Lookingbill v. CockrellLookingbill v. Cockrell
- Reporters:
- , ,
- Before:
- Smith
Lead Opinion
Robert Lookingbill appeals the dismissal, as time-barred under the one-year limitations period established by the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”),
I.
Lookingbill was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed his conviction and sentence on April 6, 1994, and denied rehearing on June 8, 1994. The conviction became final on September 8, 1994, on expiration of the ninety-day period during which he could have applied for writ of certiorari. On November 22, 1996, counsel was appointed to represent him during his state habeas proceedings, and he filed an application for a state writ of habeas corpus on April 21, 1997. On March 4, 1998, the Texas Court of Crimi-na;! Appeals’ denied his state habeas petition, and on March 12 he moved for reconsideration of that denial.2
,- Lookingbill filed a motion to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) and a motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel on May 19, 1998. The trial court set his execution for March 9, 1999. On December 16, 1998, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals sent a letter to the presiding judge of the district court indicating that the court had denied the motion for reconsideration without written order. The letter was filed in the district court on December 21,1998.
LookingbiU filed a petition for federal writ of habeas corpus on July 23, 1999. The state moved for summary judgment, averring that the federal petition was time-barred under
II.
LookingbUl argues that the district court erred in holding that his federal habeas petition was not filed within AED-PA’s one-year limitations period. We review de novo the denial of a federal habeas petition on procedural grounds. Emerson v. Johnson, 243 F.3d 931, 932 (5th Cir.2001); Johnson v. Cain, 215 F.3d 489, 494 (5th Cir.2000). The AEDPA statute of limitations applies to all habeas petitions filed after the Act’s effective date: April 24, 1996. Kiser v. Johnson, 163 F.3d 326, 327 (5th Cir.1999). LookingbUl’s murder conviction became final before April 24, 1996. Thus, absent any toUing, he had until April 24, 1997, to file an application for federal habeas rehef. Smith v. Ward, 209 F.3d 383, 384 (5th Cir.2000); Flanagan v. Johnson, 154 F.3d 196, 200-02 (5th Cir.1998).
The parties stipulated, however, that the AEDPA limitations period began to run on November 22, 1996, when LookingbUl was appointed state habeas counsel,3 and that the limitations period ran for 150 days from the appointment of state habeas counsel to the filing of the state habeas petition. The limitations period was tolled between April 21, 1997, when LookingbiU filed his state habeas petition, and March 4, 1998, when the Court of Criminal Appeals denied the state habeas petition. Because LookingbiU filed his federal habeas petition on July 23, 1999, it was untimely under
LookingbUl argues that two additional events should have tolled the running of limitations. The first was his filing of a motion to reconsider the denial of his state habeas petition; the second was his motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel.
A.
LookingbUl claims that the motion to reconsider the denial of his state habeas petition was a “properly filed apphcation for state post-conviction or other coUateral review” that tolled the limitations period from the date he filed the motion to reconsider the denial of state habeas relief to December 22, 1998. This circuit, Uke most, holds that “a properly filed application is one submitted according to the state’s procedural requirements .... ” Villegas v. Johnson, 184 F.3d 467, 469 (5th Cir.1999) (quoting Lovasz v. Vaughn, 134 F.3d 146, 148 (3d Cir.1998)). We interpret the words “properly filed” narrowly. Williams v. Cain, 217 F.3d 303,
Rule 79.2(d), Tex.R.App. P., plainly prohibits the filing of motions for rehearing in habeas cases: “A motion for rehearing an order that denies habeas corpus relief under Code of Criminal Procedure, articles 11.07 and 11.071, may not be filed.” Id. Nonetheless, “[t]he Court may on its own initiative reconsider the case.” Id. Relying on that rule, the district court reasoned that this discretion was “insufficient to make Lookingbill’s petition properly filed.” That judgment was correct under Fifth Circuit precedent when the district court wrote the opinion.
After the district court issued its opinion, however, we decided Emerson, which followed the reasoning of Artuz v. Bennett, 531 U.S. 4, 121 S.Ct. 361, 148 L.Ed.2d 213 (2000), and held that, “given Artuz and Texas case law allowing habeas petitioners to file suggestions or motions for reconsideration, AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations is tolled during the period in which a Texas habeas petitioner has filed such a motion.” Id. at 935. The court in Emerson cited three Court of Criminal Appeals cases in which a Texas court had entertained a motion for reconsideration.4 “The tolling lasts only as long as the Texas courts take to resolve the motion or suggestion for reconsideration.” Id.
After the parties had filed their briefs in the instant matter, we decided Melancon v. Kaylo, 259 F.3d 401 (5th Cir.2001), holding that the clock should not start running again between the date of the state trial court’s disposition of a state habeas petition and the petitioner’s timely filing for direct review at the next level. Id. at 406. Accordingly, under Emerson and Melan-con, Lookingbill’s motion to reconsider tolled the running of limitations from March 4 to December 16,1998.
In a supplemental letter brief,5 Looking-bill argues that the district court should have tolled the limitations period until the day after the state district court filed the Court of Criminal Appeals’ letter.6 If we tolled the deadline until December 22, 1998, Lookmgbill’s COA would be timely.
Lookingbill argues that we should apply Texas’s “mailbox rule” to toll limitations for three days past when the letter was mailed. First, even if we tolled the deadline for three days, Lookingbill’s COA would be untimely. Second, although we are sensitive to state law when determining whether a motion is still “pending,” federal law still determines the time limits under AEDPA.8
Federal courts interpret the federal time period as running from the event described rather than from receipt of notice.9 For example, in Spencer v. Sutton, 239 F.3d 626, 630 (4th Cir.2001), the court reversed a district court for tolling under AEDPA where the petitioner had only one day after the state’s actual denial to file a federal petition, reasoning that AEDPA’s one-year period suffices, even considering the time it takes for notice to travel through the mails. Id.
Lookingbill does not point to any other provision of state law to argue that his habeas petition is pending. This makes good sense. No other provision of Texas law applies; Texas law bars filing the motion we are considering.
Trying, as does the dissent, to graft the generic Texas rules of criminal, civil, and appellate procedure onto a discretionary motion that Texas courts consistently refuse to recognize would be quite challenging.10 Despite several opportunities for
Where a habeas petitioner fails to brief an argument adequately, we consider it waived.11 We think it especially unwise to interpret the Texas statutes and rules of procedure identified by the dissent, without the benefit of briefing, while relying only on the text of the statutes and rules. Then to apply those statutes and rules to a motion that the Texas rules expressly forbid risks mangling state law beyond recognition.
Circuit precedent requires us to establish a bright-line rule that corresponds to when the Court of Criminal Appeals actually disposed of the motion for reconsideration. Based on the arguments raised in this appeal, we conclude that the court did so in its letter of December 16,1998.
Because the state court denied the motion for reconsideration on that date, the remaining 215 days expired on July 19, 1999. Lookingbill filed his application on July 23, 1999, making it four days late. Thus, he cannot argue, based solely on Emerson, that his federal habeas petition was timely filed.
B.
Lookingbill argues, though, that his motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel tolled limitations from May 19, 1998, the date of the motion, to February 3,1999, when he was appointed federal habeas counsel. He cites numerous cases demonstrating the importance of the right to counsel. He has not, however, cited any case in which a motion for appointment of counsel tolled limitations. “[A] habeas petition is pending only after a petition for a writ of habeas corpus itself is filed.” Williams v. Cain, 125 F.3d 269, 274 (5th Cir.1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the filing of the federal habeas petition — not of a motion for appointment of counsel — tolls limitations.12 Looking-bill’s motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel did not toll limitations, so his federal petition was time-barred under
III.
Lookingbill argues that equitable tolling should excuse him from AEDPA’s one-year limitations period. We review a denial of equitable tolling only for “abuse of discretion.” Molo v. Johnson, 207 F.3d 773, 775 (5th Cir.2000); Fisher v. Johnson, 174 F.3d 710, 713 (5th Cir.1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1164, 121 S.Ct. 1124, 148 L.Ed.2d 991 (2001).
AEDPA’s limitations period is subject to equitable tolling and is not a
Lookingbill argues that we should grant equitable tolling for four reasons. First, he claims that he was unduly burdened by not having federal habeas counsel appointed until February 3, 1999. Lookingbill, however, did not address this issue in his brief to the district court. That failure constitutes a waiver on appeal.13 Dowthitt v. Johnson, 230 F.3d 733, 747 n. 16 (5th Cir.2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 915, 121 S.Ct. 1250, 149 L.Ed.2d 156 (2001); Johnson v. Puckett, 176 F.3d 809, 814 (5th Cir.1999).
Second, Lookingbill claims that the lack of federal habeas counsel prevented him from filing a federal habeas petition. As the district court pointed out, however, Lookingbill was quite aware of the limitations period and could have filed a pro se skeletal petition during the pen-dency of his motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel. He did not. Consequently, he cannot succeed on this claim.14
Third, Lookingbill claims that we should apply equitable tolling because his federal habeas counsel was overburdened by a busy docket. He argues that failure to provide equitable tolling would violate the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Lookingbill has cited no Fifth Circuit precedent to support this claim. Additionally, as the district court pointed out, “operating under time constraints on federal cases [is] not unusual.” Thus, we decline to apply equitable tolling just because a lawyer is busy. Looking-bill’s federal habeas counsel had sufficient time to file a federal habeas petition within the limits established by
Most recently, in his letter brief, Lookingbill argues that we should equitably toll the statute because he missed the deadline by only four days. In past cases, we have focused on the reasons for missing the deadline rather than on the magnitude of the tardiness.15 At the margins, all
Overall, Lookingbill’s arguments for equitable tolling constitute “garden variety claim[s] of excusable neglect.” Rashidi, 96 F.3d at 128. Because there are no “rare and exceptional circumstances,” Davis, 158 F.3d at 807, the district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to apply equitable tolling.
All pending motions are denied.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
.
. Although Lookingbill claims he filed the motion to reconsider on March 12, 1998, the motion was notarized on March 16, which therefore is the earliest date on which the motion could have been filed.
. In Pyles v. Morales, No. 396-CV-2838-D, 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22357, at *3 (N.D.Tex. Dec. 2, 1996), the Texas Attorney General‘s office agreed that, for “each death-sentenced individual in Texas who has not filed a state habeas petition, the statute of limitations under
. Ex parte Lemke, 13 S.W.3d 791 (Tex.Crim.App.2000); Ex parte Smith, 977 S.W.2d 610 (Tex.Crim.App.1998); Ex parte Graham, 853 S.W.2d 565 (Tex.Crim.App.1993).
. We asked the parties to submit letter briefs addressing the impact of Melancon.
.Lookingbill does not argue that he failed to receive actual notice of the Court of Criminal Appeals’ decision until after the filing in state district court. The Court of Criminal Appeals’ letter ruling listed LookingbilTs counsel as one of the parties to whom a copy was circulated.
. Lookingbill’s case provides an excellent example. After filing his motion for reconsideration with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, he had no other possible state remedy. Rather than waiting for the court to rule on a technically forbidden motion, which the court had no obligation to consider within a particular time frame, Lookingbill filed his federal habeas petition. No one can seriously contend that that the reason for the untimely filing was that he was waiting for the Court of Criminal Appeals to rule on the motion for reconsideration.
. Artuz, 531 U.S. at 8-9, 121 S.Ct. 361 (giving language of § 2242(d)(2) priority over state law when determining whether motion is “properly filed” in state courts); Emerson, 243 F.3d at 934-35 (focusing on whether motion was practically pending rather than permitted by Texas law); Flanagan, 154 F.3d at 200-01 (applying
. E.g., Halicki v. La. Casino Cruises, Inc., 151 F.3d 465, 467 (5th Cir.1998) (refusing to apply mailbox rule” to
. Beyond forbidding the motion for reconsideration, Texas state laws and rules simply fail to regulate it. Analogous state law sources as varied as those regulating review by the Court of Criminal Appeals, Tex.Code of Crim. P. art. 11.017; the issuance of the mandate,
. Lockett v. Anderson, 230 F.3d 695, 711 n. 27 (5th Cir.2000); Trevino v. Johnson, 168 F.3d 173, 181 n. 3 (5th Cir.1999) (“Because they are inadequately argued, we consider these issues waived.”); East v. Scott, 55 F.3d 996, 1007 n. 8 (5th Cir.1995) (“Because East does not brief these arguments on appeal, we deem them abandoned.”).
. See, e.g.,
. Even assuming, arguendo, that Lookingbill did not waive this argument, it fails, because the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure does not require the state in any way to assist petitioners in filing their federal habeas petitions. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 11.071 § 2(e) (Vernon 2000). Lookingbill cites no provision mandating that the state appoint him counsel for his federal habeas action. Consequently, this claim lacks merit. See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136 (1977).
. See Fisher, 174 F.3d at 714 (noting that ignorance of AEDPA‘s limitations period is no excuse for filing an untimely federal habeas petition); cf. United States v. Flores, 981 F.2d 231, 236 (5th Cir.1993) (noting that pro se status does not excuse an untimely filed federal habeas petition).
.Fisher, 174 F.3d at 712, 715-16 (refusing to toll statute of limitations for seventeen days despite prisoner’s confinement in psychiatric ward without access to glasses or legal materials); Ott v. Johnson, 192 F.3d 510, 513 (5th Cir.1999) (refusing equitable tolling where petitioner missed deadline by only a “few days”), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1099, 120 S.Ct. 1834, 146 L.Ed.2d 777 (2000).
. Ott, 192 F.3d at 512 (four days late); Kiser v. Johnson, 163 F.3d 326, 328 (5th Cir.1999) (two weeks late); Fisher, 174 F.3d at 712 (seventeen days late); Felder v. Johnson, 204 F.3d 168, 171 (5th Cir.) (twenty-one days late), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1035, 121 S.Ct. 622, 148 L.Ed.2d 532 (2000).
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
The majority erroneously denies Look-ingbill relief, however, because it (1) mistakenly assumes that it is not required to apply the meaning of state law; (2) exceeds its jurisdiction by deciding this case according to federal common law rules of its own unauthorized creation; and, in the alternative, (3) fails to recognize that the statute of limitations was equitably tolled.
1.
Federal courts are required to apply governing state procedural law in determining whether an application for state post-conviction relief “is properly filed” or “is pending” within the meaning of
Despite the controlling precedents of the Supreme Court and this court, the majority claims that “[c]ircuit precedent requires us to establish a bright-line [federal common law] rule that corresponds to when the [Texas] Court of Criminal Appeals actually disposed of the motion for reconsideration” rather than risk “mangling state law beyond recognition.” Without further explanation, the majority then concludes that, under its “bright line” rule, the state motion for reconsideration was “actually disposed of’ on the date inscribed on the state appellate clerk’s letter and that Lookingbill’s application therefore stopped pending in state court on that date. Because this court lacks the authority or jurisdiction to supersede the state law meaning of “pending” under
The majority asserts that Lookingbill did not raise any of the following state law arguments for tolling and, therefore, these arguments are waived. This is incorrect. In response to this court’s question whether Texas Courts would decide that a petitioner’s application does not cease to pend until the court of Criminal Appeals’ order denying the motion for reconsideration is filed in the trial court, Lookingbill’s counsel stated, “Texas Courts have held that a criminal case is pending’ on direct appeal until the appeal-has been decided and the state trial court receives and files the mandate of the Court of Criminal Appeals.” As to other questions’ raised by the panel concerning the term “pending,” Looking-bill joined with the Attorney General in requesting that questions of Texas procedural law be directed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals in the form of certified questions, a request which the majority denied as “unnecessary.”4 The majority has never informed the parties that their request for certified questions has been denied. They have not, therefore, received notice that the court considers these arguments waived and have not ex
2.
Applying the meaning of the governing Texas procedural law, Lookmgbill’s application for state post-conviction review was “pending” at least until written notice was filed in the state district court on December 21, 1998 announcing the final denial of petitioner’s motion for rehearing by that appellate court. As the majority has recognized, if the limitations period was tolled this long, “Lookingbill’s COA would be timely.”6 There are several reasons for reaching this conclusion under the meaning of the Texas governing law.
a.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals is required to expeditiously review all applications for a writ of habeas corpus, and, after reviewing the record, enter its judgment remanding the applicant to custody, or ordering the applicant’s release, as the law and facts may justify.7 The record presented for our review contains only a single judge order which simply denies Lookingbill’s application. Because the Texas Criminal Court of Appeals has not rendered a judgment remanding Looking-bill to custody or ordering his release, his application is still pending in the state appellate court insofar as the record discloses.
b.
Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, Rule 19.1 provides that a “court of appeals’ plenary power over its judgment expires ... 80 days after the court overrules all timely filed motions for rehearing and motions to extend time to file a motion.” Rule 19.2 further provides that “[i]n a civil case, the court of appeals retains plenary power to vacate or modify its judgment during the periods prescribed in 19.1 even if a party has filed a petition for review in the Supreme Court.” Thus, it is evident that under Texas law the Court of Criminal Appeals retained plenary power and jurisdiction of Lookingbill’s application for 80 days after it overruled his timely motion for rehearing. If that motion was overruled on December 16, 1998, as the majority concludes, Lookingbill’s application remained pending within the jurisdiction and plenary power of the Court of Criminal Appeals until January 15, 1999. Consequently, the statute was tolled a sufficient amount of time to make Looking-bill’s federal application herein timely.
c.
The clerk of the appellate court that renders a judgment must issue a mandate in accordance with the judgment and send it to the clerk of the court to which it is directed when the applicable period expires.8 In the Supreme Court and the Court of Criminal Appeals, the applicable period is “[t]en days after the time has expired for filing a motion to extend time
In the present case, the record does not contain a judgment either remanding the petitioner to “custody or ordering his release, as required by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 11.071, or a mandate in accordance with such a judgment that was sent to the clerk of the district court, as required by Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure,
Consequently, jurisdiction of Looking-bill’s petition remained pending in the Court of Criminal Appeals for at least a sufficient amount of time to make his federal application timely. Even if by a large stretch of imagination the appellate clerk of court’s letter to the presiding judge of the district court could be considered to be a mandate of a judgment, it is undisputed that it was not filed in the district court until December 21, 1998 and could not have divested the court of appeals of jurisdiction or reinvested the district court with the same until that date. Even under this conceit, Lookingbill’s federal petition was timely.
3.
“The doctrine of equitable tolling preserves a plaintiffs claims when strict application of the statute of limitations would be inequitable.”11 Assuming, arguendo, that Lookingbill’s petition was untimely, I disagree with the majority’s refusal to grant equitable tolling because a strong argument can be made that the petition was timely filed and because Lookingbill’s twice-requested court-appointed lawyer, not Lookingbill, was derelict in failing to file a petition before the limitations period expired. In his brief before this court, Lookingbill argues that the court should equitably toll the time period between his first request for postconviction counsel on May 19, 1998 and the ultimate appointment of federal counsel on February 3, 1999.
Although the general rule is that equitable tolling should only be applied in “rare and exceptional circumstances,”12 recently the Third Circuit, in Fahy v. Horn, held that the confusion surrounding the AED-PA’s statute of limitations warranted equitable tolling in a capital case even when the circumstances were not exceptional:
Because the consequences are so grave and the applicable law is so confounding and unsettled, we must allow less than“extraordinary” circumstances to trigger equitable tolling of the AEDPA’s statute of limitations when a petitioner has been diligent in asserting his or her claims and rigid application of the statute would be unfair.13
Lookingbill’s arguments for equitable tolling are more than “garden variety elaim[s] of excusable neglect”14 and he was clearly diligent in pursuing his claims by seeking federal counsel during the pen-dency of his state habeas petition. Although there is no constitutional right to appointment of counsel in collateral review, the State of Texas and the United States government have conferred a statutory right to the appointment of counsel in death penalty habeas proceedings.15 After the application for a writ of habeas corpus had been denied by the Court of Criminal Appeals on March 5, 1998, Lookingbill’s state-appointed counsel filed a motion for appointment of federal habeas counsel, but no action was taken by the federal court. Lookingbill filed a second motion for appointment of federal counsel on September 23,1998, even though his motion for reconsideration was still pending before the Court of Criminal Appeals. In December, Lookingbill’s counsel was discharged and he remained without representation until February 3, 1999, when the federal district court finally granted his motion and appointed federal habeas counsel. In my opinion, it would be fundamentally unfair to penalize Lookingbill for the time elapsed during the pendency of his motion for appointment of counsel in light of the grave consequences and unsettled state of the law.
Finally, the majority’s conclusion that Lookingbill could have filed a skeletal federal habeas corpus petition pro se imposes an unfair and unrealistic burden upon an unsophisticated prisoner represented by a dilatory court-appointed attorney. Habeas corpus petitions must meet heightened pleading requirements and comply with the Supreme Court’s doctrines of procedural default and waiver.16 Federal courts can summarily dismiss any habeas petition that appears legally insufficient on its face.17 “Moreover, should a defendant’s pro se petition be summarily dismissed, any petition subsequently filed by counsel could be subject to dismissal as an abuse of the writ.”18
For the foregoing reasons, we should grant equitable tolling.19 As we have wisely concluded before, “[w]e must be cautious not to apply the statute of limitations too harshly,”20 especially where the consequences of error are so grave.
. “If we tolled the deadline until December 22, 1998, Lookingbill’s COA would be time-]y.” Maj. Op. p. 261.
. Id. at 8, 121 S.Ct. 361. Accord Emerson v. Johnson, 243 F.3d 931, 932-935 (5th Cir.2001).
. Williams v. Cain, 217 F.3d 303, 310 (5th Cir.2000)(quoting Bennett v. Artuz, 199 F.3d 116, 120 (2d Cir.1999)), affirmed on other grounds, 531 U.S. 4, 121 S.Ct. 361, 148 L.Ed.2d 213 (2000)(internal quotations omitted); Hizbullahankhamon v. Walker, 255 F.3d 65, 69 (2d Cir.2001)(same); Currie v. Matesanz, 281 F.3d 261, 266 (1st Cir.2002)(same); Fernandez v. Sternes, 227 F.3d 977, 980 (7th Cir.2000); Swartz v. Meyers, 204 F.3d 417, 420 (3d Cir.2000)(same); Taylor v. Lee, 186 F.3d 557, 561 (4th Cir.1999); Nino v. Galaza, 183 F.3d 1003, 1006 (9th Cir.1999); Barnett v. Lemaster, 167 F.3d 1321, 1323 (10th Cir. 1999). Accord Bunney v. Mitchell, 262 F.3d 973, 974 (9th Cir.2001); Melancon v. Kaylo, 259 F.3d 401, 406 (5th Cir.2001). Thus, the application is ” pending,’ not only when it actually is being considered by the trial or appellate court, but also during the ‘gap’ between the trial court’s initial disposition and the petitioner’s ‘timely filing of a petition for review at the next level.’ ” Currie, 281 F.3d at 266 (citing and quoting from Melancon, 259 F.3d at 406). “That rule applies to applications for discretionary review as well as to appeals as of right.” Currie, 281 F.3d at 266 n. 7 (citing Swartz, 204 F.3d at 421; Taylor, 186 F.3d at 561; Barnett, 167 F.3d at 1323).
.I would have certified the questions to the state court.
. 281 F.3d 261 (1st Cir.2002).
. Maj. Op. p. at 261.
.
.
.
. See 6 Tex. Jur.3d Appellate Review § 815 Cciting Dixie Gas and Fuel Co. v. Jacobs, 66 S.W.2d 446 (Tex.Civ.App.Beaumont 1933)). See 6 Tex. Jur.3d Appellate Review § 821 as to the power of the appellate court to enforce a mandate by the use of extraordinary writs.
. Davis v. Johnson, 158 F.3d 806, 810 (5th Cir.1998).
. Id. at 807.
. 240 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 122 S.Ct. 323, 151 L.Ed.2d 241 (2001).
. Maj. Op. p. at 265 (citing Rashidi v. Am. President Lines, 96 F.3d 124, 128 (5th Cir.1996)).
. Tex. C.Crim. Proc. art. 11.071;
. McFarland v. Scott, 512 U.S. 849, 856, 114 S.Ct. 2568, 129 L.Ed.2d 666 (1994).
. Id.
. Id.
. Davis v. Johnson, 158 F.3d 806, 812 (5th Cir. 1998).
. Fisher v. Johnson, 174 F.3d 710, 713 (5th Cir.1999).