Lead Opinion

FOURNET, Justice.

This case is now before us for the second time. It was originally here on an appeal by the defendant from a judgment permanently enjoining him from adver- , tising and selling cigarettes at less than cost in violation of the “Unfair Sales Act,”

' Act No. 338 of 1940, as amended by Act No. 79 of 1942 and Act No. 256 of 1946. Finding that we had no jurisdiction in the matter, we transferred the case to the Court of Appeal for the Second Circuit under the authority of Act No. 19 of 1912. 212 La. 1015, 34 So.2d 58. That court is now certifying to us for our answer, under the authority of Section 25 of Article VII of the Constitution of 1921, the question of the constitutionality vel non of this act and we, under the authority of this same section and in order to avoid any further delay in returning the case with instructions, have concluded to “decide the whole matter in controversy in the same manner as if it had been on appeal directly to the Supreme Court.”

The simple question posed in this case has been answered adversely to the contention of the appellant by the courts of the thirty states of the Union that have had occasion to review the similar acts adopted by their respective legislatures. See Wholesale Tobacco Dealers Bureau v. National Candy & Tobacco Co., 11 Cal.2d 634, 82 P.2d 3, 118 A.L.R. 486; Rust v. Griggs, 172 Tenn. 565, 113 S.W.2d 733; McElhone v. Geror, 207 Minn. 580, 292 N.W. 414; Associated Merchants v. Ormesher, 107 Mont. 530, 86 P.2d 1031; State v. Langley, 53 Wyo. 332, 84 P.2d 767; State v. Sears, 4 Wash.2d 200, 103 P.2d 327; Moore v. Food Dealers Ass’n, 286 Ky. 24, 149 S.W.2d 755; Dikeou v. Food Distributors Ass’n, 107 Colo. 38, 108 P.2d 529; Carroll v. Schwartz, 127 Conn. 126, 14 A.2d 754; Blum v. Engelman, Md., 57 A.2d 421. The underlying principle upon which these decisions are based has the support of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502, 54 S.Ct. 505, 78 L.Ed. 940, 89 A.L.R. 1469; Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 24 S.Ct. 436, 48 L.Ed. 679; Townsend v. Yoemans, 301 U.S. 441, 57 S.Ct. 842, 81 L.Ed. 1210; Kunsman v. Max Factor Co., 299 U.S. 198, 57 S.Ct. 147, 81 L.Ed. 122; Old Dearborn Distributing Co. v. Seagram-Distillers Corporation, 299 U.S. 183, 57 S.Ct. 139, 81 L.Ed. 109; Hegeman Farms Corporation v. Baldwin, 293 U.S. 163, 55 S.Ct. 7, 79 L.Ed. 259; Highland Farms Dairy v. Agnew, 300 U.S. 608, 57 S.Ct. 549, 81 L.Ed. 835.

The great strides made by mass production and the development of national *5brands of standard consumers’ goods exploited by advertising addressed directly to the public since the beginning of the century have been paralleled by increased and intensified competition, with its resultant effect upon the economic welfare of the citizen and the merchant. To combat the monopolistic dangers inherent in the concentration of retail distribution in the hands of large and richly-financed distributive units seeking to secure an increasingly large share of the retail market in all nationally advertised brands, and to protect the small and independent retailers from gradual liquidation by reason of the varied schemes devised to “kill off” the competition they afford, the law-making bodies throughout the various states of the country early in the century undertook to restrain the inexorable tendency of these practices by enacting legislation designed to elimate the employment of questionable devices for the studied purpose of injuring competitors. Such devices were condemned in these acts as being inimicable to the public welfare and to the economic stability of the community.

Among one of the most common of these devices is the so-called “loss leader”, employed under the guise of an advertising scheme but characterized as “bait” by the late Justice Brandéis of the United States Supreme Court in an article written before his elevation to the bench. Justice Brandéis also said this device would be more appropriately termed a “mis-leader” because its very purpose is, ordinarily, “to create a false impression.” This observation, made in 1913, is equally true today. “Loss leader” is the term applied to the practice of selling nationally known articles at cost or less than cost for the calculated purpose of enticing customers away from competitors and into stores where they may be entrapped into purchasing other goods at marked-up prices that will more than make up for the loss on the “leader.” Such practices tend to bankrupt the small merchants and to create monopolies by the concentration of distribution in the hands of a few well-financed groups. In addition, they are inimicable to sound and honest merchandizing.

Beginning with South Carolina’s rather feeble initial attempt to cope with this problem in 1902, the states have gradually and increasingly strengthened legislation levelled at preventing the unreasonably low pricing of goods for the purpose of destroying competition or of eliminating an individual competitor while at the same time deluding the public. Today all but three states have fair trade statutes of some kind. Some thirty states have statutes that are designated generally as Unfair Practices Acts or Unfair Sales Acts. These acts all follow the same general pattern, the only practical difference being that the method employed in computing the cost of the article varies.

The legislature of Louisiana, following this trend and expression of public policy, *7adopted in 1940 its Unfair Sales Act, the express object of which, according to its title, is “to protect the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster and encourage competition by prohibiting unfair sales and discriminatory practices by which fair and honest competition is destroyed or prevented.” The act, as amended, makes it unlawful for any retailer or wholesaler, with the intent or effect of unfair competition, to advertise, offer to sell, or sell, any merchandise at less than cost. “Cost” is defined in Section 2 to be the invoice cost, or the replacement cost within thirty days prior to the date of sale, whichever is lower, less all trade discounts, except customary discounts for cash, and plus freight charges, cartage and certain taxes, and also plus a markup to cover a proportionate part of the cost of doing business, which markup, in the absence of proof of a lesser cost, is fixed at six per cent for retailers and two per cent at the wholesale level. Section 6 of the act excepts from the operation of its provisions all out of the ordinary situations where a sale at less than cost may be necessary, such as bankruptcy sales, sales to the highest bidder of confiscated goods, and those situations where the price of merchandise has been made in good faith to meet conpetition. Any violation of the act is made a misdemeanor in Section 4, punishable by a fine of not less than $25 and not more than $500 for each offense. Section 5 vests the courts of the state with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of the act and authorizes any person damaged or threatened with loss or injury by reason of -its violation to sue for and secure injunctive relief. It is also made the duty of the district attorneys throughout the state to institute proceedings to prevent and restrain violations of the act.

The defendant in this case, I. Rosenzweig, doing business as the Pic-Kwickly Grocery, located at Tallulah, Louisiana, in Madison Parish, in answer to the suit filed against him by the Louisiana Wholesale Distributors Association, Inc., a nonprofit corporation composed of a large group of wholesale tobacco and grocery distributors of Louisiana, commonly known as jobbers, admitted the allegations contained in the petition charging him with having advertised and sold certain popular brands of cigarettes at less than cost, in violation of the Unfair Sales Act, stating that he used them as a “loss leader” in an effort to stimulate his general grocery business. As a defense, he urged that the act is unconstitutional because it violates the due process and equal protection guaranteed him under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States, and under Section 2 of Article I of the Constitution -of Louisiana, contending that such a statute is, in fact, a price fixing statute and class legislation, precluding him from freely contracting with regard to his property.

Upon this constitutional issue there was judgment in the lower court decreeing Act *9338 of 1940, as amended, to be constitutional and granting the plaintiff the injunctive relief prayed for.

The leading case on this subject, Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502, 54 S.Ct. 505, 516, 78 L.Ed. 940, 89 A.L.R. 1469, brought to the Supreme Court of the United States for its decision the question of the constitutionality of a New York milk control law that had been adopted for the purpose of thwarting haimful competition. Under this law the administrative board issued regulations fixing the minimum price that could be charged for milk by the quart and pint and Nebbia, when charged with the violation of these minimum price regulations, asserted as his defense that the statute and regulation contravened the equal protection and due process clauses of the Constitution of the United States. His argument before the United States Supreme Court was that the board’s order discriminated unfairly against him as a “cash-and-carry” dealer in milk since his rivals in the trade who had no store but only a wagon and delivery route had no lower limit set for the price at which they were obliged to buy his milk and were allowed to sell pints of milk as low as he did, with delivery to the customer’s door as a bonus. In upholding the constitutionality of the regulations issued under the Milk Control Law, the court made the following pertinent observations that are equally applicable in the case now befóle us:

“So far as the requirement of due process is concerned, and in the absence of other constitutional restriction, a state is free to adopt whatever economic policy may reasonably be deemed to promote public welfare, and to enforce that policy by legislation adapted to its purpose. ' The courts are without authority either to declare such policy, or, when it is declared by the legislature, to override it. If the laws passed are seen to have a reasonable relation to a proper legislative purpose, and are neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, the requirements of due process are satisfied, and judicial determination to that effect renders a court functus officio. ‘"Whether the free operation of the normal laws of competition is a wise and wholesome rule for trade and commerce is an economic question which this court need not consider or determine.’ Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 337, 338, 24 S. Ct. 436, 457, 48 L.Ed. 679 [700, 701], And it is equally clear that if the legislative policy be to curb unrestrained and harmful competition' by measures which are not arbitrary or discriminatory it does not lie with the courts to determine that the rule is unwise. With the wisdom of the policy adopted, with the adequacy or practicability of the law enacted to forward it, the courts are both incompetent and unauthorized to deal. The course of decision in this court exhibits a firm adherence to these principles. Times without number we have said that the Legislature is primarily the judge of the necessity of such an enact*11ment, that every possible presumption is in favor of its validity, and that though the court may hold views inconsistent with the wisdom of the law, it may not be annulled unless palpably in excess of legislative power. * * * The constitution does not secure to anyone liberty to conduct his business in such fashion as to inflict injury upon the public at large, or upon any substantial group of the people. Price control, like any other form- of regulation, is unconstitutional only if arbitrary, discriminatory, or demonstrably irrelevant to the policy the legislature is free to adopt, and hence an wmecessary and unwarranted interference with individual liberty.” (Italics ours.)

In the landmark case of Wholesale Tobacco Dealers Bureau v. National Candy & Tobacco Co., 11 Cal.2d 634, 82 P.2d 3, 9, 118 A.L.R. 486, the California Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the California Unfair Practices Act of 1913, as amended (an act that is for all intents and purposes identical with the one here being considered), despite the attack made upon it by the defendant, enjoined from selling its products below cost or replacement cost, whichever was the lower, plus the cost of doing business as defined in the act, epitomizing in the following excerpt from its opinion the attitude of the courts with respect to the legality of such statutes:

“That the avowed purpose of the act as stated in section 13 * * to safeguard the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster and encourage competition, by prohibiting unfair and discriminatory practices by which fair and honest competition is destroyed or prevented’ — is well within the state’s police power cannot be seriously doubted. It has nozo become firmly established that the police power of the state extends not only to the preservation of the public health, safety and morals, but also extends to the preservation and promotion of the public zvelfare. In recent years the state, in promoting and advancing the general welfare of its citizens, has frequently and properly used this power to promote the general prosperity of the state by the regulation of aconomic conditions. This apparent extension of the police power is in fact no extension at all. The police power has not expanded. Its proper exercise has always been and still is confined to regulation in the public welfare, and has always been and still is subject to the standard of reasonableness in its relation to that interest. However, changed social, political and economic conditions have enlarged the field of conduct which may properly be subjected to regulation in order -that the general welfare may be adequately protected. The proper application of the power cannot be measured by past precedents — the test is, of course, present day conditions. These principles have frequently been enunciated by this court and by the Supreme Court of the United States. * * * That the prevention of monopolies and the fostering of free, open and fair competition and the pro*13hibition of unfair trade practices is in the public welfare is obvious, and requires no further citation of authority.” (Italics ours.)

The case relied on by the defendant is Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Ervin, D.C., 23 F.Supp. 70. The statute under which this case was decided has since been superseded by an act of the Minnesota legislature that is practically identical with the one here under consideration, and the constitutionality of this later act was upheld by the Supreme Court of Minnesota in the case of McElhone v. Geror, 207 Minn. 580, 292 N.W. 414, 417, wherein it is said:

“Until recently it was thought, incorrectly, that outside the field of businesses conducted under a franchise and enterprises which, historically, were considered subject to price regulation, the fixing of prices was permissible only where the business was ‘affected with a public interest.’ Tyson & Bro. v. Banton, 273 U.S. 418, 47 S.Ct. 426, 428, 71 L.Ed. 718, 58 A.L.R. 1236; Williams v. Standard Oil Co., 278 U.S. 235, 49 S.Ct. 115, 73 L.Ed. 287, 60 A.L.R. 596. That doctrine, which put price control in a different category from other forms of state regulation, has been disapproved. In Nebbia v. New York, supra, it was said: ‘Price control, like any other form of regulation, is unconstitutional only if arbitrary, discriminatory, or demonstrably irrelevant to the policy the Legislature is free to adopt, and hence an unnecessary and unwarranted interference with individual liberty.’ ”

Such acts have consistently been held not to be price fixing statutes. They merely fix the level below which producers and distributors many not sell without injury to a competitor and, ultimately, to the community. Clearly, therefore, in adopting this state’s Unfair Sales Act for the protection of our economic structure and to prevent the creation or perpetuation of monopolies, the legislature was acting well within its police power. And since the act has neither been alleged nor shown to be arbitrary or discriminatory and an examination of its context shows it is broad in its scope and uniform and fair in its operation and is not violative of any of the personal or contractual rights guaranteed to our citizens by the federal and state constitutions, it is our conclusion that the statute is consitutional.

For the reasons assigned the judgment of the district court, granting the injunctive relief prayed for, is affirmed.

Dissenting Opinion

O’NIELL, Chief Justice

(dissenting).

The question propounded by the court of appeal is this:

“Are the acts of the Legislature mentioned herein [Act 338 of 1940 as amended by Act 79 of 1942 and by Act 256 of 1946] vulnerable to the plea of unconstitutionality tendered and urged by the defendant” ?

My opinion is that Act No. 338 of 1940 as amended by Act No. 79 of 1942 and by Act No. 256 of 1946 is unconstitutional. I base this opinion upon the fact that the provisions of the act have no direct relation to *15the mischiefs at which, in the title and preamble, the act is said to be aimed, or to the purposes which, according to the title and preamble, are intended to be accomplished. The title and preamble are not at all appropriate to the avowed purpose for which the statute was enacted. The statute, including the title and preamble, was copied from or patterned after statutes adopted originally in other states. See Virginia Acts of 1938, Ch. 441; Arizona Laws of 1939, Ch. 39; Idaho Laws of 1939, Ch. 209; Wisconsin Laws of 1939, Ch. 56. The title and preamble of the Louisiana statute have never been amended in any way since they were adopted originally as the title and preamble of Act 338 of 1940. It appears to me — I say with great respect- — -that the original composer of this title and preamble had an exaggerated -idea of the things to be accomplished and the evils to be abolished by the adoption of the act. Competition is the life of trade, A merchant putting ou-t and advertising “loss leaders” in his stock of merchandise cannot possibly do injury to his customers or to the general public. Such practice can affect adversely only competitors in business, by stimulating competition. No merchant can continue indefinitely or for a great length of time to advertise and sell “1-oss leaders” without putting himself out of business. He has as much right to put himself out of business in that way as he would have to close hie. door and leave the field to his competitors whenever he sees fit. Besides, a customer who goes to a store to buy a so-called “loss leader”, whether it be a carton of cigarettes or any other article of merchandise, is not obliged to buy anything else. If he sees fit he may buy only the “loss leader”, within the limits of the quantity which the advertiser is willing to sell to any one buyer.

And now, for the purpose of showing why I consider that the title and preamble to this statute, which originated somewhere outside of Louisiana, is — to say the least of it — farfetched—and misleading — I reproduce here a copy of the title and preamble:

“AN ACT

“To protect the public against the creation or perpetuation of monopolies and to foster and encourage competition by prohibiting unfair sales and discriminatory practices by which fair and honest competition is destroyed or prevented; to define ‘unfair sales’ and to provide remedies for the violations thereof; and to provide penalties for the violation of the provisions of -this Act.

“Whereas, the practice of selling certain items of merchandise below cost in order to attract patronage is generally a form of deceptive advertising and an unfair method of competition in commerce; and

“Whereas, such practice causes commercial dislocations, misleads the consumer, works back against the farmer, directly burdens and obstructs commerce, and diverts business from dealers who maintain a fair price policy; and

“Whereas, bankruptcies among merchants who fail because of the competition of those *17who use such methods result in unemployment, disruption of leases, and non-payment of taxes and loans, and contribute to an inevitable train of undesirable consequences, including economic depression, now therefore,

“Be it enacted by the Legislature of Louisiana, That” etc..

In the sixth section of the act certain exceptions are made to its applicability, such as bona fide clearance sales, if the merchandise is marked and sold as in such sales, or where perishable merchandise must be sold promptly to prevent a loss, or where merchandise is imperfect or damaged, or the sale of it is being discontinued, provided that the merchandise in such cases is advertised and marked down as being sold for such reason, or where merchandise is sold in the final liquidation of any business, or where it is sold to a relief agency, or to a governmental institution, etc., or where the price of the merchandise is made in good faith to meet competition, or where a sale is made by an officer under a.n order or the direction of any court. These exceptions to the applicability of the statute are only such as the courts themselves would be apt to observe to prevent, injustice. But these exceptions do not save the atatute from the plea of unconstitutionality.

The statute contains also what is called a severability clause, declaring that if any section, sentence, clause or provision of the act shall be decreed unconstitutional the decree shall not impair any valid provision of the act. The severability clause is a matter of no importance in this case because, if the general provisions of the statute are violative of the due process clause in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, the statute is entirely unconstitutional.

The due process clause does not permit the Legislature to authorize the several district attorneys and grand juries throughout the state to prosecute — or to authorize the district judges to convict and punish by a fine of $500.00 — a merchant who does nothing worse than to sell a package of cigarettes or any other article of merchandise for a sum less than it cost him.

For these reasons I respectfully dissent from the majority opinion in this case.