82 Tenn. 128 | Tenn. | 1884
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action brought by Fleming against the railroad company to recover damages for an alleged ■wrongful 'ejection from the company’s train of ears-while traveling from the town of Franklin to the city of Nashville. The verdict and judgment below were in favor of Fleming, and the company appealed in error. The Referees have reported that the judgment should be reversed for an error in the charge-of the trial judge to the jury. Both parties have filed exceptions, which open the whole case.
Fleming is a colored man, eighty three years of age at the time of the occurrence, whose hands were-partially paralyzed and numb so that lie could not readily grasp any little thing, nor even feel it when between his fingers. He lived in Williamson county with his son, William Fleming, and had two daughters Avho resided in the State of Kansas. One of these daughters was on a visit to him, and he intended to-return with her to Kansas. On January 2, 1879, this daughter took the plaintiff’s clothes and money and went from Franklin to Nashville on an express-wagon to purchase -thi’ough tickets to Kansas for her father and herself. He was to follow on the night train of the railroad company, and meet her at the-Louisville depot at Nashville. The plaintiff’s son,. William, took him to the depot of the company at Franklin, and bought a ticket for him to Nashville,.
The plaintiff was put off at Brentwood, a station
The trial judge, from the burden of his charge, was of opinion that the jury might fmd that the plaintiff was entitled to exemplary as well as compen
The intrinsic difficulty of the subject of contributory negligence has led to three distinct lines of decisions. In England and a majority of the States of the Union, the negligence of the plaintiff which contributes to the injury is held to be an absolute bar to the action. In the States of Illinois and Georgia the doctrine of comparative negligence has been adopted, that is, if on .comparing the negligence of the plaintiff with that of the defendant, the former is found to be slight and the latter gross, the plaintiff may recover. In this State we hold that although the injured party may contribute to the injury by his own carelessness or wrongful conduct, yet if the act or negligence of the party inflicting the injury was the proximate cause of the injury, the latter will be liable in damages, the negligence or wrongful conduct •of the party injured being taken into consideration, by
It is obvious, however, that in States which have adopted a different rule from ours in relation to the effect of contributory negligence, the decisions of their courts must be received .with caution upon the question of damages. In Yew York and other States, where the English rule prevails, the plaintiff is entitled-to compensatory damages without reference to his own. conduct, but it has- been intimated that if the plaintiff claims exemplary damages in a case which warrants the claim, his language and conduct may be-shown in mitigation of the recovery: Vedder v. Fellows, 20 N. Y., 126. A like intimation is made- in Matthews v. Warner, 29 Gratt., 570. And the courts of those States all hold that the defendant will be-liable whenever his conduct has been such as to justify the finding of exemplary damages, that is, where it has been reckless and wanton, although' the plaintiff was a trespasser, and did not use ordinary care to-avoid the injury, or otherwise acted wrongfully: Cooley on Torts, 674; Sanford v. Railroad Company, 23 N. Y., 346; Mulherrin v. Railroad Company, 81 Penn. St., 368; Railroad Company v. Adams, 26 Ind., 78.
Our decisions are that the plaintiff’s negligence or wrongful conduct may be considered in the mitigation
But, as has been well said by Judge Freeman, the -statute in its requirements embodies no more than the common law, and every other enlightened system of jurisprudence, demands of its citizens. The statute has only ’ shifted the burden of proof. “ It never was the law that any citizen would not be responsible if he. saw another on his track, even a trespasser, and rode over him when he could have avoided it.” Rail
The trial judge, after stating that the railroad company was authorized to charge and receive compensation for the carrying of passengers, and to prescribe and enforce reasonable rules and regulations for the government of those passengers under the contract of carriage, proceeded thus: “If the plaintiff purchased a ticket from the defendant’s office at Franklin to Nashville that entitled him to admittance into the cars, and to be carried safely from the one point to the other, and the company had a rule requiring persons, before entering the train to exhibit their ticket, or to-
When we come to analyze this charge we find that it contains several distinct propositions, some clearly expressed and others necessarily to be inferred, in order to come to the conclusion reached. They may be condensed thus:
First, Lying at the foundation of the charge, although not stated in so many words, is the idea that there is a distinction between the loss or mislaying of a ticket before and after going upon the train, so-that it- cannot be produced when lawfully demanded by the conductor under a rule or regulation of the company which they are authorized to make. '
Second, The purchase of a ticket constitutes a contract which the passenger has a right to have executed by the company under such reasonable rules and regulations as the company may have prescribed, and it would be a reasonable regulation to demand of passengers before entering the train to exhibit their tickets, and afterwards the exhibition and surrender of' their tickets.
Third, But if the officer of the company at the door of the train admit a passenger “ upon such evidence as he was then willing to accept;” that
Fourth, And if the passenger who has purchased a ticket by accident loses it after' he has entered on the train, he may supply its place by producing such testimony that he purchased and lost his ticket as would be sufficient to satisfy a reasonable man of any •other fact.
Fifth, It is a necessary inference from the foregoing propositions that if the rule of the company requires the conductor to put the passenger off unless he produces a ticket or pays the fare, the conductor must not obey the rule, but must hear the testimony offered by the passenger that he had purchased and lost his ticket, and at his peril and the peril.of the company, determine whether it is such as “ would be ■sufficient to satisfy a reasonable man of any other fact.” Obedience to the rule of the company is not made to depend ou the reasonableness of the rule, •but upon the exercise of the judgment of the conductor on such evidence as the passenger may see proper to produce.
We are afraid that not one of these propositions, except the second, which only embodies the general right of the holder of a ticket subject to the rules and regulations of the company, can stand the test ■of either reason or authority.
His Honor, the trial judge, correctly conceded the
The rules and regulations of a railroad corporation, as of other corporations, are subject to the • requirements that they must be reasonable. Whether they are reasonable or not is a question for the court and not for the jury, and this for the obvious reason that there must be uniformity in the construction, which can always be obtained by the decision .of this court. If left as a question of fact to the jury, the result might vary with each jury, and the corporation could have • no certainty that any rule would stand the test with every jury. Ordinarily, too, jurors are
His Honor, the trial judge, although he indulges in some severe comments on unreasonable regulations, does not say in so many words that the rules in question are unreasonable. His idea seems rather to be that no matter how positive the language of the rule is, it must be considered as subject to the qualification that in particular cases thei-r enforcement must be left to the discretion of the conductor at the peril of the- company. But if the element of discretion is once introduced, there is no longer any rule, whether it be the unlimited discretion of- the conductor or a discretion to be subject, according to his Honor’s views, to the subsequent revision of a jury. The Referees, or rather a majority of them, the other Referee dissenting, take the same view as the circuit judge. They .concede that a railroad company may. lawfully eject a traveler from their cars for the non-production of a ticket, and that such a rule is reasonable, and perhaps beneficial to the company and the traveling public, but think there should be some exception to' it, and that the case made in the record is a proper exception. But they do not undertake to say how such exceptions can be grafted on the rule without in effect abolishing the rule by making it depend on the discretion of the conductor, which in that event ought to be final, or on the verdict of a jury in each particular case. Rules requiring passengers to produce their tickets, or surrender them
It is obvious, from the very nature of things, that there can be no distinction in the rights of a passenger whether he loses or mislays his ticket before .gétting on the train or afterwards. The risk of the company is precisely the same in either event. And ■the knowledge of the officer who sees the ticket at the door of the car can have no more effect in the one case than the knowledge of the ticket agent who sélls the ticket to .the particular passenger can have in the other. The knowledge of the latter official •would be as ‘much the knowledge of the company as the knowledge of the former. And the conductor •cannot' be required by the production of testimony to .make an exception to a rule which gives him no dis
The trial judge also charged the jury: “If the conductor see, or know, or have information that he is feeble and paralyzed, or from other physical infirmities be unable to properly use his hands or body, and to make diligent search himself for his ticket,, and request the officer to assist him in doing so, it is the duty of the officer to render such assistance as the passenger may request, and to render it properly and in good faith, and if he refuse and fail to do so, it would be negligence on his part; and if without making a careful examination, as the passenger requests, and using reasonable diligence in searching for the ticket, he expel the passenger, and it should turn out that he did in fact have a ticket which could have been pcoven with reasonable diligence, the expulsion would be unauthorized, and render the company responsible for the consequences of the act.” In support of this charge we are referred to Sheridan v. Brooklyn, etc., Railroad Company, 36 N. Y., 39, where the plaintiff’s intestate, a boy of nine years of age, was killed by the negligence of the conduc
The law governing the recovery of damages is now well settled, the difficulty not being in its general .principles, but in their application to particular facts. Actual compensation is the ordinary measure of dam
This brings us to the point upon which the charge of the trial judge was strongly agkinst the company, and which no doubt largely influenced the verdict of the jury, and that is whether .the alleged injuries claimed to have been sustained by the plaintiff by his night journey from Brentwood to Nashville, after his removal from the cars were the proximate result of such removal. Proximate damages, as this court has recently had occasion to say, are the ordinary and natural results of the particular negligence, and therefore such as might have been expected: Jackson v. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, 13 Lea, 491. Whether damages are proximate or remote is a question for rthe jury, under' proper instructions. And an important element in arriving at a correct conclusion is the conduct of the plaintiff subsequent to the wrong complained of, for it is his duty to see that as little injury follows the act as possible, and if by ordinary care a particular injury may be avoided, he cannot hold the wrongdoer responsible. Thus, where a railroad train failed to stop, as it should' have, done, at a particular station where the plaintiff was waiting to
Somé objections were taken by the defendant to th'e admission of evidence, but as they were made without assigning any' reason therefor, they are not sufficient to put the court below in error: Miller v. State, 12 Lea, 223.
Exception is also taken to the refusal of the trial-court, the request of the defendant below, to require the jury to assess the compensatory and exemplary damages separately. In Keith v. Clarke, 4 Lea, 718, the converse of this position was insisted upon, and it was adjudged as error that the court permitted the jury to return separate findings of facts, instead of a general ,verdict. These are matters entrusted to the-discretion of the trial court.
The plaintiff is not precluded of his action by having accepted from the company the fare from Brent-wood to Nashville on the morning after his ejection from the cars, and giving a receipt therefor. It does not appear that the transaction was either intended to be, or was in fact a settlement of the matters of litigation between the parties.
Judgment reversed, and cause remanded for a new trial.
Dissenting Opinion
dissents, not from the conclusion-reached in determining the case, but from several positions taken and others suggested arguendo as law in this case.