An appeal in an equity suit in this state is tried in the appellate court
de novo: Morse
v.
Whitcomb,
Numerous objections were made to the introduction of evidence. In most instances where objection was made, the testimony was taken over the objection. Fourteen assignments of error are based upon such introduction of evidence. In many instances when the trial judge received the evidence, he stated that he believed it was inadmissible, but that the proponent could take it for the benefit of the record. We find that enough admissible testimony was received to support the findings referred to above; therefore we shall not consider these individual assignments of error grounded upon the reception of evidence.
Based upon the rule that an individual cannot sue to enjoin a public nuisance uMess he has sustained an injury special and peculiar to himself, the defendant contends that it necessarily follows that the plaintiffs cannot join as parties plaintiff. Defendant demurred to the complaint “on the ground that there is a misjoinder of parties plaintiff; * * on the ground that said complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of suit.” When the first witness was called, the defendant interposed an objection on the ground “that there is a misjoinder of parties plaintiff, and for the further reason that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of suit.” Section 68, Or. L., provides a party defendant may demur to the complaint when it appears upon the face of the complaint that there is a defect of parties. However, we have held,
*392
“ # * that, as a ground of demurrer, means too few, and not too many. A demurrer alleging this particular objection can be interposed, therefore, only in cases of a nonjoinder of necessary plaintiffs or defendants, and never in case of a misjoinder.”
Tieman
v.
Sachs,
Our cases are collected in
Williamson
v.
Hurlburt,
“ * * The plaintiffs * * have a common interest in the subject of the bill. They are affected in the same way by the acts of the defendants, and seek the same remedy against them. There is no danger of confusion in the trial, or of injustice to the defendants, from the joinder of the plaintiffs; but the rights *393 of all parties can be adjusted in one decree, and a multiplicity of suits is prevented.”
See, also, 20 R. C. L., Nuisances, § 95, p. 482. We have held to similar effect in
Dyer
v.
Bandon,
“Courts of equity have always exercised a sound discretion in determining whether parties are properly adjoined in a suit. Their object has been to adopt a course which will best promote the due administration of justice without multiplying unnecessary litigation on the one hand, or drawing suitors into needless and oppressive expenses, and confusing the courts with many issues, on the other. * * The meaning of the rule, so far as it permits several to join as complainants, is that all the grievances complained of shall affect all the complainants, not precisely at the same instant, and in the same degree, but in the same general period of time, and in a similar way, so that the same relief may be had in the single suit whether there be one, two, or a dozen plaintiffs.”
Defendant also called to our attention other cases, of which
Fogg
v.
Nevada Ry. Co.,
From the evidence, we understand that Johnson Street is the only street to which the property of the plaintiffs have access; their properties are almost in the center of the block; all of the acts of which they make complaint occurred in Johnson Street immediately in the vicinity of their homes, while many of the acts of which they make complaint occurred upon property, the fee of which was vested in the plaintiffs subject only to- an easement of the public for travel purposes. The owner of the abutting property, in one respect, at least, sustains to the street a position different from that of anyone else; this peculiar position has been well stated by a writer: “For instance, the owner of the -soil of the way has right to all above and under the ground, except only the right of the passage for the King *395 and Ms people.” Bacon’s Abridg., title, Highways. The rights of one who is not an ahntter are much more limited than those of the abutter or the sovereign; the latter may take the rocks and soil from the roadway and use them for repair purposes, but one who is neither an abutter nor the sovereign may commit no such act. The rights of the owner of property abutting upon a street have been stated in the following language:
“(1) the right of access, often referred to as that of ingress and egress; (2) the right of light and air; (3) the right of view; (4) the right to have the street kept open and continued as a public street for the benefit of their abutting property; and (5), as stated in a recent New York decision, whatever adds to the value of the street to the abutter.” 3 McQuillin, Municipal Corp., § 1322.
The abutter’s rights have been recognized and protected by this court from the earliest of times. Thus in
Parrish
v.
Stephens,
“Defendants say further, that the decree ought not to stand, because an individual cannot interpose by injunction to prevent a public nuisance. The bill alleges that if defendants proceed with their buildings, the injury to plaintiff will be irreparable; and certain it is, that if plaintiff is entitled to the use and advantage of a public levee in front and in the vicinity of his block, the exclusive occupation of ¡such levee by the erection of houses thereon would be greatly prejudicial to his interests. The damages to the property for purposes of trade and commerce, to wMch it is adapted by its location, can hardly be estimated. So long as the nuisance continued, so long would the business facilities of such property be obstructed or destroyed. There is no adequate remedy at law. SMt after suit would have to be brought by plaintiff, as the damages are forever aecrmng, and he would be compelled at last to submit *396 to the wrong, or to what is less desirable, the burden of an interminable litigation.”
One of our later decisions recognizes that the very nature of the situation of the abutter may cause him to suffer peculiar and special damages whenever a nuisance occurs in the street. Thus in
Bernard
v.
Willamette Box & Lumber Co.,
“The owner of a town lot suffers peculiar and special damages, differing in kind from that to which the public is subjected by the obstruction of a part of the public street immediately in front of his premises, whereby ingress and egress to and from such abutting property is prevented, and such owner may maintain a suit in equity to prevent or remove the common nuisance.”
To the same effect see
Kurtz
v.
Southern Pacific Co.,
“The plaintiff being the owner in fee, subject to the public easement of that part of Trade Street north of the middle line thereof in front of and abutting upon his real estate, the excavation in the highway near the sidewalk on the south side of the premises, for the purpose of building the spur switch, evidences a ‘taking’ of his property without just compensation * * .”
A writer expresses the rule of the law applicable in these words:
. “An abutting owner has two distinct kinds of rights in a highway, a public right which he enjoys in common with all other citizens, and certain private rights which arise from his ownership of property contiguous to the highway, and which are not common to the public generally; and this regardless of whether the fee of the highway is in him or not. These rights *397 are property of which he may not be deprived without his consent, except upon full compensation and by due process of law.”
We believe that our previous decisions are all to a similar effect:
Blagen
v.
Smith,
“No special injury to his property is averred, nor any personal injury alleged to exist, * * it is not apparent in this respect, that he suffers an inconvenience from the obstruction not common to all, certainly no peculiar or special injury to him independent of a general injury to the public.”
And so the court reverted to the common rule that one who suffers no injury special and peculiar to himself, cannot maintain the suit. In the latter of the two cases the complaint did not allege that plaintiff’s lands abutted upon the roads which the defendants closed, nor that these roads were the only ones accessible to the plaintiff; by inference the plaintiff admitted that there were other roads available to his use. The allegation in which he attempted to allege an injury was held only a conclusion of lavw. The legal existence of the road was not admitted by the defendant, but was expressly denied. We believe, therefore, that the plaintiffs have brought themselves within the rule previously adhered to by this court. The obstruction to access need not be continuous and complete; it is sufficient if the hindrance is only ocea *398 sional and extended for a few hours at a time: Baines v. Marshfield & Sub. R. Co., supra. And as has been said a number of times:
'“It is no answer to the charge of nuisance that, even with the obstruction in the highway, there is still room for two or more wagons to pass, nor that the obstruction itself is not a fixture.”
Hoefler
v.
Buck,
These rights of the abutting’ owner concern themselves not only with the property immediately in front of his lot, but extend to a sufficient area near by to make available to him the full enjoyment of the street. Thus we said in
Morse
v.
Whitcomb, supra:
“Nor are plaintiffs limited to the part of the roadway or easement in front of their lots.” See, also,
Cypress Lawn Cemetery Assn.
v.
Lievre,
The mere fact that the articles deposited in the roadway by the defendant were on wheels, and generally used for the purposes of travel, entitle them to no greater rights than those of another individual who deposits in the roadway other kinds of articles not commonly used for travel purposes. Prom the earliest of times the courts have declared that the streets and highways are for the purpose of travel. Thus in the year 1664, in the ease of Maynel v. Saltmarsh, 1 Keble, 847 (83 Eng. Reprint, 1278), we find the plaintiff bringing his action charging the defendant with “erecting posts in the highway # * so stopt the way, that his corn in his close was corrupted and spoil’d.”
*399 The plaintiff had a judgment which was affirmed. This was followed by a number of others all to the same effect. In 1812 came Rex v. Cross, 3 Camp. Rep. (Eng.) 224, in which the defendant was charged with the maintenance of a nuisance; the facts were:
“The defendant is proprietor of a Greenwich stagecoach, which comes to London twice a day, and draws up at the place in question, nearly opposite Messrs. Drummond’s banking-house. There it remains for about three-quarters of an hour, taking in parcels, and waiting for passengers. On Sundays, and occasionally at other times, the defendant employs extra coaches, which ply there in the same manner. A great number of other stage-coaches from Greenwich and the adjoining villages come to the same spot. There are generally six or seven in a row close to the curb stone; often two tiers, and sometimes three.”
The court, speaking through Lord Ellenborough held:
“But every unauthorized obstruction of a highway, to the annoyance of the King’s subjects, is an indictable offense. * * A stage coach may set down or take up passengers in the street, this being necessary for public convenience; but it must be done in a reasonable time; and private premises must be procured for the coach to stop in during the interval between the end of one journey and the commencement of another. No one can make a stable-yard of the King’s highway.”
And the modern version of this the Iowa court tells us is: “No one can make a private garage of the public street.”
Pugh
v.
Crawford,
*401 Under the foregoing, it must necessarily follow that the plaintiffs may maintain this suit, unless the city ordinances permitting the parking on Johnson Street have legalized the defendant’s acts, or unless the plaintiffs are guilty of laches.
The city ordinances that the defendant relies upon do not, in our opinion, warrant it in storing and repairing automobiles in the street, nor in its acts of testing motors and dissembling automobiles; but even if the ordinances were capable of such construction, we do not understand that they would prevent the plaintiffs from securing the relief for which they pray.
Indeed, within certain limitations acts which were nuisances at common law may have their tortious character removed by statute. Thus it has been said:
“It
is settled that, within constitutional limits not exactly determined, the legislature may change the common law as to nuisances, and may move the line either way, so as to make things nuisances, which were not so, or to make things lawful which were nuisances, although, by so doing, it affects the use or value of property.”
Commonwealth
v.
Parks,
And in Pom. Eq. Juris, we find:
“Acts which at common law are nuisances may be legalized by statute, if such legislation does not amount to the taking or damaging of property forbidden by constitutional provisions. The effect of such statutes is to take away the wrongful character of the acts legalized; they are no longer torts, and hence, the remedy by injunction against them, of course, ceased.” Section 1955.
But we do not believe that the parking ordinances of Pendleton were intended to convert the *402 streets into repair-shops and storage spaces, disregardful of the protests of the abutter. A parking ordinance is nothing more than a police regulation which settles the matter only between the owner of the automobile and the city. Thus as was said by one court:
“It simply said, in effect, to the persons operating these cabs, so far as the city is concerned, in the congested district of the city, you may establish taxi stands at the following designated places, and the police will not molest you.”
Errbank
v.
Yellow Cab Co.,
We believe that the same construction is the only proper one to place on the ordinances of the City of Pendleton.
It is well established that while additional uses may be imposed upon a street not submersive of or impairing the original street, such as subjecting a street to new modes of travel, or laying down gas or water mains; yet the rights of the public to use it as a street and of the adjacent lot owner to enjoy it as a means of ingress to and egress from his property cannot be materially impaired. The city has the right to regulate traffic, but it has no power to appropriate the easement of the street to the private business of some individual. The ineffectiveness of franchises, licenses and various privileges granted by city ordinances to deprive one of a property right is illustrated in the following cases:
Cohen
v.
Mayor of New York,
And even if we should believe, as the defendant contends, that Johnson Street is showing some evidence of transforming itself into an automobile row, or gasoline alley, still this would not justify the defendant in depriving the plaintiffs of their established rights of ingress and egress and to have the street remain open for the purpose of travel. It was said by this court in Kurtz v. Southern Pacific Co., supra:
“He is entitled to make such use of his own buildings as suits his convenience or gratifies his fancy, and, so long as he does not trench upon the public right, he must he protected in the enjoyment of his prerogative.”
It is well established that the doctrine of laches is inapplicable to public rights. As was said by Lord Ellensborough, in Bex v. Cross, supra: “It is immaterial how long the practice may have prevailed, for no length of time will legitimate a nuisance.” And as was said in Strong v. Sullivan, supra:
“Nor does the finding that the street in front of plaintiff’s property had been used every night by defendant and his predecessor for more than four years amount either to a finding of laches or of the operation of the statute of limitations against plaintiff. This nuisance was not of a permanent character, hut was a continuing one. It involved no permanent structure, but was committed daily by the bringing of defendant’s ambulatory cafe in front of plaintiff’s building. No lapse of time can legalize a public nuisance and a prescriptive right cannot he maintained against a public nuisance where the ac *404 tion is brought by a citizen who has suffered special injury in consequence thereof. ’ ’
It is not necessary for the plaintiff to first institute an action at law: Bernard v. Willamette Box & Lumber Co., supra. We have not undertaken to distinguish case by case the numerous authorities cited in the able and exhaustive brief of counsel for the appellant. But we believe that we have accomplished the same result by a consideration of the principles involved; to have undertaken to do more would unnecessarily lengthen this decision.
It follows from the foregoing that we believe that the defendant’s acts in Johnson Street in the immediate vicinity of plaintiffs’ abutting property constitute a public nuisance. One automobile parked in a street, as was said in
Bradley
v.
City of Oskaloosa,
An abutter cannot object to any use of the street which is an incident to public travel, unless such use interferes with the rights which he possesses *405 as an abutting property owner. Tbe right to stop when the occasion demands, generally is an incident of the right of travel. We do not understand that this incidental right which the defendant enjoys, together with all others, when using the street for travel, is one that has caused the plaintiffs any inconvenience or damage; in fact, we do not understand that the plaintiffs have complained of the defendants’ exercise of this privilege. The decree of the lower court restrained the defendant from any parking along Johnson Street. While the decree of the lower court will be affirmed in all other respects, it must be so modified as to permit the defendant to park its cars along Johnson Street, as in all other parts of Pendleton, whenever this privilege is exercised by it as an incident to travel and not in violation of city ordinances or state laws; otherwise the decree is affirmed. Costs to neither party.
Modified.