107 Ind. 442 | Ind. | 1886
Lead Opinion
The complaint of the appellee seeks a recovery for the death of Andrew Eichler, which is alleged to-have been caused by the negligence of the appellant. It is-charged that the appellee’s intestate was a passenger on one of the appellant’s trains; that because of the negligence of the appellant in constructing and maintaining the bridge-across Blue river, the train went down into the river and Andrew Eichler was killed.
We agree with appellant’s counsel that it must appear from the complaint that the death resulted from the negligent aets charged, for we understand it to be settled law that it must be shown that the negligence was the proximate cause of the injury. Pennsylvania Co. v. Hensil, 70 Ind. 569 (36 Am. R. 188); City of Greencastle v. Martin, 74 Ind. 449 (39 Am. R. 93); Pennsylvania Co. v. Gallentine, 77 Ind. 322; Cincinnati, etc., R. W. Co. v. Hiltzhauer, 99 Ind. 486, see p. 488; Pittsburgh, etc., R. W. Co. v. Conn, 104 Ind. 64.
While we agree with counsel as to the general rule of law, we can not concur with them as to the, construction of the-complaint, for, in our opinion, the complaint, although somewhat obscure, does charge that appellant’s negligence was the-proximate cause of the death of Andrew Eichler.
The widow of the intestate was permitted to testify, but,, as all that is material in her testimony relates to matters subsequent to her husband’s death, or else to matters which were open to the knowledge of all persons who knew the parties, no error was committed even if it were conceded that she wa.v not competent to testify generally as to matters that occurred prior to his death. Lamb v. Lamb, 105 Ind. 456 ; Floyd v. Miller, 61 Ind. 224, 235.
“ Hot good on freight trains—not transferable. The person accepting and using this pass thereby assumes all risk of accident and damage to person or property. If presented by any other than the individual named hereon, the conductor will take up the pass and collect full fare.
“ Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Railway Company.
“Dec. 22, 1883. Chicago.”
There was also found in his pocket a conductor’s check and ,-about twenty dollars in money. These things were found by the coroner after Eichler’s body was recovered from the river into which it had been carried by the fall of the bridge. No explanation was given by either party as to the manner in which Eichler came into possession of the pass, nor as to the ‘circumstances under which it Avas issued, nor as to who J. M. Whaling Avas, or Avhere he lived. The conductor of the train on Avhicli Eichler took passage, after stating that the train left Chicago for Louisville on the evening of the 23d of December, testified: “ I Avent through it taking up tickets, coupons and passes, and collecting fares. This pass Avas handed to me by a man on the train that night at Chicago.
We accept as good law the doctrine of the decided cases,, that one who fraudulently attempts to ride on a non-transferable pass issued to another person, is not a passenger to-whom the carrier owes a duty to carry safely. A person who enters a train on a pass to which he has no right, can not, therefore, maintain an action for injuries caused by the carrier’s negligence. Chicago, etc., R. R. Co. v. Michie, 83 Ill. 427; Toledo, etc., R. W. Co. v. Brooks, 81 Ill. 245; Toledo, etc., R. W. Co. v. Beggs, 85 Ill. 80 (28 Am. R. 613); Brown v. Missouri, etc., R. W. Co., 64 Mo. 536. This rule is founded on sound principle, since it is a fundamental doctrine of the law, that one who is guilty of a fraud can not enforce any rights arising out of his own wrong. It is also in close agreement with the rule that a carrier owes no duty to an intruder. Nave v. Flack, 90 Ind. 205 (46 Am. R. 205).
The difficult question is, whether the evidence can be justly said to prove that Eichler was attempting to fraudulently use the pass issued to Whaling. There is, as we have intimated, no evidence that he procured the pass fraudulently, or was' attempting to travel on it, except such as is supplied by the fact that after his death the pass was found in his pocket. For anything that appears he may have been the mere custodian of it for Whaling. The presumption always is in favor of honesty and fair dealing, and he who asserts the contrary must prove it. A presumption, like a prima facie case, remains available to the party in whose favor it arises until overcome by countervailing evidence. Bates v. Pricket, 5
It is said by counsel that, “After the wreck, the conductor-accounted for all the passengers by the tickets, passes and coupons taken up; that his report showed eight persons to be missing, among them the man supposed to be J. M. Whaling.” The testimony of the conductor is that “ eight persons were missing, among them was the man I supposed to be J. M. Whaling.” We have carefully searched the record to ascertain, if possible, how many bodies were recovered, but we can find no evidence showing that more than two were recovered. We find evidence proving that Blue river was-
The inference, for it can not with justice or accuracy be •called a presumption, arising from the fact of finding the pass in Eichler’s pocket after his death, is a special one; while the presumption of good faith is a general one. The court may instruct the jury that the presumption is in favor of good faith and honesty, but it could not rightfully instruct, as matter of law, that the fact that the pass was found in Eichler’s ¡pocket created a presumption that it was fraudulently used, and this proves that the inference must give way before the general legal presumption. But if we grant that the fact that the pass was found in Eichler’s pocket creates a presumption, and that there is a conflict of presumptions, still the one in favor of good faith is the stronger, and will break down the other.
In Potter v. Titcomb, 7 Maine, 302, 309, there was a conflict of presumptions, and it was held that a presumption in favor of good faith would outweigh a presumption of payment. Where a party is found in possession of a document, the presumption is that he came by it fairly. Hazen v. Henry, 6 Ark. 86. The general principle runs through all the law, that
The complaint, with great and, perhaps, unnecessary particularity, describes the negligence which it is alleged caused the death of Eichler, and it is contended that the evidence fails to prove the specific acts of negligence charged. We do not think the doctrine that matters of description must be strictly and fully proved applies to the allegations of negligence in actions against carriers to recover for injuries resulting from negligence. In such cases it is sufficient if the .substance of the issue is proved.
It is sufficient to prove the substance of the issue as to the payment of fare, without proving specifically that it was paid •in the precise manner and form alleged. The important question is as to the payment of fare as demanded by the carrier, .and not as to the character of the payment. • But in this instance there was evidence fully warranting the inference that the appellee’s intestate had paid his fare in the manner and form described in the complaint. The conductor had recognized him as a passenger, and had given him a cheek, indi- ■ eating that he was a passenger, and he had been carried for many hours and many miles as a passenger. The authorities .go further than we are required to in this case, for, as stated by an author of a standard work upon carriers, “ Every person being carried upon a public conveyance, usually employed in the carriage of passengers, is presumed to be lawfully upon it as a passenger.” Hutchinson Carriers, section 554. Another author says: “ It is said that payment of fare will be presumed to have been made according to the common course ■of business upon the route. And, although this has been
The skill and care required of railway carriers of passengers, as is well known, are very great; they are required, as this-court has said, to “exercise the highest degree of care to secure the safety of passengers, and are responsible for the slightest neglect, if an injury is caused thereby.” Jeffersonville R. R. Co. v. Hendricks, 26 Ind. 228. This doctrine-has often found approval in our decisions, and has often been stated by other courts in much stronger terms. Louisville, etc., R. R. Co. v. Kelly, 92 Ind. 371 (47 Am. R. 149); Terre Haute, etc., R. R. Co. v. Buck, 96 Ind. 346, see p. 356 (49 Am. R. 168). This principle, as the decided cases with much harmony affirm, applies to the machinery, track and bridges-of the railway. Bedford, etc., R. R. Co. v. Rainbolt, 99 Ind. 551; Cleveland, etc., R. R. Co. v. Newell, 104 Ind. 264. But, while the degree of care and skill required is very great, still the carrier is not an insurer of the safety of the passenger,, and is not answerable for injuries resulting from an occurrence against which human foresight and prudence can not guard. If the accident is one which human care and skill could not foresee or guard against, there is no liability.. Where, however, a passenger, rightfully on the train, is injured by the breaking down of a bridge, the presumption is that the carrier was guilty of negligence. This settled rule proceeds upon the theory that it is within the power of the carrier, and not within that of the passenger, to fully show the-cause of the injury. Pittsburgh, etc., R. R. Co. v. Williams, 74 Ind. 462; Memphis, etc., Packet Co. v. McCool, 83 Ind. 392 (43 Am. Rep. 71); Terre Haute, etc., R. R. Co. v. Buck, supra, see p. 358; Bedford, etc., R. R. Co. v. Rainbolt, supra; Cleveland, etc., R. R. Co. v. Newell, supra.
Where a bridge is weakened by a sudden and unprecedented flood, and there is no time or opportunity for inspecting it and ascertaining its condition, the railway carrier is not responsible for an injury resulting from its giving way beneath a train run with proper care and skill. If it is apparent to those in charge of a train that the track and bridges have been made unsafe by tempests or floods, the trains must be run with a care proportioned to the known danger. If there is time and opportunity for inspecting and discovering the unsafe condition of a bridge after a great flood, and care and prudence require such an inspection, then the duty of making it, and, if the inspection reveals the unsafe condition of the structure, of warning approaching trains, rests upon the railway company. The duty of the company is to employ the highest degree of practical care to guard against accidents, and where its agents or officers have knowledge that a great storm or a great flood has probably made its track or bridges unsafe, it must, where there is reasonable time and opportunity, take measures to protect its passengers from injury. Whart. Neg., section 634 ; 2 Redf. Law of Railways, section 192; Hardy v. North Carolina, etc., R. R. Co., 74 N. C. 734; Great Western R. W. Co. v. Braid, 1 Moore P. C. N. S. 101; Railroad Co. v. Halloren, 53 Texas, 46 (37 Am. R. 744).
The rule declared in such cases as Pittsburg, etc., R. W. Co. v. Gilleland, 56 Pa. St. 445, Flori v. City of St. Louis, 69 Mo. 341 (33 Am. R. 504), and Livezey v. Philadelphia,
The case of Ellet v. St. Louis, etc., R. W. Co., 76 Mo. 518, is not in conflict with the views we have expressed; on the contrary, it is in harmony with them, for it was there said: “ It is quite apparent Rom the foregoing statement of facts, that the death of Ellet ’resulted from a sudden and unknown weakening of the track of the defendant by an extraordinary and unprecedented rain storm.” The decision in Nashville, etc., R. R. Co. v. David, 6 Heiskell, 261 (19 Am. R. 594), can hardly be considered as in point, as the rule respecting carriers of goods is more strict than that governing carriers of passengers, although the language there used applies here, but its application is against the appellant, for it was said: “ The true rule should have been stated to be, that if the parties had any reason, in the situation the company occupied, to anticipate that such a flood was about to occur, then it was the duty of the company to use actively and energetically all means at its command, or that might reasonably be expected of a company engaged in their business to possess, to meet the emergency.”
The cases cited by appellant are, therefore, far from maintaining that carriers are exculpated from liability in cases where there is reasonable time and opportunity to guard against the results of an extraordinary flood, and proper care and skill are not exercised. In the case before us, it can not be said that there is no evidence that the appellant was not negligent in omitting to take proper precautions to discover the unsafe condition of the bridge, and warn the train in which the appellee’s intestate was a passenger. It appears in evidence that farmers in the vicinity, hours before the accident, had knowledge from the indications about them of the probability of a great flood; some of them remained up all
^Thus far, in following the line of counsel’s argument, we have tacitly conceded that the bi’idge ivas safe as against an ordinary flood, but this concession can not be justly made, as there is evidence strongly tending to prove that the bridge was not so constructed as to resist even usual floods. The evidence shows that the bridge was sometimes covered with water in times of freshets, and such a bridge can not, as matter of law, be pronounced a safe one. Nor can it be said that the increased volume of water caused the bridge to give way, for the evidence fully warrants the conclusion that freshets no greater than those which had formerly swelled the river beyond its banks would have made it unsafe. We can not, therefore, assume, in the face of the verdict, that the bi’idge was sufficient as against ordinary floods, nor can we assume that the increase in the height of the water caused the bridge to weaken and give way. The evidence does not justify us in disregarding the finding of the jury upon this point, for, so far is it from having this effect, that it inclines us strongly to the opinion that the jury’s conclusion upon this point w7as the only correct one. To the assistance of the evidence arises the presumption, of which we have already spokén, that the accident w7as due to the negligence of the carrier. In a case very like the present, the jury were instructed that, “ Where the passenger is injured by any accident arising from a collision or defect in machinery, he is required,
Some minor questions require consideration. One of these grows out of the exclusion of the testimony of John C. Lawler. Mr. Lawler did testify as a .witness, and as the specification in the motion for a new trial is the general one that the court erred in excluding his evidence, no question is presented for our consideration. A general specification is not sufficient; the particular testimony excluded must be specified with reasonable certainty. McClain v. Jessup, 76 Ind. 120; Marsh v. Terrell, 63 Ind. 363; Coryell v. Stone, 62 Ind. 307; Grant v. Westfall, 57 Ind. 121; Ball v. Balfe, 41 Ind. 221.”
The third interrogatory is: “ What did the deceased represent his name to be to said conductor?” and the answer 'was: “Yo evidence.” Of this counsel say: “An inspection ' of the record will show this answer to be evasive and untrue— a mere subterfuge.”
We have carefully studied the record and can not find that there is evidence that any representation whatever was made to the conductor, for we do not believe that the mere fact that the pass issued to Whaling was found in Eichler’s pocket can be deemed evidence that he made any representation to the conductor.
The fourth interrogatory is: “ Was the conductor deceived "by such representation?” If no representation was made we can not perceive that the jury did wrong in answering ."that there was no evidence upon that point.
What we have said of these two interrogatories applies to the fifth, for it rests upon the same assumption-that they do. The answer to the sixth interrogatory is perhaps wrong, for, .according to the answer to the first, the answer should have been “Yo,” but the error of the jury in this particular ¡could not possibly have injured the appellant.
AVhere there is no material error, there can be no reversal. The answers to all'the other interrogatories were proper, and •the appellant has no cause to complain of them.
The truth or falsity of answers to interrogatories is not presented by a motion to compel the jury to make them more specific, nor is .it presented by a motion for a venire de novo.
It is obvious that the court can not'direct the jury how they shall decide disputed questions of fact.
'Judgment affirmed.
Rehearing
On Petition for a Rehearing.
An earnest and able petition for a rehearing has been filed, and it is thought proper to again discuss-some of the questions argued.
We said in our former opinion, that even if it were conceded that the widow of Andrew Eichlcr was- not a competent witness, no material error was committed in permitting-her to testify, and we still adhere to that view; but we are prepared to go further, and hold that she ivas a competent witness, for the statute does not apply to cases of tort resulting in the death of the husband. Neither section 498 nor section 499 of the code applies to a case like this, for the-widow is not a party to the record, nor is her interest adverse-to the estate, and the case is not one between heirs. The caséis not “ founded on a contract with or demand against the ancestor,” or “ to obtain title to or possession of property, real, or personal,” but is an action to recover damages for a tort-causing the ancestor’s death.
The circumstances proved by the appellee show that Andrew Eichler was on the appellant’s train, and was killed by the falling of the train into the river. It is not, necessary in any case, civil or criminal, that the material facts should be ostablished by direct evidence. Greenleaf thus states the rule which prevails in civil cases: “ In civil cases, it is sufficient if the evidence, on the whole, agrees with and supports the hypothesis which it is adduced to prove.” It is also said by this author, that it is the duty of the jury <e to decide in favor of the party on whose side the weight of evidence preponderates, and according to the reasonable probability of truth.’" 1 Greenl. Ev., section 13a. This rule has been often approved, by this court. Indianapolis, etc., R. R. Co. v. Collingwood,
The reasonable probability , and, indeed, the only fair inference, from the facts and circumstances established, is that Eichler was on the train which went down into Blue river. He was in Chicago, and was expected home in Louisville about the time of his death; his route was over the appellant’s road; his body was found about one and one-half or two miles down stream ; his name was on the tab of his shirt, and in his pocket, among other things, was a conductor’s check, issued by the conductor of the train ; bodies were seen washing down the river immediately after the train went down; the river was very high and the current swift; seven persons besides Eichler lost their lives by the disaster. When Eichler’s body was taken from the water it was found to be badly mangled; the “ head was,” as one of the witnesses said, ^caved in and his bowels torn out.” Another witness says “ the body wras badly torn up, right leg broken, his hip was broken and his belly torn open; ” timbers floated down stream from the bridge, displaced by the cars crashing through them.
These circumstances unmistakably show that Eichler was violently killed and horribly mangled by some means, and the most natural inference in the world is that he was killed by the train’s plunging through an unsafe bridge, as were seven others who were on the train, and this supplies ground for inferring that he was on the train; but, in addition to this, are the other facts that he vras in Chicago and expected home, and had a conductor’s check in his pocket. There is not one particle of evidence tending to show that he was, or could have been, injured in any other way than by the train
IVe conclude, without doubt or hesitation, that the evidence shows that Eiehler was on the train, and the authorities cited in our former opinion abundantly prove that one who is on a train used for carrying passengers is, in the absence of countervailing evidence, presumed to be rightfully there as a passenger.
The counsel assume as true, that the complaint is for a breach of contract, and there are some statements in it which possibly give some support to this assumption, but the complaint, judged, as all our cases agree it must be, by its general scope and tenor, is very plainly in tort, and the cause of action is the negligence of the appellant.
We do not think that the complaint assumes to state as a cause of action, that the death of appellee’s intestate resulted from a breach of contract, and it is very evident that the appellant’s counsel tried the case upon a theory very •different from that now insisted on, which is that the action was based on a breach of contract. As the case was tried upon the theory that the cause of action alleged was the negligence of the appellant, that theory prevails here. Carver
It is quite probable, so much so that the jury wrere authorized to infer it, that the deceased purchased a ticket at Chicago, for there is no evidence to the contrary, and the conductor testified that he did take up “ tickets, passes and coupons.” We say that it was fairly inferable that the deceased had a ticket, because as the authorities cited in our former opinion establish, one on a passenger train is presumed to be rightfully there as a passenger, and because the presumption is always in favor of honesty and fair dealing. Any other rule would work great hardship in such a case as ■this, where the lips of the passenger are closed in death, and where the ticket, if bought at all, was bought at a station in .a great city, where many passengers purchase tickets and embark upon the trains of the railway company.
We do not deem it necessary or proper to again discuss the question of presumptions in favor of Eichler’s honesty, further than to say that it was presumably in the power of the appellant to show who Whaling was, why the pass was issued to him, and what had become of him. As we said in our former opinion, the pass issued by the appellant showed to whom it was issued and on whose account, and no explanation at all was offered, nor was the part of the pass which the conductor testified that he took up given in evidence. We think these facts called upon the appellant to explain, and will not allow it to succeed solely on an inference, which it is claimed exists, that Eichler fraudulently procured and used the pass issued to Whaling.
Mr. Broom says: “ Where a party has the means in his power of rebutting and explaining the evidence adduced
Petition overruled.
Filed Nov. 22, 1886.