Plaintiffs brought separate actions seeking to recover for injuries sustained as a result of the negligence of the defendants in the conduct and supervision of their high school football program. Defendants’ motion for a summary judg *595 ment was granted, and plaintiffs appeal. We affirm in part, and reverse in part.
David Lovitt and Brian Cecil, students at Concord High School, began practicing for the football team early in July, 1972. On August 30, 1972, during a particularly severe practice session, the boys were overcome by heat prostration. As a result of their exertions, David Lovitt died and Brian Cecil suffered serious permanent injury. Complaints were filed alleging that Lovitt’s death and Cecil’s injuries were caused by the negligence of the teacher-coaches in ordering them to perform unreasonably strenuous exercises, and the negligence of the other defendants in hiring and supervising the teachers.
These cases were consolidated in the lower court for the purpose of considering a motion for summary disposition based on the affirmative defense of governmental immunity. 1 The motion was granted as to all of the defendants: the Concord School District, Ray Keech, the superintendent of schools, Warren Sprague, the principal of Concord High School, and the remaining defendants who were teachers and coaches at Concord High School. Plaintiffs appeal contending that the trial court misapplied and overextended the doctrine of sovereign immunity.
Plaintiffs contend that the Concord High School football program was a proprietary function of the local school district and hence was not entitled to the protection of governmental immunity. According to this argument, the primary purpose of the football program was not the physical education of the student body, but rather it was designed to *596 earn revenue. The trial court, after issuing an opinion indicating that governmental immunity would be applied to all of the defendants, agreed to withhold final judgment until the deposition of the athletic director of the Concord School District could be taken. This depositional testimony established that the district’s athletic program had been operating at a deficit for the past five years. This information reinforced the court’s determination that the defendants were not engaged in a proprietary function, and the court reaffirmed its decision to dismiss the case on the basis of governmental immunity.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue that even though no profit was made, the football program could still be a proprietary function and that they should be given an opportunity to prove the proprietary nature of the football program through the use of other evidence during a full trial on the merits. It is well settled that a school district is a governmental agency granted immunity from tort liability by statute when engaged in the exercise of a governmental function. MCLA 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107).
Sayers v School District No 1,
Plaintiffs’ contention that because an admission charged to the games was paid, the football program amounted to a proprietary function of the
*597
district unprotected by government immunity cannot be accepted. An identical argument was advanced in
Watson v Bay City School District,
The precise question of immunity from liability claimed here was decided in
Richards v Birmingham School District,
"An exhibit introduced by defendant district on the trial of the case, without objection, which exhibit was prepared by certified public accountants, discloses that the athletic activities program of the defendant school district for the year ending June 30, 1949, resulted in a net operating loss. The football game played on November 25, 1948, must be considered as a part of the athletic activities of the school rather than as an independent contest. It thus appears that such activities of the physical education department did not, for the year in question, result in a net profit. On the record in the case it may not be claimed that such activities are carried on for the purpose of making money for the benefit of defendant school district. Rather, the entire department is operated as a part of the school facilities and in furtherance of the objectives to be attained in *598 educational lines. It may not be said that defendant district, in allowing athletic competition with other schools, is thereby engaging in a function proprietary in nature. On the contrary, it is performing a governmental function vested in it by law.”348 Mich 509 -510.
In the present case, the athletic activities program of the defendant school district had resulted in a net operating loss for the past five years. Thus, plaintiffs here cannot claim that by carrying on the football program, the district was "engaging in a function proprietary in nature”. The trial court did not err by granting a summary judgment in favor of the school district grounded on the application of statutorily created governmental immunity.
Although defendants have devoted a large part of their brief on appeal to denying liability on the part of the superintendent and the principal, the plaintiffs accept the determination that if sovereign immunity is found to apply to the school district, the superintendent and the principal are also protected by it. Thus, our decision above as to the immunity of the school district also applies as to the principal and the superintendent. 2 The plaintiffs contend, however, that even if immunity is established to protect the school district, its superintendent, and the principal, the individual teacher-coaches may still be found liable for their own personal acts of negligence. With this contention, we agree.
Under the common law, a teacher could be found liable for a student’s injuries proximately caused by the teacher’s negligence.
Gaincott v
*599
Davis,
"Except as in this act otherwise provided, all governmental agencies shall be immune from tort liability in all cases wherein the government agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. Except as otherwise provided herein, this act shall not be construed as modifying or restricting the immunity of the state from tort liability as it existed heretofore, which immunity is affirmed.”
The issue of whether or not the governmental immunity of a school district extends to include an employee, and particularly a teacher, appears to be a question of first impression in this state. While it is obvious that a government agency cannot act except through its employees, a literal reading of the statute would seem to confine its application to the agency itself. The defendants advance the theory that this statute renders the teachers immune in the absence of another statute specifically providing for liability. This contention overlooks the fact that the teachers’ liability in the present case is predicated on their common-law duty to refrain from negligently injuring others, not on any statute.
The defendants seek to support their theory by citing
Daniels v Board of Education of City of Grand Rapids,
The possibility that a school district and its officials might enjoy governmental immunity to tort liability while an agent or servant is personally liable was recognized but resolution of the issue was not essential to the decision in
Pichette v Manistique Public Schools,
"For defendant Corrigan to be dismissed from this suit at this posture of the case on the ground of immunity, he must show that the immunity of his employer protects him also. The allegations of negligence on the part of defendant Corrigan, as set forth in plaintiffs’ *601 Amended Complaint, can only read as alleging active, personal negligence on his part. In this light he must be held accountable for his own acts" of commission or ommission, if such acts are in fact negligent. It seems to us to be that simple.”310 F Supp 1397 .
In the present case, the plaintiffs’ allegations are of active, personal negligence on the part of the teachers. The liability of the teachers is not based upon negligence imputed to them as public functionaries, but rather it arises from their individual conduct. They must be held accountable for their own actions.
Furthermore, even if it is assumed that the teachers in the present case could be considered "public officers” otherwise sharing in the protection of governmental immunity, they would still be subject to liability because they invaded the rights of specific persons. The teachers acted personally against single individuals; they violated a private duty to avoid negligently injuring these particular students. They abused a direct relationship, not merely a public responsibility to the citizens of the state in general.
Rose v Mackie,
The negligence alleged by the plaintiffs here is personal on the part of the defendant teachers and direct in its effect on the individual injured students. The defendant teachers cannot, in the presence of these factors, clothe themselves in the governmental immunity of their school-district employer.
A comparable conclusion is reached by the few Michigan authorities which have considered the problem. The Attorney General in a formal opin *602 ion has discussed the application of the doctrine of sovereign immunity to physical-education teachers. OAG 1961-1962, No 4061, p 419, 420 (May 28, 1962):
"Such immunity of state agencies does not extend to their officers, agents and employees. On the contrary, they are subject to liability personally based upon personal injuries or property damage caused by their own negligent acts.
"Such liability is not predicated upon statute but rather upon a common law duty owed by the teacher to a student.”
The extent to which the doctrine of governmental immunity can be applied to protect the school district and its employees has been succinctly stated in 22 Callaghan’s Michigan Civil Jurisprudence, Schools and Education, § 148, p 194:
"The immunity which attaches to the performance of a governmental function protects not only the incorporate district or board of education, but also the individual members of the board, or school officers, who execute that function, where the duty that is breached is one that is imposed on the entity and not the individual.
"Where, however, the injuries for which redress is sought are attributable to the individual tort or negligence of a particular official, agent, or employee, the person himself is liable although the district or board is not.”
We hold that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment as to the individual teacher defendants who are not protected by the governmental immunity of the school district against liability arising from their personal negligence toward these students.
*603 Reversed and remanded as to the individual teacher-coach defendants for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Affirmed as to defendant school district, its superintendent and principal.
No costs, neither party having prevailed in full.
Notes
The order entered in this case is denominated a "summary judgment”, but the motion should have been brought under the accelerated judgment provisions of GCR 1963, 116.
See Cibor v Oakwood Hospital,
This conclusion is supported by the overwhelming weight of authority which probably accounts for the plaintiffs decision not to dispute the point.
See,
for example,
Williams v Detroit,