiction, the proceedings are null and void, and. confer no title. 1' Peters, 340. 2 Peters, 157. It is, in fact, not denied, that we can inquire into the competency of the tribunal which rendered the judgment that caused a seizure and sale of the property.
The first question is, had the Circuit Court of the United States jurisdiction over the persons, or subject-matter, in granting the order of seizure and sale ; and the second, was there sudi a judgment as authorized the sale in question. The third question will be, have the formalities of the law been complied with bj the Marshal.
The 11th section of the judiciary act of 1789, (Ingersoll’s Digest, 370,) says : “ The Circuit Courts shall have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several states, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law, or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the value of five hundred dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs, or petitioners; or an alien is a party ; or the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought, and a citizen of another State. Nor shall any District, or Circuit Court, have cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note, or other chose in action, in favor of an assignee, unless a suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents if no assign
In order to take jurisdiction over the parties to the original suit, the defendant must have been a citizen of this State. The act of mortgage under which Andrew 'Erwin proceeded, shows, that Alexander McNeil, was a citizen of Mississippi, and the parol evidence proves, that he resided there to the day of his death. His will was probated there, and a copy of it presented to the Parish Judge of Madison, as a foreign testament, and recorded and acted on as such. The first we hear of Hector McNeil is, his petition to the Parish Judge of Madison, in which he, in terms, states himself to be a citizen of Coahoma County, in the State of Mississippi. We see no intention manifested to become domiciliated in Louisiana, until the declaration made in November, 1839. That declaration did not give him a domicil in the State. In the case of Boon v. Savage, 14 La. 169, we said, that articles 42, 43, 44, of the Civil Code, only provide for a change of domicil by persons already residents of the State, and not by those coming from other States. As to them, the law requires an actual residence of twelve months in the State, before a domicil is acquired ; and we therefore maintained an attachment against Savage as a non-resident. His case is precisely similar to that of Hector McNeil. Pie had made the declaration of intention, and given notice before the Parish Judge ; he had a plantation in the State, but the evidence showed, that he generally resided in Mississippi. This doctrine we have since confirmed in a case in the Eastern District. Vide B. & C’s Digest, p. 286, 287. The parol evidence
Had the Circuit Court jurisdiction ratione materia ? We have shown that the presumption of law is against it. The judiciary act quoted, declares, that the jurisdiction is “ concurrent with the courts of the several states, of all suits of a civil nature,” &c., which we understand to mean, in cases where a citizen of the state can bring a suit in the state court against another citizen or resident, an alien, or citizen of another state may bring a similar suit in the Circuit Court of the United States, on a similar cause of action, and that he will be entitled to the same remedy on his judgment.
We now put the question, can any citizen of Louisiana obtain from a District or Parish Court, or from the Court of Probates itself, an order of seizure and sale against mortgaged property, composing part of a succession, in the course of administration in the Court of Probates, and represented by an executor, administrator, or curator? We are certain no such process could be is- • sued from a state tribunal. Where then is the authority of the Circuit Court to give any such order, or judgment as it did ? It is not in the act of Congress, nor can it be found in the state laws, from which the Circuit Court derives its only authority to grant decrees or orders of seizure, if it has any such power at all.
The counsel for the defendant has strongly pressed on us, a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 14 Peters, 67, in which that tribunal says, that a suit in the Circuit Court for Alabama, against an administrator, shall not abate in consequence of a plea that the estate so represented is insolvent, and is being administered under a statute of the state, which statute specially exempts foreign contracts from its operation. But the court goes on to argue and decide a question not before it, and declares that, if the exception in the statute did not exist, still the action
But, say the counsel for the defendant, if the proceedings were not good against the testamentary executor, they were legal against Hector McNeil as the universal legatee, or heir of Alexander McNeil deceased. The first answer to this argument is,
There is another objection: the defendant shows, that the estate of Alexander McNeil is largely indebted, and the executor was bound to administer it for the benefit of the' creditors ; and in the petition filed on the 16th July, 1840, against the Exchange Bank, he alleges that he is so doing. It appears to us, that it is not competent for the defendant, to depart from the record Under which he avers that he claims, and to rely upon a right no where set forth in the answer.
The defendant’s counsel further contend, that these nullities and objections cannot affect him, as he is a purchaser in good faith, and without knowledge of any of them ;■ and that the only remedy is by an action to annul the proceedings in the Circuit Court of the United States, or by an appeal t.o the Supreme Court, In the first place, we doubt very much the ignorance and want of knowledge of the defendant; and secondly, we consider the judgment or order, a nullity, having been given by a court having no authority to render it.
We come now to the proceedings of the Marshal, and to see' how far he has complied with the legal formalities in the premises. There is no doubt, that the Marshal and Clerk of the cotirt were bound to act in conformity to the articles of the Code of Practice, in relation to executory process. The 735th article provides, that “ in obtaining this order of seizure, it shall suffice to give three days notice to the debtor, counting from that on which the notice is given, if he resides on the spot, adding a day for every twenty miles between the place of his residence and the residence of the Judge, to whom the petition has been presented.” The notice was given to Hector McNeil on the 29th of May, 1840, requiring him to pay within three days. On the 1st of June the property Was seized, advertised .on the 4tb, and sold on the 6th of July, 1840. It is proved, that from New Orleans, the residence of the Judge, to the parish of Madison, is 430 or 440 miles.
The next question is in relation to the fruits-, revenues, and improvements. The defendant alleges, that he is a possessor ill good faith, and ought only to account for the fruits and revenues, from the inception of the suit; and he claims the value of the ¡improvements made by him. The inferior Judge thought he was not a possessor in good faith, and decreed that he should account for the fruits and revenue's of the years 1840, 1841, end 1842, that is, from the date of his possession. He made an allowance for tile expenses of the plantation ; also for the full value of the improvements placed on the land, and foi clearing ninety acres, The balance of the value of the crops, the Judge compensated against the sum of $16,000, which it is pretended the defendant paid for the land, with interest thereon, which left a small balance in favor of the defendant, for which he had a judgment.
It is very certain, that a possessor in good faith, under a title which he honestly believes to be just in point of fact and in form, is not bound to account for the fruits and revenues,- until the property is claimed by the real owner. The possession and title upon which the fruits and revenues can be retained, must be such, as the party must have, to entitle him to the prescription often years. Article 3414 of the Civil Code, declares, that the possessor in good faith is he, who has just reason to believe himself the master of the thing which he possesses, although he may not be so in fact. The next article says, that the possessor in bad faith is he, who knows that he has no title, or that his title is vicious and defective. It is hardly possible for any one to read the facts of this case, and doubt that the defendant was not aware of a defect in his title. Article 3450 of the Civil Code defines a just title to be-one, which the possessor may have received from- any one, whom
We are, therefore-, of opinion, that the District Judge did not err in considering the defendant as a possessor in bad faith ; and for that reason,, accountable- for the fruits and revenues from the date of his possession.
In stating the value of the crops, the expenses- of the plantation and the improvements, we do not think the Judge erred ; and his application of the balance- found against the defendant, to discharge the price paid by him for the property, with interest, is correct.
After the judgment was rendered in the lower court, a member of the bar, who does not appear from the record to have been of counsel in the case, offered his affidavit, stating that he was one of the counsel for the defendant in this suit, and that he had discovered, since the rendition of the judgment, new and material evidence in the case. He then adds, that he expects to prove by Thomas W. Amonett, the waiver of legal delay after seizure, by
In examining the final judgment, we find the Judge has fallen .into an error, which it is necessary for us to correct. After the application of the proceeds of the fruits and revenues to the price which the defendant had paid for the property, and to the interest
The plaintiff has asked us, in the event of our affirming the judgment, to remand the case, for the purpose of enabling him to recover the fruits and revenues since the year 1842, the defendant having taken a suspensive appeal, and thereby kept the plaintiff out of possession. We think it best to put an end to the present contest, and to reserve to the plaintiff, his right to claim the fruits and revenues since the 1st January, 1843.
The judgment of the District Court, so far as it decrees to the plaintiff the right to, and possession of the plantation and slaves described in the petition, is affirmed 5 also as to the nonsuit in relation to the slaves Kitty Dixon, and her children, and Little Henry or Henry Lee, and as to the fruits and revenues, and their application to the price and interest said to have been paid by the defendant ; but as relates to the judgment of $436 55, with interest, as stated therein, against the succession of Alexander McNeil, deceased, the same is annulled and reversed ; and we do order and decree, that no writ of possession issue in this case, to put the plaintiff in possession of the plantation and slaves, until he pay the defendant, or deposit in the hands of the Sheriff of the parish, to the credit of the defendant, the sum of $436 55, with interest thereon, at the rate of five per cent per annum, from the 18th day of March, in the year 1843, until the day of payment,'Or deposit; the appellee paying the costs of the appeal.
The Counsel for the defendant, prayed for a re-hearing as to so much of the opinion as pronounced their client a possessor in bad faith, and, therefore, responsible for the fruits and revenues of the property from the date of
On the 6th of July, 1840, he purchased, at a.sale made by the Marshal, of. the United States, under an order of. seizure and sale emanating from the Circuit Court of the United States, for the Eastern District of Louisiana, a certain plantation and slaves, the property of'the estate of one Alexander McNeil, or his universal heir Hector-M'cNeil, the said order issuing at the suit of a man named Andrew Erwin; that he paid sixteen thousand dollars cash, for the samp, being more than.two.-thirds. of the appraised value on. oath, of said property.
That, on the 24th day of April’, 1841, ten months after. James Erwin bought the property as above stated, the plaintiff in the present action, A, J. Lowry, got himself appointed curator of- the vacant succession of' Alexander McNeil, deceased, when the record' shows, by facts incontrovertible, that in no point of view was it a vacant one. C. G. 1088.. That on the 16th of August following, he instituted the present petitory action against the defendant, the citation however not being served until the 4th of December, 1841, one year and five months from the date of his purchase ; and that he obtained a judgment against Erwin :- 1st. Because the court which, issued the order of seizure and sale had no authority to issue it-; and 2d. Because the formalities required in the alienation of property at a forced sale, had not been observed.
Where then are the facts which make James Erwin a possessor in bad faith 1 That he happens, unfortunately to. bear, a surname similar to that of the man who obtained the order of seizure and sale, is not. to be construed into a presumption of relationship, or interpreted as a badge of collusion and fraud. Amidst all the evidence there is not a single fact which will'stamp, or has stamped James Erwin as a possessor in bad faith-. That the District Judge “ thought he was,” is of little moment. The case does not appear to have been argued below, and even if it was,, the suspensive appeal taken by the defendant, is strong presumption, at least, that he felt that the lower tribunal had done him a gross injustice by its decision.
If James Erwin be a possessor in bad faith, from the facts stated, then is every man, who purchases ata Sheriff’s or Marshal’s sale, when there are illegalities in the judgment, under which the officer proceeds, or a-want on his part of those formalities, which the law requires him to pursue; and yet we are unwilling to believe, that this tribunal is prepared to recognize such a doctrine. That hitherto it has not done so, is apparent from its decisions. In the case of Poultney's Heirs v. Cecil's Executor, 8 La. 424, this court, held, that the rights of purchasers will be maintained, even though the judgment be subsequently reversed, for want of jurisdictionm the court which rendered it; and though this may be considered as carrying the doctrine very far, for applied to the present case it would perfect Erwin’s title, if the Marshal had observed the delays which the law requires in forced sales, yet it is very evident, that such a purchaser could not, and would not b,e d'eemed: a knavish possessor. The
1st. He possessed as owner, by virtue Of an act sufficiént in terms to transfer property, the defeats of which he was ignorant of; for the law presumes this ignorance until the institution of a suit for the recovery of the property by the real owner. Civil Code, art. 95.
2d. He purchased at a public sale made by the United States Marshal.
-3d. Although not required by the law to examine into the validity of thé judgment rendered by the United States Court, yet if the defendant had done so in the present case, he would have learned that the order for the seizure and sale of the property, in the first instance was obtained by one of the oldest lawyers in the City of New Orleans, (Alfred Ilennen, ESq.,); that the same was granted by a Judge of the United States. Had he still been scrupulous on the mooted point of jurisdiction, counsel would have informed him, that the Supreme Court of the United States, in 14 Peters, 67, had settled the question. Had he still doubted, he would have been told, that Hector McNeil, the defendant to the order of seizure, was the universal legatee of Alexander McNeil, and that, although in the process he was styled testamentary executor, yet, being in fact heir at law and universal legatee of Alexander McNeil, it smoothed the apparent difficulties in the way.
Had he been told, that Hector McNeil was not a citizen of Louisiana, he would have satisfied himself that this objection could not avail, by turning to his declaration of domicil, on the public records.
Had he been warned, that Alexander McNeil’s succession should be represented by a curator as a vacant succession, he would have pointed to the 1088th art. of the'Civil Code, and might well have asked, is this a succession that no one claims 1 Are all the heirs of Alexander McNeil unknown 1 oí have the known heirs renounced it ?
Had he been warned, that the smallness of the price which he gave for the property, would be construed or deemed a badge of fraud, he would have pointed to the sworn appraisement made ht the salé, and td the fact of the uni* versal depression of property, all over this State at least. Can it then be said, in the face of all this, that “ he well knew his title to be vicious and defective,” Civil Code, art. 3413 ; fór, to constitute him a possessor in bad faith, such knowledge is necessary. In Pearce v. Frantum, 16 La. 414, this court held the defendant to be a possessor in good faith, although the evidence clearly established, that Frantum had stated to a witness, that “ he well knew he had no title to the land.” Knowledge of the defective character of his title must be proved by clear and incontestible facts, not deduced from mere surmises or suppositions. In fact, to admit the doctrine, that a purchaser at a
The case cited from 7 Mart. N. S. 112, is believed not to be analogous tb the present. The court decided that case on the grounds, that the very act of sale under which the defendant claimed, purported to be a private sale of succession property by an executdr, when the law was clear, that executoz-s could only sell at auction, and under an order of the court; the title, or the deed was not, and could not be translative of property; it was null on its fade. The authority from 8 Martin, 629, supports the same view. But here the title is not to be found in the deed, but in the adjudication by the Marshal, 7 Mart. N. S. 227. It was under that adjudication, that the defendant’s, Erwin’s# title vested until evicted by a superior one. The Code of Practice, art. 695, says, that “ the act of sale adds nothing to the force and effect of the adjudication, but is only intended to afford the proof of it." In Balfour v. Chinn, 7 Mart. N. S. 358, this court held, that the purchaser was in good faith# until the institution of a suit, although he had bought property to which the defendant in executon had no manner of title. Every presumption of law then is in favor of the good faith of the defendant, Erwin the judgment, the sale by the Marshal, and the adjudication. Such strong presumptions, ought not to be lightly disposed of; they ought only to yield to facts¡
Fraud will not be presumed. Here the plaintiff charges fraud and collusion, but fails to advance even one witness, one fact, or one circumstance to prove it. All is presumption — presumption. “ Vox et prmterea nihil."
Re-hearing refused.