Lorraine Grace v. Robert RosenstockLorraine Grace v. Robert Rosenstock
Affirmed.
SIDNEY BENDER, New York, New York (Risa Bender, Leventritt Lewittes & Bender, New York, New York, on the brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
HERBERT RUBIN, New York, New York (David B. Hamm, Miriam Skolnik, Herzfeld & Rubin, New York, New York, on the brief), for Defendant-Appellee.
ROBERT FRYD, New York, New York (Donald M. Levinsohn, Warshaw Burstein Cohen Schlesinger & Kuh, New York, New York, on the brief), for Proposed Defendant-Appellee Bank Leumi Trust Company.
ANDREW J. ENTWISTLE, New York, New York (William S. Gyves, Entwistle & Cappucci, New York, New York, on the brief), for Proposed Defendants-Appellees Berger, Mack, and Apex Marine Corporation.
DAVID K. BERGMAN, New York, New York (Fred M. Weiler, Siller Wilk, New York, New York, on the brief), for Proposed Defendant-Appellee Holman.
Before: KEARSE, PARKER, and POOLER, Circuit Judges.
KEARSE, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiffs Lorraine Grace et al., individually and representing former stockholders of defendant Briggs Leasing Corporation (“Briggs“), appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, Robert M. Levy, Magistrate Judge, dismissing their amended complaint against defendant Robert Genser for alleged violations of
Prior to 1985, Briggs was a publicly-held auto-leasing company incorporated in New York. Defendants Robert Rosenstock (“Rosenstock“), his father Edward Rosenstock, and Genser were officers and directors of Briggs and owned, respectively, approximately 64%, 3%, and 5% of its outstanding stock. Plaintiffs Lorraine Grace and Gerald I. White, individually or as trustees or executors, are or represent former stockholders of Briggs who owned a total of 7,476 shares of Briggs, or approximately 1.25% of its outstanding stock.
In early 1985, Rosenstock and Genser decided to take Briggs private in a freeze-out merger. Accordingly, they incorporated BAC, planning to merge BAC and Briggs, buy out Briggs‘s minority shareholders, and make Briggs the surviving corporation. Rosenstock and Genser contributed all of their Briggs shares to BAC; Rosenstock also purchased his father‘s shares and contributed those to BAC. As a result, BAC owned 72% of the stock of Briggs, with Rosenstock and Genser owning all of the stock of BAC. Under New York‘s Business Corporation Law (“BCL“), a merger may be authorized by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the corporation‘s shares. See
In January 1985, Briggs sent its shareholders notice of, and a proxy statement for, a special meeting to vote on the proposed merger. The notice informed shareholders, inter alia, that (a) because BAC owned 72% of Briggs‘s shares and would vote those shares in favor of the merger, approval was assured irrespective of the votes of Briggs‘s other shareholders; (b) all minority shareholders would be forced to sell their shares to the surviving corporation for $1.50 per share; (c) after the merger, the BAC shares would be converted to shares of Briggs; and (d) Rosenstock and Genser, who owned all of the shares of BAC, would thus become the sole shareholders of Briggs. The proxy statement (“Briggs proxy statement” or “proxy statement“) also stated that dissenting shareholders would have the right under New York law to obtain an appraisal of, and payment for, the fair value of their shares.
At the meeting, plaintiffs voted their shares against the merger, which was approved based on BAC‘s vote. The merger was consummated on February 26, 1985, and Rosenstock and Genser became the sole holders of Briggs shares, owning approximately 93% and 7%, respectively.
A. The Present Action: The First Twelve Years
Plaintiffs commenced the present action in June 1985 as an individual, derivative, and class action, requesting equitable and monetary relief against Briggs, BAC, Rosenstock, Edward Rosenstock, and Genser; the amended complaint was filed a month later. Contemporaneously, plaintiffs sued in New York state court, asserting appraisal rights under
The amended complaint in the present action alleged principally that the Briggs proxy statement was false and misleading by reason of numerous material omissions and untrue statements, including vast understatements of the compensation paid by Briggs to Rosenstock, Edward Rosenstock, and Genser; false representations that the reason for the merger was to relieve Rosenstock and Genser of their roles as personal guarantors of Briggs‘s debt, when in fact the primary guarantor of such debt until January 1985 was Charlotte Rosenstock (Rosenstock‘s mother) and the entrance of Rosenstock and Genser as guarantors was spuriously devised to provide a facially valid reason for the merger; and the false valuation of Briggs‘s real estate at $883,503, when in fact its value exceeded $2 million.
The amended complaint also alleged that the Briggs proxy statement failed to disclose, inter alia, that Rosenstock and Genser pursued the merger as part of a scheme to divert the assets of Briggs to themselves; that they had plans to develop certain of Briggs‘s real estate into an office-building-supermarket complex for their own benefit; that a third party had offered in excess of $1.5 million for Briggs‘s real estate; that in January 1985 a third party had offered $3.00 per share for Briggs stock; and that Briggs assets had been diverted to defendants’ personal use to fund the individual defendants’ opulent lifestyles.
In 1993, pursuant to
In August 1997, pursuant to a stipulation among plaintiffs, Rosenstock, and Briggs (into which BAC had been merged), the claims against Briggs and Rosenstock were resolved in a partial final judgment (“1997 Judgment“), David G. Trager, District Judge. The 1997 Judgment awarded the plaintiff class approximately $4 million against Briggs and approximately $6.9 million against Rosenstock. Pursuant to the stipulation, the 1997 Judgment also declared moot plaintiffs’ state-court appraisal action.
In the meantime, in 1996, as discussed in Part II.C. below, plaintiffs had sought leave to file a second-amended and supplemental complaint, alleging new state-law claims against Rosenstock, Genser, and several new proposed defendants. That motion was denied.
B. The October 1998 Dismissal of the Remaining Claims
The above proceedings left pending only plaintiffs’ claims against Genser. After entry of the 1997 Judgment, plaintiffs and Genser consented to have all further proceedings, including entry of judgment, conducted by a magistrate judge, and the matter was referred to Magistrate Judge Levy. Following a bench trial, the court, in a Memorandum and Order dated October 29, 1998 (“October 1998 Order“), and reported at 23 F.Supp.2d 326, dismissed the claims against Genser in their entirety.
With respect to the 1934 Act claims, the court noted that in order to succeed on a claim under §10(b) and Rule 10b 5, a plaintiff must prove a misrepresentation or omission as to a material fact in connection with the purchase or sale of a security, and an injury to the plaintiff caused by his reliance on the misrepresentation or omission. The district court assumed, arguendo, that plaintiffs could prove one or more material misrepresentations or omissions in the Briggs proxy statement regarding the merger that led to the forced sale of their Briggs shares. However, it concluded that, under the principle established by Virginia Bankshares, Inc. v. Sandberg, 501 U.S. 1083 (1991), which involved claims that misrepresentations in proxy materials violated
The district court acknowledged that minority shareholders whose votes were unnecessary for approval of a freeze-out merger might nonetheless establish causation by showing that omissions or misrepresentations in the proxy statement had induced them to vote in favor of the merger and thereby caused them to forfeit an otherwise-available state-law remedy. See Virginia Bankshares, 501 U.S. at 1107 (leaving open the possibility of that theory of causation); Wilson v. Great American Industries, Inc., 979 F.2d 924, 931 (2d Cir. 1992) (upholding liability rulings in favor of shareholders on that theory of causation). In the present case, however, the district court concluded that causation on that theory had not been established because plaintiffs had the right to an appraisal of the fair value of their shares, and they did not show that they had forfeited that or any other state-law remedy as a result of the alleged fraud in the Briggs proxy statement. The court noted that, except in circumstances inapplicable here, New York law makes appraisal a dissenting shareholder‘s exclusive remedy:
[t]he enforcement by a shareholder of his right to receive payment for his shares in the manner provided herein shall exclude the enforcement by such shareholder of any other right to which he might otherwise be entitled by virtue of share ownership.
Given the exclusivity of plaintiffs’ appraisal remedy, the district court also concluded that plaintiffs had no right to recover damages from Genser on their claims under state law. Although
The “appropriate” action referred to in subdivision (k) has been held to be “one in which a dissenting shareholder seeks some form of equitable relief.” Breed [v. Barton], 54 N.Y.2d 82, 87, 429 N.E.2d 128, 130 (1981); see also Burke v. Jacoby, 981 F.2d 1372, 1380 (2d Cir. 1992) (“An ‘appropriate action’ within the meaning of §623(k) is an action seeking equitable relief, and that type of action and the exercise of the right of appraisal are the dissatisfied stockholder‘s only avenues of relief.“). As the New York Court of Appeals explained in Breed, limiting the exception in subdivision (k) to equitable relief “serves the valid function of denying dissenting shareholders the ability to reopen prior appraisal proceedings and again seek the identical relief merely by alleging fraudulent or unlawful corporate conduct in relation to the merger.” Breed, 54 N.Y.2d at 87, 429 N.E.2d at 130. Although plaintiffs alleging fraud in an equitable proceeding under subdivision (k) may also seek money damages, the equitable relief must be the primary request, and such damages must be incidental to a grant of equitable relief. Id. at 87, 429 N.E.2d at 131; see also Burke, 981 F.2d at 1380 (“Money damages are not available except as ancillary to a grant of traditionally equitable relief.“) ...; Direct Media/DMI, Inc. v. Rubin, 171 Misc.2d 505, 654 N.Y.S.2d 986, 989 (Sup.Ct.N.Y. County 1997) (“[A] shareholder may not seek an appraisal and also commence a separate action to recover money damages for improper corporate action ....“).
Grace v. Rosenstock, 23 F.Supp.2d at 335-36. The court noted that although plaintiffs originally had requested principally equitable relief against all defendants, their claims against Briggs had been settled and their only remaining requests against Genser were for money damages:
Nothing in plaintiffs’ pre-trial or post-trial submissions indicates a desire on plaintiffs’ part for the court to award equitable relief, other than “rescissory damages,” i.e., money damages, against Genser.... Plaintiffs’ counsel made no mention of any other remedies at trial, and in fact conceded that plaintiffs’ claim against Genser is for monetary damages. See Tr. at 687 (“What we are concerned here with is a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, ... which is an action not for fair price alone, it‘s an action for damages....“).
Id. at 336 n.8.
Accordingly, all of plaintiffs’ claims against Genser were dismissed. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, plaintiffs challenge the October 1998 Order dismissing their claims against Genser, contending principally that because the proxy statement was issued in support of a freeze-out merger, resulting in a forced sale, they should not have been required to show causation in order to recover under §10(b) or Rule 10b 5; they also contend that if required to prove causation, they met their burden. In addition, plaintiffs challenge the district court‘s rejection of their 1996 motion for leave to file a new complaint adding new state-law claims and new parties to the action. For the reasons that follow, we find no basis for reversal.
A. The Dismissal of the Federal Claims Against Genser
In challenging the dismissal of their federal claims against Genser, plaintiffs contend principally that Virginia Bankshares does not apply to actions brought under §10(b) and Rule 10b 5, and that even if Virginia Bankshares applies, they established causation because they forfeited a state-law remedy in reliance on misrepresentations in and omissions from the proxy statement. We find no merit in these contentions.
any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors,
make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading,
In framing the contours of private rights of action implied under the 1934 Act, the courts have sought to exclude, as a matter of law, claims based on hypothetical circumstances or speculation. Early in the development of such actions under §10(b) and Rule 10b 5, which addresses fraud “in connection with” the purchase or sale of a security, this Court ruled that no private action under those provisions is available to persons who were neither buyers nor sellers of the relevant securities. See Birnbaum v. Newport Steel Corp., 193 F.2d 461, 462-64 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 343 U.S. 956 (1952). That principle was adopted by the Supreme Court in Blue Chip Stamps, in which the plaintiffs were persons who had been offered--but had declined to purchase--shares in Blue Chip Stamps Co. pursuant to an antitrust-related consent decree entered into between the United States and the company. See 421 U.S. at 725-26. The plaintiffs contended that the company had “intentionally made the prospectus overly pessimistic” in order to dissuade the plaintiffs from accepting the offer, and thereby allow the rejected shares to be sold to the public at a higher price. Id. at 726-27. The Supreme Court ruled that the district court had properly dismissed the suit. The Court reasoned that expanding the class of persons entitled to bring suit under Rule 10b 5 to include those who had neither bought nor sold shares would vastly increase the amount of frivolous securities litigation before the federal courts, in part because “the abolition of the Birnbaum rule would throw open to the trier of fact many rather hazy issues of historical fact the proof of which depended almost entirely on oral testimony.” 421 U.S. at 743.
Insofar as the element of causation is concerned, we have held in a variety of contexts that in order to establish a prima facie case under Rule 10b 5, a plaintiff must show, inter alia, both “loss causation--that the misrepresentations or omissions caused the economic harm,” and “transaction causation--that the violations in question caused the [plaintiff] to engage in the transaction in question.” Bennett v. United States Trust Co. of New York, 770 F.2d 308, 313 (2d Cir. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphases in original) (alleged misrepresentation as to margin rules), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1058 (1986); see also Burke v. Jacoby, 981 F.2d 1372, 1378 (2d Cir. 1992) (alleged misrepresentation in connection with corporate acquisition), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 909 (1993); Citibank, N.A. v. K H Corp., 968 F.2d 1489, 1494 (2d Cir. 1992) (alleged misrepresentation in application for financing). We have also noted that both loss causation and transaction causation must be proven in the context of a private action under
[n]o solicitation subject to this regulation shall be made by means of any proxy statement... containing any statement which, at the time and in the light of the circumstances under which it is made, is false or misleading with respect to any material fact, or which omits to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein not false or misleading....
In Mills v. Electric Auto-Lite Co., 396 U.S. 375 (1970), the Court ruled that the causation requirement of Rule 14a 9 would be satisfied where the challenged proxy statement “was an essential link in the accomplishment of the transaction.” Id. at 385. In that case, the majority shareholder held just over one half of the corporation‘s outstanding shares, but the proposed merger could not be approved without the affirmative vote of two thirds. Thus, the minority-shareholder plaintiffs were held to have satisfied the causation element because the merger could not have been authorized without the affirmative vote of at least some of the minority shares. The Mills Court left open the question of “whether causation could be shown where the management controls a sufficient number of shares to approve the transaction without any votes from the minority.” Id. at 385 n.7.
The Supreme Court answered that question in Virginia Bankshares, ruling that minority shareholders whose votes were not required for approval of the proposed freeze-out merger had failed to show that the materially misleading representations in the proxy statement violating Rule 14a 9 caused their injury. Although the plaintiff shareholders argued that the challenged proxy statement was an “essential link” within the meaning of Mills on the theory that their negative votes, though insufficient to defeat the merger, would have created sufficient bad publicity that the directors would not have proceeded with the merger, see 501 U.S. at 1100-01, the Virginia Bankshares Court found that theory too speculative:
[I]n Blue Chip Stamps we raised concerns about the practical consequences of allowing recovery, under §10(b) of the Act and Rule 10b 5, on evidence of what a merely hypothetical buyer or seller might have done on a set of facts that never occurred, and foresaw that any such expanded liability would turn on “hazy” issues inviting self-serving testimony, strike suits, and protracted discovery, with little chance of reasonable resolution by pretrial process.... These were good reasons to deny recognition to such claims in the absence of any apparent contrary congressional intent.
The same threats of speculative claims and procedural intractability are inherent in respondents’ theory of causation linked through the directors’ desire for a cosmetic vote. Causation would turn on inferences about what the corporate directors would have thought and done without the minority shareholder approval unneeded to authorize action. A subsequently dissatisfied minority shareholder would have virtual license to allege that managerial timidity would have doomed corporate action but for the ostensible approval induced by a misleading statement, and opposing claims of hypothetical diffidence and hypothetical boldness on the part of directors would probably provide enough depositions in the usual case to preclude any judicial resolution short of the credibility judgments that can only come after trial. Reliable evidence would seldom exist. Directors would understand the prudence of making a few statements about plans to proceed even without minority endorsement, and discovery would be a quest for recollections of oral conversations at odds with the official pronouncements, in hopes of finding support for ex post facto guesses about how much heat the directors would have stood in the absence of minority approval. The issues would be hazy, their litigation protracted, and their resolution unreliable. Given a choice, we would reject any theory of causation that raised such prospects, and we reject this one.
Virginia Bankshares, 501 U.S. at 1105-06.
We reject plaintiffs’ contention that “[w]here the misrepresentations and nondisclosures under Rule 10b 5 are part and parcel of the forced sale by the plaintiffs shareholders ..., there is no separate requirement to show causation” (Plaintiffs’ brief on appeal at 43). For that proposition, plaintiffs rely on Vine v. Beneficial Finance Co., 374 F.2d 627, 635 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 970 (1967). Quaere whether Vine would survive the rationale of Virginia Bankshares if Vine‘s holding were as plaintiffs have characterized it; but in any event, in light of its actual holding, plaintiffs’ reliance is misplaced. In Vine, we considered the complaint of a Class A shareholder who, after being subjected to a freeze-out merger, brought an action under §10(b) and Rule 10b 5 alleging that the defendant tender offeror had attained the share percentage needed to approve the freeze-out merger by fraudulently inducing Class A shareholders other than the plaintiff to tender their shares to it. We did not hold that the plaintiff was not required to plead reliance or causation; rather, we held that the complaint adequately pleaded both elements. Noting that the complaint alleged a single two-phase scheme to eliminate Class A shareholders, we stated that “[w]hat must be shown is that there was deception which misled Class A stockholders and that this was in fact the cause of plaintiff‘s claimed injury. The allegations of this complaint meet that test.” Id. at 635.
In the present case, plaintiffs did not meet that test. Rosenstock and Genser at all pertinent times owned sufficient shares, either directly or through their ownership of BAC, to approve the Briggs-BAC merger, and there is no suggestion that they acquired those shares by means of fraud. No vote, sale of shares, or other action was required of minority shareholders in order to accomplish the merger.
In sum, Virginia Bankshares applies to claims of proxy fraud brought under §10(b) and Rule 10b 5, and a plaintiff may not recover on such a claim without proving that his injury was caused by the fraud. Plaintiffs here, because minority- shareholder votes were not required for approval of the merger that was the subject of the proxy statements, did not show causation based on the approval of the merger.
2. Causation Based on Forfeiture of a State Remedy
The Virginia Bankshares Court left open the possibility that even minority shareholders whose votes were not necessary for approval of the proposed merger might nonetheless satisfy the causation requirement if they could show that the violations induced them to forfeit a state remedy. See 501 U.S. at 1107. This Court addressed that issue in Wilson, in which the management had controlled sufficient shares to approve the proposed merger without the minority‘s votes, the plaintiff minority shareholders had been induced to vote in favor of the merger, and “their deceptively procured vote in favor of the merger deprived them of their state appraisal rights under” New York law, 979 F.2d at 930. We upheld the liability ruling in favor of the Wilson plaintiffs, stating as follows:
We recognize that loss causation or economic harm to plaintiffs must be shown, as well as proof that the misrepresentations induced plaintiffs to engage in the subject transaction, that is, transaction causation. Here loss causation may be established when a proxy statement prompts a shareholder to accept an unfair exchange ratio for his shares rather than recoup a greater value through a state appraisal. And transaction causation may be shown when a proxy statement, because of material misrepresentations, causes a shareholder to forfeit his appraisal rights by voting in favor of the proposed corporate merger.
Wilson, 979 F.2d at 931. We noted that allowing that type of action
does not pose a threat of “speculative claims and procedural intractability,” ... because the forfeiture of state [remedies] is a question separate from the effectuation of the merger and does not require courts to guess how or whether the majority shareholders would have proceeded in the face of minority dissent.
Id. at 932 (quoting Virginia Bankshares, 501 U.S. at 1105).
In the present case, however, plaintiffs did not vote in favor of the merger and did not show that they relied on the proxy materials in any way that caused them to forfeit their rights to appraisal. Rather, plaintiffs contend, relying on Lynch v. Vickers Energy Corp., 429 A.2d 497, 501 (Del. 1981), overruled on other grounds, Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 703-04 (Del. 1983), that causation was established because they forfeited their state-law rights to obtain “rescissory damages” (Plaintiffs’ brief on appeal at 51). We are unpersuaded for several reasons.
First, as the district court noted, see Part I.B. above, under New York law governing freeze-out mergers, except for an “appropriate” equitable action as envisioned by
Second, though Lynch held that rescissory damages may be available as an equitable substitute for rescission where, because of mergers, the latter remedy is as a practical matter no longer feasible, plaintiffs have cited no authority suggesting that a monetary award in favor of a shareholder against a director would be viewed as anything other than an award of damages at law in circumstances where, as here, the plaintiffs have already settled their claims against the party that purchased their shares--i.e., the only entity against which rescission would be even a theoretically permissible remedy.
Third, we note that under Lynch, rescissory damages may reflect increases in the corporation‘s value subsequent to the challenged transaction and that plaintiffs in the present action apparently seek to benefit from a “surge in land values” through a date at least “30 months after the [Briggs] merger” (Plaintiffs brief on appeal at 51). Here, however, the pertinent defendants lawfully owned sufficient shares to approve the merger and freeze out other shareholders without the approval of any minority shares. Lynch did not involve such circumstances, and plaintiffs have not cited any New York case to support their suggestion that, in the circumstances here, an action for rescissory damages encompassing postmerger surges in land values would be considered an “appropriate” action within the meaning of
Finally, we note that although plaintiffs no longer have appraisal rights, that is not the result of any reliance on the Briggs proxy statements. Rather, their appraisal suit was declared moot pursuant to their stipulation leading to the 1997 Judgment, which awarded the plaintiff class some $11 million from Briggs and Rosenstock. We see no forfeiture there.
In sum, plaintiffs have cited no New York law, or any other relevant authority, for the proposition that there was any available state-law remedy that they forfeited in reliance on the Briggs proxy statement. Accordingly, since their votes were not needed for approval of the merger, the district court correctly concluded that they failed to prove causation as required by §10(b) and Rule 10b 5.
B. The Dismissal of the State-Law Claims
Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in finding their state-law claims against Genser barred by
Second, the posture of the case changed significantly in the 12 years between Judge Costantino‘s characterization of it in 1986 and the magistrate judge‘s analysis in 1998. Judge Costantino dealt only with the pleadings, and, aside from a typical catchall paragraph that mentioned damages, the only relief requested by the amended complaint was equitable. On the claims against Briggs, it requested rescission of the merger or reformation of its terms; on the derivative claim on behalf of Briggs, it sought from the individual defendants an accounting and disgorgement of profits. By the time of trial in 1998, however, plaintiffs had settled their claims against Briggs, the purchaser of their shares; plaintiffs thus could no longer seek rescission. Nor were there any remaining derivative claims, as Briggs was no longer a party. Thus, as the district court observed in its October 1998 Order, plaintiffs’ counsel stated at trial that “‘[w]hat we are concerned here with is a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, ... which is an action not for fair price alone, it‘s an action for damages....‘” 23 F.Supp.2d at 336 n.8 (quoting Tr. 687). We note that, in the wake of that ruling, plaintiffs made no effort to suggest, by way of a motion for reconsideration by that court, that the court had misapprehended the nature of their remaining claims against Genser.
We see no error in the district court‘s characterization or dismissal of plaintiffs’ state-law claims against Genser.
C. The Proposed Second Amended and Supplemental Complaint
In January 1996, more than a decade after commencing this action, plaintiffs sought leave to file a “Supplemental and Second Amended Complaint” (“Supplemental Complaint“), which would have added state-law claims against (a) Rosenstock and Genser, (b) Bank Leumi Trust Company of New York (“Bank Leumi“), David Mack, Leo V. Berger, and Apex Marine Corp. (collectively the “proposed creditor defendants“), and (c) Gary Holman, an attorney for Briggs. Plaintiffs asserted, inter alia, that after consummation of the freeze-out merger, Rosenstock and Genser had engaged in a scheme to “subvert the jurisdiction of this federal Court... [and] to make any judgment rendered by this Court in this action unenforceable and of no practical value” (Supplemental Complaint ¶47) by causing Briggs to transfer assets to themselves and to the proposed creditor defendants.
The Supplemental Complaint alleged that Rosenstock and Genser, in furtherance of that scheme, looted Briggs between November 1986 and August 1989 by mortgaging its property to secure loans from the proposed creditor defendants and using the proceeds of the loans primarily for their own personal benefit rather than for the benefit of Briggs. Those acts were alleged to have violated common law and various provisions of New York‘s Debtor and Creditor Law (“DCL“), see
The Supplemental Complaint further alleged that each of the proposed creditor defendants accepted notes and mortgages from Briggs, knowing that the proceeds of the loans were being diverted to Rosenstock and Genser for their personal use. Bank Leumi was alleged to have known that Briggs would not be able to meet its obligations, would be forced to borrow additional funds, and would be forced to sell its real estate under duress. The Supplemental Complaint alleged that Holman had committed professional malpractice and breached fiduciary and contractual duties to Briggs and to plaintiffs by representing Briggs while also serving as attorney to Rosenstock and Genser in their personal capacities, and by supervising the allegedly fraudulent conveyances while knowing that they were fraudulent as to Briggs and plaintiffs.
The proposed new defendants opposed plaintiffs’ motion to file the Supplemental Complaint, arguing principally that there was no basis for federal jurisdiction over the claims against them and that the claims were barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. Magistrate Judge Levy (to whom the matter had not yet been referred for all purposes) denied the motion, and plaintiffs’ objections to that denial were rejected by Judge Trager. Without deciding the jurisdictional questions, the court denied the motion on the grounds of futility and delay, as explained in the magistrate judge‘s Memorandum and Order dated September 30, 1996 (“September 1996 Order“), reported at 169 F.R.D. 473 (1996).
In that decision, the court noted that the new claims that plaintiffs moved to add were subject to a six-year statute of limitations. Because plaintiffs’ motion was made in 1996 and the new claims focused on conduct alleged to have occurred principally in 1986-1989, the court concluded that filing of the Supplemental Complaint would likely be futile because most of the new claims appeared to be time-barred. Plaintiffs argued that the statute of limitations was no bar because the filing of their new claims should be deemed to “relate[] back” to the time of filing of their amended complaint,
Plaintiffs also argued that in 1990, less than six years prior to their January 1996 motion to file the Supplemental Complaint, Briggs made mortgage payments to the proposed creditor defendants, raising the cash for those payments by selling real estate below fair market value, and that the fraudulent- conveyance claims under
Even if the January 1990 payments could themselves be considered fraudulent conveyances,... this court would nonetheless deny plaintiffs’ motion to amend and supplement the pleadings to include allegations regarding those payments. At this late date in the proceedings[,] granting plaintiffs’ motion would cause substantial further delays and prejudice to the proposed new defendants, who would now be required to re-open all of the depositions that have taken place thus far in the litigation and to conduct full document discovery.
Id. at 482 n.5.
The court also rejected several other timeliness arguments advanced by plaintiffs, including equitable tolling and equitable estoppel. Noting that “the doctrine of equitable tolling applies ‘where the facts show that the defendant engaged in conduct, often itself fraudulent, that concealed from the plaintiff the existence of [the] cause of action,‘” id. at 483 (quoting Long. v. Frank, 22 F.3d 54, 58 (2d Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1128 (1995)), the court pointed out that this case was then more than 11 years old and that plaintiffs did not dispute that they had known of the alleged fraudulent conveyances at least as early as 1993. The court found that plaintiffs “offer[ed] no adequate explanation as to why they were unable to conduct full discovery ... prior to 1993.” September 1996 Order, 169 F.R.D. at 484. In addition, noting that the doctrine of equitable estoppel is applied “‘in cases where the plaintiff knew of the existence of his cause of action but the defendant‘s conduct caused him to delay bringing his lawsuit,‘” id. (quoting Dillman v. Combustion Engineering, Inc., 784 F.2d 57, 61 (2d Cir. 1986)), the court found that doctrine inapplicable because plaintiffs “d[id] not contend that any of the defendants or proposed defendants engaged in conduct that caused plaintiffs to delay bringing suit once they were fully aware of their claims,” September 1996 Order, 169 F.R.D. at 484.
1. The Refusal To Allow Assertion of the DCL §273 a Claims
Plaintiffs contend that their claims under
Section 273 a provides that
[e]very conveyance made without fair consideration when the person making it is a defendant in an action for money damages or a judgment in such an action has been docketed against him, is fraudulent as to the plaintiff in that action without regard to the actual intent of the defendant if, after final judgment for the plaintiff, the defendant fails to satisfy the judgment.
Two factors, however, persuade us that that error does not warrant reversal. First, plaintiffs did not make their present nonaccrual argument with respect to the §273 a claim before the magistrate judge. Nor did they make any timely presentation of that argument to the district judge, for it was not mentioned to Judge Trager in their objections to the magistrate judge‘s September 1996 Order. To the contrary, plaintiffs’ statement of their objections to the magistrate judge‘s statute-of-limitations ruling asserted, without any exception for claims under §273 a, that “the statute of limitations on a claim for fraudulent transfers is measured from the date of the transfer.” (Letter from Sidney Bender to Judge Trager, dated October 23, 1996, at 1.) Plaintiffs made no mention of their §273 a nonaccrual contention until January 1997, when they unsuccessfully asked the district court to certify statute-of-limitations issues to this Court. Accordingly, plaintiffs waived their nonaccrual objection to the magistrate judge‘s ruling.
Second, we are disinclined to remand for the court to exercise pendent jurisdiction over this state-law claim because all of the federal claims have now been dismissed.
The decision to exercise pendent jurisdiction is vested in the sound discretion of the district court. United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725-28 ... (1966). The discretion is limited, however, by the consideration that “[n]eedless decisions of state law should be avoided....” Id. at 726 ....
Fay v. South Colonie Central School District, 802 F.2d 21, 34 (2d Cir. 1986) (reversing district court‘s exercise of pendent jurisdiction as abuse of discretion where dismissal of federal claim was required and state-law questions were unsettled). In United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966), the Supreme Court stated that “if it appears that the state issues substantially predominate, whether in terms of proof, of the scope of the issues raised, or of the comprehensiveness of the remedy sought, the state claims may be dismissed without prejudice and left for resolution to state tribunals,” id. at 726-27; see also id. at 726 (“Certainly, if the federal claims are dismissed before trial, even though not insubstantial in a jurisdictional sense, the state claims should be dismissed as well.“);
Given that plaintiffs did not timely raise their §273 a nonaccrual argument in the district court, that all federal issues have now been disposed of, and that the §273 a claims are substantially different from the federal claims that have been adjudicated, we conclude that it would be inappropriate to remand to the district court for the belated introduction and litigation of these state-law claims in federal court.
2. The Other Proposed Claims
Plaintiffs also challenge the district court‘s rejection of their theories as to why their proposed claims under other DCL sections were timely. We see no error in the district court‘s rulings with respect to those claims. Plainly, most of the claims were based on transactions that occurred more than six years prior to plaintiffs’ motion to amend. Further, as to the 1990 payments made less than six years prior to the motion, the district court stated that even if those payments themselves could be considered fraudulent conveyances within the limitations period, the court would not allow plaintiffs to add those claims, given, inter alia, the belated timing of the motion and the fact that discovery would have to be reopened. We see no abuse of discretion in that ruling.
Moreover, even if we concluded that the district court‘s views of the timeliness of the proposed claims under
Arrowsmith did not involve a plaintiff‘s motion to amend the complaint; nor did it involve pendent jurisdiction. Rather, it concerned a defendant‘s motion to dismiss the complaint on the grounds of, inter alia, lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted. We held that the court should have resolved the jurisdictional issue, determining whether it had the power to adjudicate the action against that defendant, before dismissing for failure to state a claim, because a dismissal on the latter ground has preclusive effect. Neither of those grounds, however, was discretionary. If the action was flawed in either respect, the court was required to dismiss.
In contrast, as discussed above, both the decision whether to exercise pendent jurisdiction and the decision whether to allow a new pleading are committed to the sound discretion of the district court, see, e.g., United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 725-28 (pendent jurisdiction); Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. at 182 (amended pleading), and we have suggested that generally the denial of leave to bring in new defendants does not have preclusive effect with respect to the claims against those defendants, see Northern Assurance Co. of America v. Square D Co., 201 F.3d 84 (2d Cir. 2000) CONCLUSION We have considered all of plaintiffs’ arguments on this appeal and have found in them no basis for reversal.