Louisville & Nashville R. R. v. Bogue

58 So. 393 | Ala. | 1912

Lead Opinion

SOMERVILLE, J.

Plaintiff’s intestate, a boy 11 years of age, was killed by defendant’s freight train at Holmes Gap, Cullman county, in June, 1907.

The original complaint filed in June, 1908, was framed under the Employer’s Liability Act (Code 1907, § 3910), and alleged that intestate was in the service of defendant, and was engaged in the discharge of his duty at the time he Avas killed. Seven additional counts Avere added by Avay of amendment in March, 1910, and demurrers Avere sustained to all the counts except 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Of these counts 4 and 6 Avere eliminated by charge of the court, the final issues being on counts 5, 7, and 8, Avhich the court properly construed as framed under Code, § 2485, and not under the Employer’s Liability Act.

Count 5 alleges that intestate Avas laAvfully walking along or near defendant’s railroad track in said village by the invitation of one Lavvrence, who was defendant’s section foreman, and Avhose duty it Avas to superintend and see to the lighting of the SAvitch lights at defendant’s station, and Avho had previously procured or requested intestate to light them, and that, while intestate was so engaged; and was proceeding along or near said track, in the usual route followed by those who performed such service, defendant’s servants so negligently managed its train, which they were then engaged in running, that the engine or a car thereto attached was caused to run against or over intestate, thereby proximately causing his death.

Count 7 is, in substance, the same as count 5, except that intestate is alleged to have been acting under the instructions of one Hule, who was defendant’s station agent at Holmes Gap.

Count 8 alleges simply that intestate was walking along or near defendant’s track in the village of Holmes Gap in a position of peril, and that defendant’s servants negligently ran said train over or upon him after discovering his peril.

Defendant pleaded the general issue, contributory negligence, and the statute of limitations of two years; the theory of the last plea being that the amendment was as to counts 5 to 10, inclusive, a departure from the original cause of action.

One of plaintiff’s witnesses testified that he saw intestate walking along down the main track on the ends of the.ties, and saw the train approach him from the rear; that the whistle was not blowing and the bell not ringing, but the engine was making a great deal of noise, and had just previously blown for the station; and that the front of the engine or the steam chest struck intestate down. A number of defendant’s witnesses, on the other hand, testify that intestate was walking a disance of three or four feet from the main track, and that at the time he went under the wheels of the train the engine and several cars had already safely passed by him; the general consensus being that the intestate vlountarily moved toward the passing train for some purpose of his own. The train was moving slowly —about eight miles an hour — and intestate was found lying with his body outside the rails, and with one leg, nearly severed at the hip, lying inside.

The engineer who was running the engine, testifying as a witness for plaintiff, stated that he first saw intestate about 300 yards away, walking by the side of the track, and that- he last saw him about 100 yards aAvay; that he Avas walking along 6 or 7 feet from the main track where he Avas safe from danger, and that he gave no indication of any intention to go on the track; and that Avitness did not 1)1oav an alarm, nor make any effort to stop or slacken speed.

The fireman Avas during that time engaged in firing the engine, and did not see intestate at all. Intestate Avas of sufficient age and capacity to attend to lighting the lamps, in Avhicli he had had much experience, and had for several months performed the task efficiently and satisfactorily, and had done so Avhile trains were passing both Avays.

The complaint does not allege that intestate Avas an employee of defendant, but that he Avas personally authorized by the section foreman to attend to the switch lamps.

1. Whether plaintiff’s intestate Avas a licensee or a trespasser on and about defendant’s track at the time he was killed Avas an important issue in the case, and it Avas, of course, proper for plaintiff to allege in her complaint that intestate’s presence and actions there were at the invitation or under the directions of the station agent or section foreman, in order to shoAV that he Avas not a trespasser. Hence the motions to strike out those parts of counts 5 and 7 Avere properly overruled.

2. Count 8 is founded on the assumption that, although intestate Avas a trespasser-on or near defendant’s track, yet defendant’s servants negligently ran its train over Mm after discovering Ms peril; thus involdng the doctrine of subsequent negligence. This general averment of negligence necessarily includes the charge that the train could have been stopped in time to avoid killing intestate, and the count was not subject to demurrer for want of such specific averment.—So. Ry. Co. v. Stewart, 153 Ala. 133, 45 South. 51.

3. Plaintiff, who was intestate’s mother, testified that on a former occasion she went with intestate when he was lighting the switch lamps and described how he did it. We think this was wholly immaterial, but it was plainly not prejudicial to defendant; nor does it appear that any objection Avas made to the question calling for this statement. Hence there Avas no error in overruling defendant’s motion to exclude it.

1. It Avas clearly improper for the engineer to state “whether or’not the train Avas being negligently handled.” The question called for the conclusion of the witness, and invaded the province of both court and jury. The court properly excluded it.

5. It Avas proper for plaintiff to show that the route followed by intestate Avhile lighting the lamps — that is, along the ends of the cross-ties of the main track — was the usual route folloAved by those who discharged that duty, not to rebut the implication of contributory negligence, but to show that intestate kept within the scope of his license, and did. not by exceeding it become a trespasser. Defendant’s objection to this testimony was not Avell taken.

6. Plaintiff’s witness Lawrence, defendant’s section foreman, testified to the capacity, intelligence, and efficiency of intestate in attending to the lighting of the lamps. On cross-examination he was asked by defendant if intestate was not of sufficient judgment, intelligence, capacity, and experience to know that to jump on trains at that time was wrong and dangerous. This question was not calculated to test or impugn the witness’ testimony in chief, and it was objectionable in improperly assuming as a proven fact that intestate jumped on the train at the time in question. There was no error in its exclusion.

7. There was no objection to allowing plaintiff’s witness Brown to state that he had sometimes performed the duty of lighting the switch lamps, since it served to show his familiarity with the locality, and could not possibly prejudice defendant in any case.

8. This witness was allowed to state that there was a summer hotel opposite to the south switch. We are at a loss to discover any relevancy between this fact and the issues of this case. But it is too irrelevant and too innocuous to be complained of by defendant.

9. Plaintiff asked the witness Casey, an expert locomotive engineer, this question: “Suppose he [the fireman] was at his post there, and he saw a person on the track, on the end of the ties ahead of the engine, what was his business and duties in reference to that person?” He answered it would “he his duty to warn the engineer that he was approaching danger, or somebody was in danger.” Defendant objected to both question and answer on the ground that “no predicate had been laid.” The answer was doubtless objectionable as stating a mere conclusion of the witness; but, assuming that the objection was intended to go to the qualifications of the witness, it was not well taken, and was wholly inapt.

10. On cross-examination plaintiff asked defendant’s witness Stone, who was conductor of the train in question: “Suppose this engineer was coming along here (referring to the diagram), and the engineer discovered this little hoy on the end of the ties, with something in his hand, with his back to the train, and apparently unconscious of tlie approach of the train, what is the duty of the engineer?” He answered that, “if he was on the track, it is the duty of the engineer to blow the signal alarm.” Defendant objected to both question and answer on the ground that they were hypothetical, and not based on the evidence in the case, which objections were overruled.

The testimony of plaintiff’s witness Blankenship, however incredible it may seem, had some tendency to show that intestate was walking on the end of the ties in front of the approaching train, and that he was run down while so walking, apparently unconscious of his danger. It appears, also, that the engineer saw intestate about 100 yards in front of the train, though he says he was not in a place of clanger. Hence we cannot clearly see that the hypothesis stated was without any support in the evidence, or that the court was in error in permitting the question.

11. In its charge to the jury ex mero motu the trial court said: “If you should find for the plaintiff, in assessing the plaintiff’s measure of damages in this case her measure of damages would be such damages as the jury may assess, having in view all the circumstances connected with this case, and such amount, gentlemen, as would be in their nature compensatory to the plaintiff, for the intestate’s estate, for the injury sustained.” And, further: “You can assess such sum of damages, if you find for the plaintiff, as you may see fit, as reasonably prudent men, having in view the circumstances surrounding this case, and having in view what is necessary to compensate the estate of this intestate for the injury thus suffered, not exceeding |20,000.” These portions of the charge were duly excepted to by defendant.

Counts 5, 7, and 8, added by amendment to the original complaint, and upon which alone the case was really tried, are clearly not framed under the Employers’ Liability Act, and must be regarded as stating causes of action under Code, § 2485, which gives to the father, mother, or personal representative contingently a right of action for the unlawful or negligent killing of a minor child. In a very clear and convincing analysis of this section and its congener — section 2486 — appended thereto by the code commissioner in the Code of 1907, it is quite satisfactorily shown that, under each section, the damages authorized to be recovered are punitive, and not compensatory. Each section relates to homicides and confers a right of action unknown to the common law, and the language of each is identical with respect to the nature of the damages that may be recovered. “Such damages as the jury may assess” cannot by any rational rule of construction mean punitive damages in the one, and compensatory damages in the other; and to so hold would in our opinion be simply an act of judicial legislation. The entire language of the statute follows as closely as possible the language of the older statute (section' 2486) for the prevention of homicides; and the damages authorized under that statute have always been held to be punitive only. — See cases cited thereunder in 2 Code, p. 15.

Borne confusion has arisen on the subject as the result of a supposed dictum to that effect in Williams v. S. & N. R. R. Co., 91 Ala. 635, 9 South: 77, where it was said that “the damages recoverable by the father are compensatory and not punitive.—L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Orr, 91 Ala. 548, 8 South. 363, and authorities cited.” It does not appear that the question was presented by the record, and it is quite certain from an inspection of the whole case that the learned justice who wrote the opinion did not intend this brief statement as a construction of section 2588 of the Code of 1886, now section 2485, for the authorities referred to relate directly and exclusively to the Employers’ Liability Act and to its construction in this regard; and perhaps the writer had in mind, also, the common-law limitations upon a father’s recovery for injuries to his minor child. This dictum, if it may be so called, was repeated obiter in L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Robinson, 141 Ala. 328, 37 South. 431, although what seems to be a dictum contra may be found in Bube v. B. R. L. & P. Co., 140 Ala. 276, 37 South. 285, 103 Am. St. Rep. 33. It is evident, therefore, that there has been no authoritative construction of section 2485 upon this point, even as it was framed prior to the Code of 1907. As now reconstructed in the new Code, it is evidently designed to furnish a complete system for all actions for the death of a minor child, other than those brought under the Employers’ Liability Act. Defendant’s exceptions to the quoted extracts from the oral charge of the court directly present for our decision the proper constructon of section 2485 of the Code with respect to the nature and measure of the damages recoverable .thereunder ; and we hold that such damages are punitive, not compensatory, and differ in no respect from the damages recoverable under section 2586, as established by former decisions of this court. These portions of the oral charge were therefore erronous, and must work a reversal of the judgment.

As we read the brief of appellant’s counsel, he admits the correctness of the construction of the statute as above announced, but insists that the trial court was misled in the matter by the arguments and theories of defendant’s counsel, and that defendant is thereby estopped from taking advantage of the error. It is a sufficient answer to say that the record informs us only that defendant specifically objected and excepted to the erroneous language in question, and Ave cannot go outside of the record for information on this subject. Nor can it make any difference that, as contended by plaintiff’s counsel, the trial proceeded on the theory that the case Avas under the homicide act (section 2486), for the rule as to damages Avould have been the same in any event.

Nor, again, is the defendant estopped by the fact that the court afterAvarcls gave at defendant’s request in writing a charge that “in no event can plaintiff recover punitive damages in this case.” It Avas the right, and, indeed, the duty, of defendant, after unsuccessfully objecting to the oral charge, to acquiesce in that ruling of the court so far as the jury trial Avas concerned, and it had the right undoubtedly to protect itself within the operation of that ruling by requesting appropriate charges in explanation or limitation Avithout the implication of a Avithdrawal or Avaiver of the original objection. If the record shoAved that defendant itself in any Avav instigated the obnoxious charge, the result might, of course, be different.

12. At the instance of defendant, the court charged the jury in writing that, “if any one of your number is reasonably satisfied from the evidence that the defendant Avas not guilty of negligence as charged in any one of the counts of the complaint, you cannot find for the plaintiff.” At the instance of plaintiff, the- court then charged the jury in writing that “this does not mean that you must find for the defendant, but merely means that you must all agree upon a verdict should you render one.” There Avas no error in this explanation of the former charge.

13. Several other portions of the oral charge standing-alone Avould be objectionable; but, construed in connection Avith the entire charge, as they must always be, Ave think the jury Avere not misled as to the law of the case in those particulars.

14. As the case must again be submitted to a jury, Ave deem it inexpedient to noAV consider whether the trial court should have set aside the verdict on motion of defendant for a neAV trial.

15. We have examined Avith care all of the numerous Avritten charges refused to defendant. A detailed discussion of them would contribute nothing of value to the law, and it must suffice to say that there was no error in refusing to give any of them. Many of them are dispensed with by the ruling that the damages recoverable are punitive. Some are fully covered by other written charges given for defendant. Some give undue prominence to particular facts. A great many improperly charge the jury to find particular facts (see Decatur, etc., Co. v. Newsom., 178 Ala......., 59 South. 615), and some are patently erroneous.

For the error pointed out, the judgment must be reversed.

Reversed and remanded.

Doavdell, C. J., and Simpson, Anderson, Mayfield, and Sayre, JJ., concur. - McClellan, J., states his views on the point of reversal in a separate opinion.

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Dissenting Opinion

McCLELLAN, J.

(dissenting.) — To my mind, there is great doubt of the correctness of the result above announced by my Brothers. Count 5, notwithstanding some of its allegations assume, in a general way, to describe Claude Bogue’s relation to the defendant’s Avay as that of a licensee thereupon, avouIc! seem, by the averment of facts, to state a relation of master and servant between Bogue and defendant when the former Avas killed.—See Tenn. C. I. & R. R. Co. v. Hayes, 97 Ala. 201, 205-206, 12 South. 98; Ga. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Propst, 83 Ala. 518, 3 South. 764. That he was not an independent contractor appears clear.—Harris v. McNamara, 97 Ala. 181, 12 South. 103; Drennen v. Smith, 115 Ala. 396, 22 South. 442. If he was upon the way in authorized performance of service for the defendant, as a servant, he was not, of course, a mere licensee or within the class generally described as upon premises by invitation.

If count 5 describes, by allegations of fact, a relation of master and servant when the injury Avas suffered by Bogue, the count, it Avould seem, Avould fall under the Liability Act. — Subdivision 5, Code, §§ 3910, 2912. Its sufficiency, as against demurrer, is, of course, a different matter. If that count is under the Liability Act, a consequence is that compensatory damages were recoverable if the evidence sustained the allegations of the count. If so, it does not readily appear that the trial court erred to reversal in instructing the jury that compensatory damages alone were award able; Avhereas, if the entire-complaint Avas under Code, §§ 2485, 2486, exemplary damages only Avere recoverable.—L. & N. R. R. Co. v. Street, 164 Ala. 155, 51 South. 306, 20 Ann. Cas. 877; Randle v. B. R. L. & P. Co., 169 Ala. 314, 322, 53 South. 918.

At the. instance of the defendant, the court gave this special charge to the jury: “(28) In this case the laAv presumes that (''laude Bogue was a competent employee to render the. seiwice in AArhich he Avas engaged.” At the instance of the defendant the court gave this special charge: “(66) In no event can plaintiff recover punitive damages in this case.” It may Avell be that the giving of these special instructions committed the defendant to the theory they clearly evidence; and hence forbids the defendant’s insistence in this court upon an inconsistent (therewith) theory with the view of a reversal.

In any event, I am unable to see how this appeal can be disposed of, both on the pleadings and on the evidence, without determining the relation Claude Bogue bore to the defendant when he was killed.