93 So. 2d 330 | La. Ct. App. | 1957
Lead Opinion
Plaintiff Board obtained a permanent 'injunction under LSA-R.S. 37:1286 • of the Medical Practice Act restraining defendant Stephenson from “in any manner prac-tising medicine” until he shall have obtained the necessary certificate required by law.
It is well established by our jurisprudence that included in the activities which cannot be engaged in without a medical license is the practice of chiropractic, or the holding oneself out to the public as being engaged in the business of diagnosing illness and treating same by application of physical force to (i. e., the manual “adjusting” of) the joints of the body, especially the vertibrae of the spinal column; LSA-R.S. 37:1261; Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners v. Fife, 162 La. 681, 111 So. 58, 54 A.L.R. 594; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Cronk, 157 La. 321, 102 So. 415; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Mooring, La.App., 86 So.2d 641; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Wimberly, La.App., 85 So.2d 679; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Adams, La.App., 84 So.2d 282; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Barber, La.App., 78 So.2d 60; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Fisher, La.App., 76 So.2d 56; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Booth, La. App., 76 So.2d 15; State Board of Medical Examiners v. Tackett, La.App., 71 So. 2d 137; State Board of Medical Examiners v. McHenery, La.App., 69 So.2d 592.
The plaintiff Board called two w..nesses, both paid investigators. John Huber testified that in October, 1955, Dr. Stephenson had treated him by the manual massage utilized by chiropractic techniques to reduce his blood pressure. Louis Whitesell testified that in October and again in De
Pointing out that both Huber and White-sell admitted that they had never seen the defendant Stephenson since the dates of treatment, approximately seven and four months respectively before the petition was filed, counsel for Stephenson urges with considerable astuteness that plaintiff Board had not borne its burden of proving that defendant Stephenson was engaging in similar practices at the time of filing the petition herein, which alleged Stephenson “is holding himself out” as “in the business of diagnosing, treating, curing or relieving bodily or mentally diseases” in violation of the Medical Practice Act of Louisiana.
Stephenson had availed himself of his constitutional privilege against self incrimination and had refused to testify other than to his name and address. Other than the testimony of these two investigators, and the fact that the DeRidder telephone book listed petitioner as “Dr.” Stephenson, the Board made no further effort to prove that Stephenson had continued in the practice of chiropractic, or had been engaged in said practice other than on the three occasions to which its investigators testified ; although he did admit that some members of the audience at his trial were his “patients”.
Therefore, defendant urges, the drastic remedy of the injunction, placing the full power of the State on the side of one individual or group of individuals, and restricting the liberty of another individual upon penalty of contempt, should not be granted except where the established facts are clear and convincing, Johnson v. Nora, La.App. 2 Cir., 87 So.2d 757.
We think, however, the District Court could without manifest error draw an inference from this proof of the illegal practice of chiropractic, or medicine, on three occasions over two months, as corroborated by the telephone listing and the use of the title “Doctor”, that defendant continued in such practice up through the time the injunction suit was filed four months later— at least, in the absence of contrary testimony by defendant.
“Proof of the existence at a particular time of a fact of a continuous nature gives-rise to an inference or rebuttable presumption that the fact exists at a subsequent, time. * * * The limits of time within' which the inference of continuance possesses sufficient probative force to be relevant' vary with each case. Always strongest ira the beginning the inference steadily diminishes in force with lapse of time.” 31 C.J.S., Evidence, § 124, pp. 736-737. “[T]he presumption applies to statutory violations of a continuous nature, such as engaging in a business or profession, or doing some other act, without having secured the required license or permit,” 31 C.J.S., p. 745, Idem.
See 20 Am.Jr. 205, Section 207; Texas & N. O. Ry. Co. v. Miller & Co., La.App. Orleans, 4 So.2d 762 (syllabus 6); State v. Fray, 214 Iowa 53, 241 N.W. 663, 81 A.L.R.. 286. See also: State v. Rose, 147 La. 243, 247-249, 84 So. 643.
For the above and foregoing reasons, the judgment of the District Court is affirmed-
Affirmed.
Rehearing
On Application for Rehearing
On February 4, 1957 this Court rendered its opinion in 'the -above entitled matter and thereafter the defendant-appellant timely filed his application for a rehearing, on same.
On March 8, 1957 defendant-appellant supplementing his original application for a rehearing asked leave of the Court to-“orally argue his application for a rehearing, and after due consideration given to same, that a rehearing be granted herein and finally that the judgment of the Lower Court be reversed and set aside.”
As to the motion asking leave to orally argue.the application for a rehearing we wish to point out that the rules of this Court as well as that of the Supreme Court of this state specifically provide that oral argument will not be allowed in support of or in opposition to an application for a rehearing and for that reason same is denied; See Rule 11, Section 4 of Supreme Court Rules and Rules of Court of Appeal, First Circuit, Page 662 of West’s LSA Revised Statutes Vol. 8.
As to the exception of no right and of no cause of action based on the want of verification or defective verification of plaintiff’s original petition filed in the Lower Court, we wish to specifically point out that according to the Pleadings and Practice Act now incorporated in the LSA Revised Statutes of 1950 as 13:3601(5), Paragraph (b) provides as follows:
“Want of verification or defective verification must be taken advantage of, if at all, in the case of a petition by exception filed in limine litis, and in all such cases the court may in its discretion, allow the verification to be supplied or amended upon terms as to the payment of costs, or otherwise, as it may deem proper.”
See also Bond v. Texas & P. Ry. Co., 181 La. 763, 160 So. 406.
Defendant-appellant has only seen fit to attack the verification in this appellate court and failed to raise the issue in limine litis. Therefore, for the above and foregoing reasons said exception is overruled.
On the application for a rehearing and after studying same it is likewise refused..
Application for rehearing refused.
