Grеgory A. Love appeals from the trial court’s order dismissing his complaint against Morehouse College, Inc. (“Morehouse”) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Finding that the trial court applied the incorrect legal standard in dismissing Love’s complaint, we reverse.
We review a trial court’s order dismissing a plaintiffs complaint de novo,
Moore v. BellSouth Mobility,
So viewed, the record shows that in November 2002, while a student at Morehouse, Love was beaten with a baseball bat in his dormitory shower, located on the Morehouse campus. Love’s assailant, a fellow Morehouse student, allegedly perpetrated the attack because hе believed that Love was homosexual, and that he had glanced at him in an inappropriate way. 1
As a result of the attack, Love initiated the current action against Morehouse, asserting claims sounding in ordinary and gross negligence, premises liability, and negligent and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Morehouse moved to dismiss Love’s complaint, arguing that the allegations contained therein did not establish the еxistence of a legal duty owed by the college to Love. The trial court granted that motion, finding that while Morehouse owed Love a duty of reasonable care to protect him from injury on campus, Love had failed to “come forward with any evidence that the injury he suffered was foreseeable.”
This statement indicates that the trial court failed to apply the correct standard for determining a motion to dismiss. Under that standard, Love was not required to come forward with evidence of foreseeability, but instead was obligated only to allege facts that, if proven, could create a factual question for the jury as to whether the attack on him was foreseeable. We find thаt his complaint does allege such facts and that the trial court’s ruling was therefore in error.
In deciding a motion to dismiss, we are cognizant of the fact that a “complaint is not required to set forth a cause of action, but need only set forth a claim for relief. If, within the framework of the complaint, evidence may be introduced which will sustain a grant of relief to the plaintiff, the complaint is sufficient.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.)
Gillis v. American Gen. Life
&c.
Ins. Co.,
To sustain the claims set forth in his complaint, Love’s allegations must permit the introduction of evidence demonstrating a “legal duty to conform to a standard of conduct raised by the law for the protection of others against unreasonable risks of harm,” and a brеach of the same.
Watson v. Gen. Mechanical Svcs.,
Georgia law recognizes that a collegе or university has a duty, as a landowner, to exercise ordinary and reasonable care for a student’s safety and to take reasonаble steps to protect against foreseeable acts of violence on its campus. See
Agnes Scott College v. Clark,
it must be substantially similar to previous criminal activities occurring on or nеar the premises such that a reasonable person would take ordinary precautions to protect invitees from the risk posed by the criminal activity. . . . While the prior criminal activity must be substantially similar to the particular crime in question, that does not mean identical. What is required is that the prior incident be sufficient to attract the landowner’s attention to the dangerous condition which resulted in the litigated incident.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. at 621-622 (1).
While this case involves an assault perpetrated by one student against another, the relevant question with respect to foreseeability remains the same: Were there previous incidents that should have attracted Morehouse’s attention to the danger that resulted in the incident at issue? In this regard, we note that
[w]ith reference to foreseeability of injury, the correct rule is that in order for a party to be held liаble for negligence, it is not necessary that he should have been able to anticipate the particular consequences which ensued. It is sufficient if, in ordinary prudence, he might have foreseen that some injury would result from his act or omission, and that consequences of а generally injurious nature might result. [Cit.]
Freeman v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Here, Love аlleged that prior to the assault on him, Morehouse had failed to address the harassment of students believed to be homosexual; had fostered an atmosphere of hatred and violence toward such students; had “approved and ratified the disparate treatment” of thоse students; and had failed to take disciplinary action as to the students who perpetrated such behavior. Love’s complaint also asserts that, at the time of the attack on him, More-house was aware of “several previous instances involving problems of homoрhobia and intolerance” toward Morehouse’s homosexual students. These allegations are sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss. Although Love’s complaint speaks of “harassment,” he may be able to introduce evidence showing either that such harassment involved acts of violence or that it was reasonably foreseeable that such harassment could escalate into violence.
Applying the relеvant law to these allegations, we cannot say with certainty that Love has failed to assert any cognizable claims against Morehоuse and find that measuring the basis of those claims at this early stage of the proceedings is premature. See
Gillis,
supra,
Judgment reversed.
Notes
Love’s assailant was subsequently convicted of aggravated assault and battery and, at the time the complaint was filed, was serving a prison sentence resulting from those convictions.