Louisville & Nashville R. R. v. Daniel

122 Ky. 256 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1906

OPINION op the CbuRT' by

Judge O’R-eak

— Reversing’.

Appellee alleges that while walking across appellant’s railroad tracks in its yard at Madisonville, at a point between Broadway and Sugg streets-, where the. public had been permitted by the, railroad company to so nse its tracks as a passway for more than 20 years-, he was injured by being run against by a car 'detached from the engine. The accident occurred in the nighttime. Appellee claims, or rather his testimony conduces to show, that appellant was making a running switch in the nighttime, and turned the car loose without light or other signal, so that he was unaware of its approach till it ran upon him. The decided weight of the evidence is against his theory of the cause of the injury. But upon his testimony (and he was the only witness on either side who claims to have known o-f the injury at the time it occurred) there was a case to he submitted to the jury, provided appellant was required to take notice' of appellee’s presence at the place and time of his injury, so as to avoid injuring him. A number of witnesses testified for appellee that the point where the injury occurred was well within the city of M!adi-sonville, a town of some 4,000 or 5,.000 population; that the railroad tracks and right of way at this point were habitually used by the public in passing. If people do trespass on the railroad track or right of way, and if their presence is known, the railroad company cannot ignore the fact and wantonly inflict injury upon them. ' If people are so in the habit of so using the right of way in such unauthorized manner, but with the knowledge or acquiescence of the railroad company, the fact of such use is impliedly an invitation to its continuance, in a sense, and imposes on the railroad company the duty to look out for such trespassers the same as if they were known m fact to be there. The fact that they habitually so use the track, and a.re invited and permitted to so use it, suggests reasonably that they are so using it, and their presence must therefore be provided against as a fact in the knowledge of the railroad company. This case, in the proof, however, falls short of the requirements of the principle discussed, as it was not shown' that such use was with the knowledge or consent of the railroad company. While the use might have been so extensive and continued as to have raised the presumption of such knowledge, or rather to have established it, the proof did ot go ntbat far. It was error, therefore, to have submitted to the jury the question of appellant’s negligence, based upon its failure to exercise the care due under the state of circumstances discussed.

A further statement of the facts is necessary to an application of certain evidence offered, and admitted or rejected by the trial court. It is conceded that appellee was stealing a ride on one of appellant’s freight trains passing through Madisonville. He had got on the train at a point in Indiana, and was beating his way south'. He claims that before the train reached Madisonville he was discovered by a brake-nan on the train, who inquired where he was going, and on being informed and further told that appellee had no money, assented to his riding on the train. On the other hand, the conductor and all the brakemen testified that when appellee was discovered he was put off; that they did not consent to his riding on the train, but that he was again discovered on it, and put off again'; that he again boarded the train without their knowledge, and they did not know he had done so till they had learned of Ms injury. Appellee does not claim that he was injured while on this train, or was injured by it. His claim is that it stopped at Madisjonyille, and then he got off and started to cross another track; that he saw an engine coming down the track, and after it passed he undertook to cross the track behind it, when he was hollooed at by some one in the dark. Looking up he saw a freight car rapidly approaching him on the same track, following the engine, but without a light; that he had not seen or heal’d it before, and, not knowing of it, it ran against him before he could get out of the way. Appellant contends that his story is a fabrication or an hallucination. It asserts that there was no other engine or train at Madisonville at that time, nor for some hours before or after, and that the train that he came in on did not stop there at all, but simply slowed up, and when it got the clear track signal from the operator at the station it increased its speed and passed on south, through the town. Appellant’s theory is that appellee sustained his injury in attempting to alight from the moving train, and was not struck by any other train, at all. It was, therefore, very material to show whether there was any other train at that point at or near that time. The depot agent and the operator and assistant testify that there was not. The engineer, conductor, and brakeman also testify to the same fact. They all testify, also, that that freight train did not stop at Madisonville on that occasion.

Appellant offered-to prove by its. train dispatcher that he kept an accurate record of the movements of all trains on that division of appellant’s road; that it was his duty to do so; that this record was made up at the time from his own orders, upon which all trains on that division moved, and from telegraphic reports transmitted to him from the stations along the line as each train arrived and departed, from which he at the time made an entry on his record; that the record was made accurately at the time, and was true. He produced his record, called a “train sheet,” or telegraphic register of trains. This sheet purported to show the time of the arrival and departure of every train passing over that road on that day, at Madison-ville, as well as all other telegraphic stations on that division. Appellant offered to introduce it as evidence on its behalf on this trial, but upon objection of appellee it was rejected. The witness was permitted to state what he knew personally about it, based upon his personal knowledge and recollection. But he was compelled to state and did state that he had little or no personal knowledge on the point, as he was stationed at Earlington, the end of the division, and not a,t Madisonville, on that date, and could, not recollect, from the nature of the business, many days afterwards, where so many trains were at a given day and moment; that he had to rely and did rely exclusively upon his. record, made at the time’ as stated. The question for decision is', was the record admissible as evidence on appellant’s behalf? We think it was, and will give our reasons for the ruling.

Books of original entry, called shopkeepers or parties’ books, have for centuries been admitted as evidence in favor of the party keeping them. Numerous limitations upon the rule are noted. The rule1 itself has been subjected to not a few changes in judicial application, and to. many more by legislative action. While very narrow originally, the tendency hjas; been upon the whole to broaden its application, though it is believed that.the first principles upon wtfioh it was founded are to be clearly recognized in every change that it has undergone. These are, in fine, that, as the courts require the production of the best evidence the nature of the case admits of, necessity and circumstantial guaranty of trustworthiness of such entries may render them, not only the best, but the only reliable, evidence practicable to be obtained to establish the disputed fact. It is scarcely within the scope of the questions here involved, even if it were necessary at this day, to trace the origin of the rule or to follow its course and deviations. Of this rule of the common law, as interpreted by English and American courts, it can be truly said, as of many others, proving the wisdom and elasticity of the systems, that it adapts itself logically to conditions undreamed of in its origin. Commerce has grown enormously in magnitude and variety since-then. What was possible, and not unreasonably practicable, a century ago, would be intolerable in the conducting of business in this age. But the necessity of rules of evidence are the same, and the reasons for them, in the main, are not different. If a fact is in dispute, to be determined in or out of court, the safe course is a resort to the best evidence of which the nature of the case will admit, and such as has been found most reliable in 1 the practical adjustment of such matters among those whose constant business it is to adjust them. Mercantile and industrial life, producing, a they do, nearly all the transactions of men that come before the courts of law and equity, are essentially practical. That which is the final basis of action, of calculation, reliance, investment, and general confidence in every business enterprise, may safely, in general, be resorted to to prove the main fact. The courts need not discredit what the common experience of mankind relies upon, Such is the use of books or records of original entries made under circumstances that are a guaranty of their trustworthiness. In the conduct of a modern railroad system, it is indispensable that in the movement of trains an exact knowledge should be had, at a central point of observation and direction, of the location of each train in operation over a given line or between given terminals, and that tins knowledge should accompany each movement of each train until it had arrived at its destination. They pass over the same tracks. Whether going in the same or opposite directions, they would be liable to, if not certain of, collisions, entailing destruction of life an'd property, unless they could be directed by a common authority, and so timed and controlled in their movements as to insure their safe passage. From, the nature of such things, and in spite of all care and foresight, accidents happen to them, or some of them, so as to disarrange their schedules, to throw them out of all chance to accomplish what otherwise they would do. Those in charge of each must he, under existing conditions, in a large measure ignorant of the movement, and more particularly of the conditions, of the others. The train dispatcher, who directs them and who keps tab on the movement of each, and maintains a's it were a birdseye view of the whole system under his control, is the practical solution of this difficulty as it now exists. It Would be folly for him to endeavor to trust to Ms memory, even for the hour, as to the whereabouts or condition of each train. He must have a record before him upon which he can rely, to which he can resort at any moment to acquaint his mind with those important facts as verities. As the district within Ms charge usually covers a considerable distance, say 100 miles or more, he can know only what is reported to him from the numerous intermediate points of observation by those in charge. This is done by use of the telegraph. Thusaspromptly as by word of mouth by clerks in Ms presence he gets the information. He immediately records it on the record, which he is required to and does keep, for that purpose. The very nature of the matter, its grave importance to so many lives, not to mention fortunes, dependent upon his records being accurately kept, are the strongest possible guaranties to the general accuracy of the entries. No motive, not criminal in the highest degree, could exist for fabrication in making such original entries. He has no personal interest whatever to serve by making a knowingly false entry. On tlie contrary, the security of Ms position, the prospect of advancement, the fear of the awfnl consequences of mistake, the impossibility of keeping a false record as a working record in the matter without immediate disaster and detection, all combine to insure against any motive on his part for fabrication.

To the objection that his record is not his own personal knowledge, the answer is that the intelligence transmitted to him by his subordinates is all of the same kind and grade as that recorded in his entries. Its trustworthiness is supported by the same considerations. It is at least as reliable as sales-inen’s, draymen’s, porters’, or wharfingers’ information conveyed to a bookkeeper, who makes the original entries thereof, all of which is now nearly everywhere allowed'to be proven by the introduction of the book entries so made, as evidence of the facts shown by the entries. Wigmore on Evidence, section 1530. The entrant discharges a duty which he has assumed only in the keeping of an accurate record of his entries. He makes them contemporaneously with the act which they represent. They are made in the regular course of transactions, which, to be utilized in business, must from greatest necessity be precise and true. They are made in the habit and system of keeping such a record with regularity. Every consideration by which it is possible to establish the existence of a past event, by testing the accuracy of the evidence of it, is satisfied by such a record. It is less apt to be mistaken than the person who made it would be if testifying to it from memory subsequently. That it is made up of details furnished by different persons widely apart, and all acting under a high incentive for accuracy, and who report that which is transpiring at the moment under their eyes, is better evidence, because more apt to be a true picture of the real situation, than if it were possible for one person to have the whole as a panorama before his own eye©, and then attempt to set it down in the record, much less to have to depend on his memory afterward to truthfully recall and relate it. If every telegraph operator along the line were to come to court, and all testify to their recollections of the position of trains: at or near their stations at a given hour and day, the result would be neither more certain, nor the truth clearer, than by the use of the original record made at the time the events were happening. In addition, to call all these men away from their posts to the court, to bring a regiment of witnesses to prove minute details of a status more easily and truly shown by a contemporaneous record, would be to discard the better for the worse, and to trammel the administration of justice.

In Louisville Bridge Co. v. L. & N. R. R. Co., 116 Ky., 258; 25 Ky. Law Rep., 405; 75 S. W., 285, the railroad company’s books, showing the aggregate of waybills constituting the volume of traffic over a toll bridge covering a considerable period, were admitted to prove the volume or value of such aggregate, without calling the various clerks who handled and had personal knowledge of the trmsactions. Of this kind of evidence the court said: “Objection is made to the competency of these papers on the idea that they were simply loose memoranda. This cannot be maintained. They were the original and best evidence of the transaction, and were the record kept by the railroad company to show its transactions. In cases of this sort the law does not demand impossibilities. It only demands tlie best -evidence practicable, and no witness could carry in mind these transactions. The only possible way to prove them is from the record "kept at the time the transactions occurred.' ’ Records of the kind offered and rejected in this case, and now-being discussed', were admitted in Donovan v. B. & M. R. Co. (Mass.) 33 N. E., 583; Fireman’s Insurance Co. v. Seaboard Air Line Ry. (N. C.), 50 S. E., 452, and T. & P. Ry. Co. v. Birdwell (Tex. Civ. App.), 86 S. W., 1067. Where the witness who made the record is produced, if within the jurisdiction of the court, and testifies that the record offered was made by him in the regular course' of the business, that it was his duty to keep such a record, and that its entries were correct when made-, nothing appearing to show that the record has since been altered, it is receivable as evidence of the fact it recites; or if- the person who-made the record is dead, or beyond the jurisdiction of the court, if the record be otherwise proved to he the original entry so kept, it is receivable on the same grounds and to the same extent as any other book or record of original entry.

Witnesses for appellee testified that be was, before his injury, a man of industri: s habits, sober and moral. Objection to. the testimony was overruled. The court told the jury that this evidence was admitted for the sole purpose of showing the value, if it tended to show it, of appellee’s earning capacity, and -that they should not consider it for any other purpose. The precise question presented has not heretofore been passed upon by tills court. Nor is it all free from difficulty. In favor of its reception it may be said that it helps to show the value of the plaintiff’s earning capacity in this: That the arm of a sober, industrious man has greater earning capacity than if he were idle and dissolute. To say that he might not use it to advantage is no more in point than to say he might not use any other special qualifi -' cation he possessed, suehi as skill in a particular trade or calling. As he is to be compensated for that which has been wrongfully destroyed or permanently impaired — is to be restored, as far as money can, to the same earning capacity as he was in before the injury — the inquiry necessarily is, what was the money-earning value of the man, but for the injury, aud to what extent has it been impaired by it? One earns money, not necessarily because he has two hands and two- feet, but because of the use he can put them to in such vocation as he may be qualified for. An ability to do a certain kind of work depends not alone upon knowing how to do it. Skill acquired by experience, Ms aptitude, and probably the habits of the man, are essential to be considered. If, although skilled and apt, he is the slave of drugs that unfit him for the work, it would be unjust to allow him to show alone his skill and past experience in the work, without his subsequent deterioration being also admissible. Laborers, and probably as frequently profesisonal men, too, are as- often selected by those seeking their services, because of their habits of industry and sobriety as for their skill. It is more probable, all other things being equal, that a sober, industrious man will find employment more constantly than if he were slothful and an inebriate. The-earning capacity of the former would therefore be gi eater, and an injury to his- body that permanently impairs his earning capacity would not be fully compensated unless the value of. that capacity was actually shown.

On the other hand, it is said, when the injury does not result in death, that compensation for the thing injured is alone contemplated; that habits of industry and sobriety are temperamental — qualities of the mind- — and are in1 no sense injured or lessened by the loss of an arm; that one’s. inclination to sobriety and industry, being unimpaired by the-loss of an arm, will find equivalent employment through other means. Again, it is said the admission of such evidence is more apt to excite commiseration and sympathy for a worthy, unfortunate person, which will work upon the compassion of the jury to award damages not purely compensatory. Pennsylvania Ry. Co. v. Books, 57 Pa., 339; 98 Am. Dec., 229. It is equally as true that the presence of a maimed, disfigured - litigant, who shows that his condition has been produced by the negligent act of a superior, is apt, at times-, to produce the same effect. The result must be looked to to see whether the verdict is beyond reasonable compensation, when, if it is, the remedy lies in the corrective power of the court Still, it is the province of the jury, and the right of the plaintiff, to have his ease tried on its merits by the jury, notwithstanding possible danger of abuse of the right.' A further objection is that the evidence is said to support the good character of the plaintiff as a witness, which is not allowed until Ms reputation has been attacked 'by the defendant. In the case at bar, the court admonished the jury as to the sole purpose for which the testimony was admitted excluding so much a» was possible, the element of supporting evidence.

It is argued, however, that it would inevitably follow. from tlxe admission of the evidencie that the jury Would give the testimony of su’ch a plaintiff greater consideration, because of such an established character, than they probably would have done in its absence. It is also true that, where the jury know a litigant who' testifies in his own behalf, they may give greater credit to his testimony because of their favorably acquaintance than if they did not know him, which' is allowable. In any case where it would be permissible to prove the previous good character of the plaintiff for any purpose, as in case of slander or libel, it would not become an irrelevant fact because the jury might consider it also in the quantum of credit they should give his testimony as a witness. In Sutherland on Damages., section 1268, it is said that the facts and circumstances to be considered in estimate of damages are the age, health, condition in life, occupation, habits of industry and sobriety, mental and physical capacity, disposition to frugality, opportunity and customary earnings of the deceased and his expectation of life. It was held in Texas-Mexican Ry. Co. v. Douglas, 73 Tex., 325; 11 S. W., 333, that the rule should be applied also to a personal injury case, where there was a permanent impairment of the power of the plaintiff to earn money. To the same effect are Central of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Perkerson (Ga.), 38 S. E. 965; 53 L. R A., 210; Central R. R. Co. v. Thompson, 76 Ga., 770; Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co. v. Wightman’s Admr., 29 Grat, (Va.), 431; 26 Am. Rep., 384; Baltimore & R. T. v. State, 71 Md., 573; 18 Atl., 884; Ohio & M. Ry. Co. v. Voight, 122 Ind., 288; 23 N. E., 774. We do not mean to say here that the rule quoted from Sutherland above should be applied in this State further than it has heretofore been approved by this court, and as now approved on the subject of “habits of industry and sobriety. ’ ’ It follows that the converse of the proposition advanced must be equally true; that is, that it is permissible to prove by way of diminution of. damages that the plaintiff was an habitually lazy and drunken person. It was so held in Cleveland & P. R. R. Co. v. Sutherland, 19 Ohio St., 151. We think, though, the admisison of all. such evidence should be accompanied by a strict admonition from the court as to the purpose for which it is admitted. Nor should it, when it goes directly to the moral .reputation of the plaintiff, be admitted at all, as whether he is a moral person, or immoral, unless introduced properly as impeaching evidence or in rebuttal to such. The evil that would probably result from the admission of such evidence on behalf of a plaintiff in chief outweighs its good. It would be clearly within the rule against receiving evidence to support a party’s character before it had been attacked. That class of testimony which was admitted in this case should have been excluded.

The court is further of opinion that a new trial should have been granted in this case because the verdict was palpably against the weight of the evidence.

Judgment reversed, and cause remanded, with directions to award a new trial under proceedings not inconsistent herewith.