Long v. Wilson

119 Iowa 267 | Iowa | 1903

Ladd, J.

'For the purpose of this case, the averments of the petition and third division of the answer must be treated as true. If so, then defendants are encroaching upon and obstructing the only street by which plaintiff has convenient access to his homestead abutting thereon. The defendants justify this by a decree in an action wherein their grantor was plaintiff and the cit v of Berry, within whose limits the property is located, was defendant, awarding said grantor all of said street, save a strip thirteen feet wide along the east side of plaintiff’s lots, as a part of block 4 to the east, and belonging to them. Blaintiff was not a party to that action. Is he bound by the adjudication? As contended by appellant, the decree is binding upon all citizens of the city of Berry having no interest in the street, other than as individual members of the general public. The legally constituted authorities of the city stand for and instead of its citizens, and may be said to represent them in such litigation. Clark v. Wolf, 29 Iowa, 197; Lyman v. Faris, 53 Iowa, 498; Cannon v. Nelson, 83 Iowa, 242; Dicken v. Morgan, 59 Iowa, 157. This is not questioned. What appelleé contends is that, as owner of the property abutting on the alleged street, he has a right to and interest in the street distinct and different from that of the general public. This doctrine has been expressly recognized in this state. Cook v. City of Burlington, 30 Iowa, 94; Warren v. City of Lyons, 22 Iowa, 351. The authorities are practically agreed to the same effect. Elliott, Roads & Streets, section 877.

It may not be of importance to the general public whether a particular street is vacated or not. It is important to the individual owner of abutting property that he shall be able to get to and from his residence or business, and that the public shall have the means of getting there for social or business purposes. In such a case access to thoroughfares connecting his property with other parts of the town or city has a value peculiar to him, apart from that shared in by citizens generally, and his right to the street as a means of enjoying the free and convenient use of his property has a value quite as certainly as the property itself. If this special right is of value, — and it is of value if it increases the worth of his abutting premises,— then it is property, regardless of the extent of such value. Surely no argument is required to demonstrate that the deprivation of the use of property is to that extent the destruction of its value.

Under the allegations of the petition, then, shutting off the approach to plaintiff’s homestead was the taking of his property, and of this there has been no adjudication. Haynes v. Thomas, 7 Ind. 38; Lackland v. Railroad Co., 31 Mo. 180; Bradbury v. Walton, 94 Ky. 167 (21 S.W. Rep. 869); Heller v. Railroad Co., 28 Kan. 625; Heinrich v. City of St. Louis, 125 Mo. 424 (28 S. W. Rep. 626, 46 Am. St. Rep. 490); Bannon v. Rohemeiser, 90 Ky. 48 (13 S. W. Rep. 444, 29 Am. St. Rep. 355); Abendroth v. Railway Co., 122 N. Y. 1 (25 N. E. Rep. 496, 11 L. R. A. 634, 19 Am. St. Rep. 461); Cincinnati & Spring Grove Ave. St. Ry. Co. v. Incorporated Village of Cumminsville, 14 Ohio St. 523; Anderson v. Turbeville, 6 Cold. 150. As said in Heinrich v. City of St. Louis, supra: “There is no doubt but a property owner has an easement in a street upon which his property abuts which is special to him, and should be protected. While'the owner of a lot on a public street has the same right to the use of a street that rests in the public, he at the same time has other rights which are special and peculiar to him, and the right of ingress and egress is one of them. * his right of access is appurtenant to his lot, and is private property. To destroy that right is to damage his property, and when this is done for the public good the public must make just compensations. ”

We are not questioning the power of the legislature, through the municipality, to vacate streets, ihat has been fully recognized by this court. McLachlan v. Town of Gray, 105 Iowa, 259, and cases cited. Conceding such power, it does not follow that it may be exercised without compensating abutting owners for the damages occasioned thereby. Paul v. Carver, 24 Pa. 207 (64 Am. Rep. 649), and McGee’s Appeal, 114 Pa. 470 (8 Atl. Rep. 237), are often cited as announcing that compensation cannot be exa'ted in event of the vacation of a street. Although the opinions broadly state this, it is to. be-observed that-they were causes in which the municipalities were sought to be enjoined from exercising the power to vacate, and did not necessarily involve the right of the abutter to recover damages. The power to vacate, as we think, does not necessarily depend on the absence of the right to recover damages for the taking of private property. Damages might be awarded in a subsequent action.

But these cases are to be further distinguished, in that the publ c had but an easement, and the vacation amounted to no more ’ - a surrender of this to the owner of the fee. They seem in this respect to be in narmony with our own decisions relating to the vacation of a country highway. In deciding this question, the court, in Brady v. Shinkle, 40 Iowa, 576, said: “That a landowner may sustain damage, according to the common acceptance of the word on account of a vacation of a highway, as stated in the question, cannot be doubted. It is equally true that inconvenience and damage may result to him by closing a road which is miles away from his land A farmer may suffer serious loss and inconvenience by the ' acation of a highway over which he is acc.ustomc l to travel and haul the xirod actions of his farm to market, though his land abuts upon no part of i.t. All who use the road suffer in the same way. WliLe one may be more largely injured than others, he yet sustains damages of the same character and nature which all who use the road — the public generally — suffer. While the road exists, he has a right to the easement. But this right is cot different from that enjoyed by the public generally. His right then, is such as is enjoyed by the public. His damages are those shared by the public, and no other.” See, also, Grove v. Allen, 92 Iowa, 519; McKinney v. Baker, 100 Iowa, 362. This is t e prevailing rule. Levee Dist. v. Farmer, 101 Cal. 178 (35 Pac. Rep. 569, 23 L. R. A. 388); State v. Board of Com'rs of Deer Lodge Co., 19 Mont. 582 (49 Pac. Rep. 147). See, contra, Pearsall v. Supervisors, 74 Mich. 558 (42 N. W. Rep. 77, 4 L. R. A. 193).

In the vacation of an ordinary highway, outside of a city or town, all .that is done is to yield control of the easement in the land, and the right of exclusive possession jiasses to the owner, to be occupied as a private way, or otherwise, as he pleases. Its discontinuance does not of necessity cut off access to his property. The public merely ceases to keep up and repair tne strip of land as a highway. The situatio -, although analogous in some respects, is different with a town or city street. The abutting lot owner cannot complain if the street be left in precisely the same condition as á country road. The municipality owes him no legal duty of improving it. Upon its vacation, however, the fee, remaining in the city or town, may be devoted to whatever purposes it may choose, and hence access be entirely cut off. It may be diverted absolutely from the purposes for which dedicated, and this brings us to the main distinction between a country highway and a street. The former is established by law for the public; the owner usually being paid value for a mere easement in his land, though there may be gratuitous dedication. Title to the streets of a city or town is acquired by grant with the implied right of ingress and egress in the abutting lot owner; the grantor or the party making the dedication of the city or town saying to him, “This right of ingress and egress you shall have. ” Bradbury v. Walton, 94 Ky. 163 (21 S. W. Rep. 869). By accepting the street,, the obligation to keep it open and afford the dedicator or his grantees, near-or remote, access to abutting lots is clearly implied; and though, under the plenary powers of the legislature over all streets and highways, it may be vacated, the damages occasioned thereby cannot be said to be those shared with the public generally, as in the case of a country road, but are in large part peculiar to himself. Anderson v. Turbeville, 6 Cold. 150; Seldon v. City of Jacksonville, 28 Fla. 558 (10 South. Rep. 457, 14 L. R. A. 370, 29 Am. St. Rec. 278); Moose v. Carson, 104 N. C. 431 (10 S. E. Rep. 689, 7 L. R. A. 548, 17 Am. St. Rep. 681); Town of Rensselaer v. Leopold, 106 Ind. 29 (5 N. E. Rep. 761), and cases previously cited; People v. Marin Co., 103 Cal. 223 (26 L. R. A. 659,) and note in which decisions are collected (s. c. 37 Pac. rep. 203). Damages incident to the occupation of the street by a railroad are denied, in the absence of statute, because the inconvenience occasioned thereby is shared in by the citizens generally. Nor do courts look favorably on claims based on the mere inconvenience arising from the closing of streets, when another approach remains. Insurance Co. v. Stevens, 101 N. Y. 411 (5 N. E. Rep. 353); Feariny v. Irwin, 55 N. Y. 486; Dantzer v. Railway Co., 141 Ind. 604 (39 N. E. Rep. 223, 34 L. R. A. 769, 50 Am. St. Rep. 343). And no consideration will be given the claims of owners of land not abutting thereon. Smith v. City of Boston, 7 Cush. 254; City of East St. Louis v. O’Flynn, 119 Ill. 200 (10 N. E. Rep. 395, 59 Am. Rep. 795); Heller v. Railroad Co., 28 Kan. 625.

The point involved was touched in Barr v. City of Oskaloosa, 45 Iowa, 275. The ruling there affirmed sustained a demurrer to a petition that, while alleging the vacation of the street, also asserted that access to the dwelling house was greatly obstructed, not cut off. It was held'that the city had the power to vacate, and that damages could not be recovered for the partial use thereof by the railroad; but in the course of the opinion, after referring to the statute, the court said: “This section clearly confers upon the city the power exercised in this case, and for an exercise of this right the city cannot be made to respond in damages.” But the case has not been treated in subsequent decisions as disposing of the question. Thus in Stubenrauch v. Nevenesch, 54 Iowa, 567, it was mentioned and treated as open, but a decision of it expressly disclaimed; Barr v. City of Oskaloosa, being cited. In Williams v. Carey, 73 Iowa, 194, the court said that the use of the street in Barr’s Case had not been diverted, but was “still devoted to a public use, different, possibly, from the one intended by the proprietor who’laid out the town.” The writer of the opinion had spoken for the court in Cook v. City of Burlington, 30 Iowa, 94, and quoted with approval language from an Ohio case which so clearly expresses our conclusion that.it will bear repetition: “The lot owners have a peculiar interest in the street, which neither "the local or general public can pretend to claim; a private right in the nature of an incorporeal hereditament legally attached to the contiguous grounds and the erections thereon; an incidental title to certain facilities and franchises assured to them by contract and by law, and without which their property would be comparatively of little value. This easement appendant to the lots, unlike any right of one lot owner in the lot of another, is as much property as the lot itself.”

Having determined all necessary to a decision of this case, the question of liability for damages ought to be deferred until directly involved. It follows that, asplaintiif had an interest in the street apart and distinct from that enjoyed by citizens generally, the adjudication against the city of Perry was not binding on him, and the demurrer was rightly sustained. Hine v. Railroad Co., 42 Iowa, 636. —Affirmed.