LOOP CORP.; Leon Greenblatt; Nola, LLC; Repurchase Corp.; Leslie Jabine; Teletech Systems, Inc.; Chiplease, Inc.; Banco Panamericano, Creditors—Appellants,
v.
UNITED STATES TRUSTEE; Committee of Unsecured Creditors, Movants Below—Appellees.
No. 03-1786.
United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Submitted: February 13, 2004.
Filed: August 16, 2004.
Appeal from the Bankruptcy Court, Robert J. Kressel, J. COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED Brian L. Shaw (argued), Chicago, IL (Jane S. Welch and Daniel J. McGarry, Minneapolis, MN; and Robert M. Fishman and Allen J. Guon, Chicago, IL), for appellant.
Michael R. Fadlovich (argued), U.S. Trustee's Office, Minneapolis, MN, for appellee.
Before MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, JOHN R. GIBSON, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.
JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.
The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's Order of Conversion of the debtors' Chapter 11 case to a case under Chapter 7. Loop Corporation, a creditor which also owns approximately 50% of the debtors' stock, and various of Loop's affiliates (collectively "Loop") appeal, arguing that the bankruptcy court improperly interpreted and applied 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b). We affirm.
FACTS
Debtor Health Risk Management, Inc. and three of its subsidiaries filed petitions under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on August 7, 2001, which the bankruptcy court consolidated and ordered to be jointly administered. The debtors intended from very early in the case to liquidate their businesses rather than attempt to reorganize as viable entities.
In the months following the filing, the debtors successfully liquidated their two primary businesses as well as substantially all of their remaining assets. They used part of the funds from these sales to pay the claims of their secured creditors. As of December 5, 2001, when the debtors filed their initial plan of reorganization, their remaining assets included: 1) approximately $3.25 million in cash; 2) potential causes of action against Ernst & Young and various other directors and accountants of the debtors; and 3) net operating losses that purportedly could provide the estate with $10 million to $20 million in value.1 The debtors, Loop, and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors ("Creditors' Committee") began to attempt to negotiate a consensual plan of reorganization, but they were unsuccessful.
On January 10, 2002, the Trustee moved for conversion of the cases from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b). This motion was opposed by the debtors, Loop, and the Creditors Committee, who sought more time for negotiations. At a February 6, 2002, hearing on the motion, the debtors' counsel explained that the debtors preferred to stay in Chapter 11 and use part of the remaining cash to fund litigation against the accountants and directors rather than distribute the cash to the unsecured creditors. The debtors also believed that the value of the net operating losses could be realized, if at all, only in Chapter 11. Loop and the Creditors' Committee also preferred to remain in Chapter 11 because they thought Chapter 11 had the potential to provide a greater return for the unsecured creditors.
The Trustee, however, focused on the accumulating expenses associated with administering the estate in Chapter 11-over $1.3 million during the period from September 2001 to January 2002 alone-and the parties' continuing failure to reach a confirmable plan of liquidation. The Trustee believed the expenses would continue to reduce the assets available to the creditors, who would otherwise be entitled to prompt distribution of the remaining cash if the case were conducted under Chapter 7 instead of Chapter 11. See In re Bell,
The bankruptcy court concluded at the February 6 hearing that the Trustee had shown cause for conversion. However, the court continued the conversion hearing until March 13, 2002, to give the debtors and creditors one last chance to negotiate a confirmable plan. The parties returned to court on March 13 without having agreed on a satisfactory plan. By that time, even the Creditors' Committee believed conversion to Chapter 7 was appropriate and had, in fact, filed its own motion for conversion. Only Loop and the debtors opposed.
Relying on its earlier finding of cause and on the Creditors' Committee's new support for conversion, the bankruptcy court granted the motion to convert. Loop appealed the bankruptcy court's conversion order to the district court, which affirmed. Loop now appeals the district court's affirmance.
Although Loop divides its appeal into six separate arguments, we understand it to raise two real issues: first, that the bankruptcy court erred by interpreting § 1112(b) in a manner that Loop believes makes it impossible for liquidating debtors to remain in Chapter 11; and second, that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by improperly applying § 1112(b) in this case.
I.
The Trustee and Creditors' Committee moved for conversion of the debtors' liquidating Chapter 11 cases to Chapter 7 despite the assertion by Loop and the debtors that a Chapter 11 liquidation would provide greater recovery for the creditors. The bankruptcy court granted the motion to convert because it believed "cause" existed under 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b), which states in part:
[O]n request of a party in interest or the United States trustee or bankruptcy administrator, and after notice and a hearing, the court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title or may dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interest of creditors and the estate, for cause, including —
(1) continuing loss to or diminution of the estate and absence of a reasonable likelihood of rehabilitation;
(2) inability to effectuate a plan....
The bankruptcy court concluded that cause existed under § 1112(b)(1) because, first, the ongoing expenses associated with administering the estate and attempting to negotiate a confirmable plan constituted "continuing loss to or diminution of the estate" and, second, the debtors were liquidating and therefore had no likelihood of rehabilitation.2 The court also provided several reasons why it considered Chapter 7 to be better for creditors than Chapter 11, including the court's uncertainty about the parties' ability to negotiate a confirmable plan and concern about the costs associated with staying in Chapter 11.
We sit as a second court of review in bankruptcy matters and apply the same standards of review as the district court. See In re Clark,
Loop argues that, taken together, the bankruptcy court's interpretations of "continuing loss to or diminution of the estate" and "rehabilitation" mean that cause for conversion to Chapter 7 will automatically exist whenever a debtor seeks to liquidate under Chapter 11. First, Loop asserts, a liquidating debtor will inevitably have a negative cash flow, which the bankruptcy court determined was sufficient to find "continuing loss to or diminution of the estate." Second, a liquidating debtor will by definition have no likelihood of "rehabilitation" because the bankruptcy court understood that term to refer to the restoration of the debtor's business operations, not the liquidation of the debtor's assets. Thus, unless the creditors or Trustee decline to file a motion to convert, a debtor will never be able to liquidate in Chapter 11.
We are unpersuaded by Loop's challenge to the bankruptcy court's interpretation of "continuing loss to or diminution of the estate." Loop concedes that the debtors, as liquidating entities that had ceased their business operations but continued to incur administrative expenses, had a negative cash flow. Under the interpretation of § 1112(b)(1) consistently used in bankruptcy courts, this negative cash flow situation alone is sufficient to establish "continuing loss to or diminution of the estate." See, e.g., In re Schriock Constr., Inc.,
We are convinced that this interpretation is correct, notwithstanding Loop's concern that a liquidating debtor will "inevitably" have a negative cash flow. The purpose of § 1112(b)(1) is to "preserve estate assets by preventing the debtor in possession from gambling on the enterprise at the creditors' expense when there is no hope of rehabilitation." In re Lizeric Realty Corp.,
Likewise, the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that a liquidating debtor who had no intention of restoring its business had no reasonable likelihood of rehabilitation. Courts have consistently understood "rehabilitation" to refer to the debtor's ability to restore the viability of its business. See, e.g., In re Gonic Realty Trust,
We are sensitive to Loop's concern that this interpretation of § 1112(b)(1) amounts to a per se rule allowing a creditor or Trustee to force conversion to Chapter 7 whenever a debtor seeks to liquidate under Chapter 11. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a liquidating debtor who will not meet the criteria for cause described in § 1112(b)(1). Nonetheless, this concern may be alleviated if the bankruptcy court's discretion under § 1112(b) is understood to permit the court to deny both conversion and dismissal despite a showing of cause. Such an understanding is supported by the permissive language of the statute, which states that the court "may" convert or "may" dismiss, and is consistent with our recognition of the bankruptcy court's "broad discretion" under § 1112(b). See In re Lumber Exch. Bldg. Ltd. P'ship,
In any event, we need not definitively hold that § 1112(b) allows a bankruptcy court to deny conversion or dismissal despite a showing of cause because the bankruptcy court in this case granted the motion to convert, which is clearly within the court's discretion once cause has been established. The only question is whether the court abused that discretion.
II.
In considering whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion, we will assume, as Loop urges, that in addition to finding cause under § 1112(b)(1) the court was under some obligation to consider Loop's evidence purporting to show that the best interest of the creditors and estate would be served by remaining in Chapter 11. Cf. In re Justus Hospitality Props., Ltd.,
First, there is no merit to Loop's contention that the bankruptcy court erroneously placed the burden of proof on the parties opposing the motion to convert. See Matter of Woodbrook Assocs.,
Second, we are unpersuaded by Loop's argument that the Trustee did not introduce sufficient evidence to meet its burden of showing cause under § 1112(b). The Trustee proved the existence of cause by referring to the record, which contained undisputed evidence that the debtors had a negative cash flow and no intention of rehabilitating their business. See, e.g., In re W. Pac. Airlines, Inc.,
Loop nonetheless claims that the debtors presented "unrefuted" evidence in opposition to the conversion motion, including, in particular, a self-serving affidavit purporting to demonstrate the value of the net operating losses in Chapter 11. Although there was no evidence directly refuting the net operating loss issue, the bankruptcy court was not required to blindly accept the debtors' allegations as fact. Instead, the court should, and did, assess the evidence critically and assign it only the weight it deserved. We see no abuse of discretion in the court's ultimate conclusion that any speculative value which might be derived from the net operating losses in Chapter 11 was outweighed by the continuing erosion of the estate, the debtors' failure to achieve a confirmable Chapter 11 plan, and the preference of the Creditors' Committee for conversion. See In re Tiana Queen Motel, Inc.,
Third, we conclude the bankruptcy court made sufficient findings of fact to support its conversion order. The court gave an extensive oral explanation for its grant of the conversion motion, stating, inter alia: "as we sit here the administrative expenses are running. That diminishes the estate.... No rehabilitation is proposed here .... rehabilitation does not encompass what the debtor is doing here so cause has been shown.... Maybe I'm missing something but I'm not missing the expense that is going to be involved in consummating this plan.... The estates are continuing to incur losses and it's being diminished and there is no opportunity or [chance] for rehabilitation." The court also listed the reasons it considered Chapter 7 to be preferable to Chapter 11. These findings are adequate. See In re Fossum,
Finally, the conversion order was not premature and did not impermissibly deprive the creditors not represented on the Creditors' Committee of the opportunity to consider the debtors' final proposed plan of reorganization. See Woodbrook Assocs.,
III.
We conclude that the district court properly interpreted § 1112(b) and did not abuse its discretion in ordering conversion of the debtors' case to Chapter 7. We affirm.
Notes:
Notes
The purported value of the net operating losses came from the debtors' plan to use the losses to shelter Loop's earnings, with the benefits trickling down to the other unsecured creditors through the issuance of Loop stock
The bankruptcy court also apparently believed that cause existed under subsection (2) of § 1112(b), citing its skepticism about whether any plan would be confirmable and the Creditors' Committee's rejection of the debtors' final proposed planSee also In re Fossum,
We recognize some disagreement among lower courts on this subjectCompare In re Travelstead,