91 F.3d 1358 | 9th Cir. | 1996
Patrick Alan Lowell, a California state prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition. On April 24, 1996, while Lowell’s request for a certificate of probable cause (CPC) was pending in this court, the President signed the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (the Act). Section 102 of the Act amends 28 U.S.C. § 2253 to require a certificate of ap-pealability (COA), instead of a CPC as required under pre-Act law. See Section 102 (amending 28 U.S.C. § 2253). Section 2253(c)(2) as amended provides that a COA may issue only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a “constitutional” right. See id.; cf. Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 892-93, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 3394-95, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983) (CPC may issue upon substantial showing of denial of
In Williams v. Calderon, we indicated that the standard for obtaining a COA was “more demanding” than that required for a CPC, but then assumed, without deciding, that the amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(e) do not apply to pending cases. Williams v. Calderon, 83 F.3d 281, 286 & n. 2 (9th Cir.1996) (unlike the special capital provisions of the Act, the Act’s general habeas provisions do not expressly apply to pending cases).
The Tenth Circuit recently determined that the CPC and COA standards are the same and held that a COA is required for pending eases in which no CPC had issued as of the Act’s enactment date. Lennox v. Evans, 87 F.3d 431, 434 (10th Cir.1996).
Lowell contends, inter alia, that his appeal should go forward because he has shown a substantial denial of a constitutional right. Specifically, he relies on Wright v. Craven, 461 F.2d 1109, 1109-10 (9th Cir.1972), and alleges that his admission to three prior convictions was neither knowing nor voluntary for he was never advised that admission of his priors would add six years to his sentence. The district court denied this claim, relying on Adams v. Peterson, 968 F.2d 835, 841 n. 4 (9th Cir.1992) (construing Wright to require only that a defendant knowingly and voluntarily made the admission), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 1019, 113 S.Ct. 1818, 123 L.Ed.2d 448 (1993). We need not resolve the tension, if any, between Adams and Wright. Lowell does not dispute the validity of his prior convictions. Therefore, the error, if any, was harmless. See Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 628-30, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 1717, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993). As no court could resolve Lowell’s claim in a different manner, Lowell is not entitled to a CPC under pre-Act law. See Barefoot, 463 U.S. at 893 n. 4, 103 S.Ct. at 3394 n. 4.
We need not decide whether Section 102 of the Act, amending 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c), applies to pending cases. Cf. Lennox, 87 F.3d at 434; Duldulao v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 90 F.3d 396, 398-99 (9th Cir. 1996) (concluding that Section 440(a) of the Act — precluding judicial review of deportation orders against aliens convicted of certain offenses — applies to pending cases).’ Nor do we decide whether the Act’s COA standard is “more demanding.” See Williams, 83 F.3d at 286; cf. Lennox, 87 F.3d at 434. In cases such as this in which appellant does not meet the CPC standard under pre-Act law, a fortiori appellant could not meet a more demanding standard. The appeal is DISMISSED.
