274 F. 47 | 9th Cir. | 1921
Lead Opinion
Rouie was tried and sentenced for the murder of Adeline Rouie, a Coeur d’Alene Indian and a ward of the United States, in Benewah county, Idaho, alleged to be in an Indian country within the limits of the Coeur d’Alene Indian reservation in Idaho. By writ of error the question presented is whether the United States had jurisdiction of the defendant Rouie, plaintiff in error here. Eugene Sol Louie v. United States, 254 U. S. 548, 41 Sup. Ct. 188, 65 L. Ed. -— (January 17, 1921); Id. (C. C. A.) 264 Fed. 295.
The prosecution is based upon section 328 of the Penal Code of 1910 (Comp. St. § 10502), which provides that all Indians committing murder within any territory of the United States, and either within or without an Indian reservation, shall be subject therefor to the laws of such territory, and shall be tried in the same manner as are all other persons charged with a commission of said crime. The statute provides:
“And all such Indians committing any of the above-named crimes against the person or property of another Indian or other person, within the boundaries of any stale in the United States, or within the limits of any Indian reservation, shall be subject to the same laws, tried in the same courts and in the same manner, and be subject to the same penalties as are all other persons committing any of the above crimes within the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States.”
Rouie held a patent in fee to certain lands in the Coeur d’Alene Indian reservation, and prior to receiving patent held trust patent, the United States holding the land in trust for him. The land patented is within the boundaries of the Coeur d’Alene Indian reservation as the limits thereof were prior to the time, the last cession was made. There are no tribal lands on the Cceur d’Alene reservation and all lands that had not been allotted were open to settlement on May 2, 1910. At the time of the assault the victim was living on the land that was patented to Rouie. It appears that there were 18,000 acres of land which had never been settled upon and which were included in the cession by the Cceur d’Alene tribe back to the United States; the Indians having an interest in these lands to the extent that they will get the money to accrue from the sale thereof. The land itself, however, is owned by the United States, and is thrown open and platted by white people.
What are called Indian lands now consist of the individual allotments in severalty to the members of the tribe and certain townsites on the reservation. By the cession of the 18,000 acres the Indians relinquished their rights to the land and when the patents are issued they are made direct to the purchasers from the United States. Rouie has had his share of one distribution already made of the proceeds of sales of part of the 18,000 acres. He lived on the land included in the allotment to him, and had power to rent or sell the land. The patent to Rouie was issued under the provisions of the Act of May 8, 1906 (chapter 2348, 34 Stat. 182 [Comp. St. § 4203]), amending section 6 of the Act of February 8, 1887. It provides that at the expiration of the trust period, and when the lands have been conveyed to the Indian by patent in fee, as provided by section 5 of the act (section 4201)—
“tlion each and every allottee shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws both civil and criminal, of the state or territory in which they may reside, and no territory shall pass or enforce any law denying any such Indian within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law: * * * Provided, the Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion, and he is hereby. authorized, whenever he shall be satisfied that any Indian allottee is competent and capable of managing his or her affairs at any time to cause to be issued to such allottee a patent in fee simple, and thereafter all restrictions as to sale, incumbrance, or taxation of said land shall be removed and said land shall not be liable to the satisfaction of any debt contracted prior to the issuing of such patent: Provided further, that until the issuance of fee simple patents all allottees to whom trust patents shall hereafter be issued shall be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States: And provided further, that the provisions of this act shall not extend to any Indians in the Indian Territory.” Barnes’ Fed. Code, p. 801, § 8598.
“snail be held forever as Indian land and as homes for the Crnur d’Alene Indians, now residing on said reservation, and the Spokane or oilier Indians who may be romovcd to said reservation under this agreement, and tlieir posterity, and no part of said reservation shall ever be sold, occupied, open to white settlement, or otherwise disposed of without the consent of (lie Indians residing on said reservation.”
In 1906 provision was made for the selling and disposition of unal-lotted lauds in the Coeur d’Alene Indian reservation (.14 Stat. p. 335) “to all persons belonging to or having tribal relations on said Cceur d’Alene Indian reservation,” and upon approval of such allotments by the Secretary patents were to issue therefor under the provision of tlie general allotment law of the United States. It was also provided chat upon completion of said allotments to said Indians the surplus lands not allotted or reserved for Indian school agency or other purposes of tlie Cceur d’Alene reservation should he classified as agricultural, grazing, or timber lands, and should be appraised by legal subdivision, and upon completion of the classification and appraisement such surplus land shall be open to settlement and entry under the provisions of the homestead laws at not less than the appraised value, by proclamation of the President.
Section 5 of the Act of Congress of February 8, 1887 (24 Stat. 388), provides that, upon the approval of the allotments provided for by the Secretary of the Interior, he shall cause patents to issue therefor in the líame of tlie allottees, which patents shall be of the legal effect and declare that (he United States does and will hold the land thus allotted for the period of 25 years in trust for the sole use and benefit of the Indian to whom such allotment shall have been made, or, in case of his decease, of his heirs, according to the laws of the state or territory where such land is situated, and that at the expiration of said period ¡he United States will convey same by patent to said Indian or his heirs as aforesaid in fee, discharged of said trust, and free of ail charge or incumbrance whatsoever. Inasmuch as patent was issued under the Act of May 8, 1906, amending section 6 of the Act of February 8, 1887, we think that Uouie as an allottee became subject to the laws, civil and criminal, of the state in which he resided.
The fact that the land was situate within the limits or boundaries of an Indian reservation is immaterial, because the allottee of the fee-simple patent was expressly declared to be subject to the laws of the state within which the land is situated. This view is strengthened by the fact that the proviso of section 6 (chapter 2348, Act May 8, 1905, the amendatory act heretofore referred to) expressly declares that, until the issuance of fee-simple patents, all allottees to whom trust patents shall thereafter be issued shall'be subject to the exclusive juris
Counsel for the government cites United States v. Celestine, 215 U. S. 278, 30 Sup. Ct. 93, 54 L. Ed. 195. There the Indian committed murder within the limits of the Tulalip Indian reservation, and the patent the Indian had received for land was within that reservation. Jurisdiction was challenged upon the ground that when the offense was committed there had been allotted to Celestine certain lands on the Tulalip Indian reservation within the territory of Washington under the provisions of the treaty of January 22, 1855 (12 Stat. 927), and that in accordance with executive order patent had been issued in May, 1885; that the Indian was then a member of the Tulalip tribe and was a citizen of the United States, and therefore subject to the laws of the state of Washington. The court held that, although Celestine had received a patent for the land within the Tulalip Indian reservation, and although the woman he murdered was the owner of another tract within such limits, also patented, both tracts remained within the reservation until Congress excluded them therefrom. The court also held that, although Celestine was made a citizen of the United States and of the state of Washington, it did not follow that the.United States lost jurisdiction over him for offenses committed within the limits of the reservation.
Stress was laid upon the fact that, notwithstanding the gift of citizenship, Celestine and the murdered woman remained Indians by race, and that the crime was committed by one Indian upon the person of another and within the limits of the reservation, and that unless there was in terms a. subjection of the individual Indian to the laws, civil and criminal, of the state, it should be held that the United •States had jurisdiction. The court, however, pointed out that the patents to Celestine and to the murdered Indian woman were issued under the authority of the treaty with the Omahas of 1854 (10 Stat. 1043) and the treaty of Point Elliott of 1855 (12 Stat. 927), and that the first sentence of section 6 of the Act of February 8, 1887, here-inbefore cited, was applicable only to patents made under the authority of the act cited; whereas the sentence to the effect that an Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom an allotment was made under the provisions of the act is declared to be a citizen of the United 'States, entitled to-the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizen, refers to allotments made under the act of 1887, or under any other law or treaty. The court therefore, held that the plea raised only the point that Celestine had been given a citizenship in the United States, and that it did not follow that the United States had lost jurisdiction over him for offenses committed within the limits of the .reservation. The court said:
“There is not in this ease in terms a subjection of the individual Indian to thejlaws, both civil and criminal, of the state; no grant to him of the benefit of those laws; no denial of the personal jurisdiction of the United States.’’
We are not unmindful of the general rule that no radical departure of the policy which has prevailed with respect to Indians is intended; but, when the purpose of Congress is made as clear as we think it is by the language to which we have referred, we must give effect to such intent. It results that in the present case the defendant was not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and that the judgment against him must he set aside, and the cause remanded, with directions to discharge him.
Reversed.
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Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). It is contended that the offense was not within the jurisdiction of the court below for the reason that the particular parcel of land whereon the crime was committed had been patented in fee simple to the plaintiff in error, and that by the issuance of such patent he had been made subject to state laws under the provisions of the act of 1887 (24 Stat. 390) providing that, upon the patenting of lands to the allottees under that act, every al-lottee should “have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the state or territory in which he resided,” and the amendment of May 8, 1906 (34 Stat. 182), providing that at the expiration of the trust period, and when the lands have been given to the Indians by patent in fee, “then each and every allottee shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the state or territory in which they may reside.”
But the fact that the plaintiff in error had been made subject to state laws does not seem to be the controlling consideration. The real inquiry is: Was the crime committed within the limits of an Indian reservation? If it was, the court below had jurisdiction under the provisions of section 328 of the Criminal Code. The crime was committed within the limits of an Indian reservation, unless the law be that the issuance of a patent in fee to a parcel of land within an Indian reservation of its own force takes the patented land out of the limits of the reservation. Said the court in United States v. Celestine, 215 U. S. 278, 290, 30 Sup. Ct. 93, 97 (54 L. Ed. 195):
“Notwithstanding the gift of citizenship, both the defendant and the murdered woman remained Indians by race, and the crime was committed by one Indian upon the person of another and within.the limits of a reservation.”
The further language of the court in that case, in which it was said:
“There is not in this case in terms a subjection of the individual Indian to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the state; no grant to him of the benefit of those laws; no denial of the present jurisdiction of the United States”
—is taken by the majority of this court to be an expression of opinion that, if in that case Celestine had received the final patent in fee to .
I submit that the statute which authorized the conveyance of lands to individual Indians in fee simple is limited by the provisions of section 328 of the Criminal Code, and that, although the patentee of an allotment of such lands is rendered subject to state laws, the jurisdiction of the courts of the United States over offenses committed by such patentee on said allotment is retained so long as the land remains within the limits of an Indian reservation. The limits of the reservation must be taken to be the exterior boundary lines thereof. Within those lines there still remain unpatented allotments. Plow ■ many the record does not show. It is not to be supposed that Congress intended that jurisdiction within those lines should be divided between federal and state courts.
It would seem that the statute is also to some extent limited by the treaty with the Indians, made in 1887, and ratified by Congress in 1891 (26 Stat. 1028). In article 5 it was stipulated:
“In consideration of the foregoing cession and agreements, it is agreed that the Cceur d’Alene reservation shall be held forever as Indian land, and as homes for the Coeur d’Alene Indians now residing on said reservation, and the Spokane or other Indians who may be removed to said reservation under this agreement, and their posterity, and no part of said reservation shall ever be sold, occupied, opened to white settlement or otherwise disposed of, without the consent of the Indians residing on said reservation.”
The Act of 1906 provided for the allotment of lands to Indians in severalty, and that after the allotments were made the remainder should be thrown open to settlement by white people. There has been no treaty abrogating the provisions of the treaty of 1887, except the treaty of 1899, by which a certain town site and a small body of land adjacent thereto were disposed of and opened to white settlement. In Dick v. United States, 208 U. S. 340, 28 Sup. Ct. 399, 52 L. Ed. 520, the court especially recognized the binding force of a treaty with the Indians, and held that the Prohibition Act (section 2139, Rev. Stat., as amended in 1892 [Comp. St. § 4136a]), must be interpreted in connection with the special agreement which the United States had made with the Indians in regard to the extinguishment of the title and the retention of control over lands ceded by the United States. And although it may be said that a treaty stands on no higher plane than does an act of Congress, and an act of Congress may repeal a prior