221 F. 191 | 2d Cir. | 1915
At Freeport the railroad runs east and west, with station located about half way between Main street and Grove street: the two streets being about 600 feet apart. Both streets cross the railroad from south to north. Plaintiff, with her mother and sister and the witness Collier, were in a taxicab; the three ladies on the rear seat, Collier on the right-hand collapsible seat facing west. Mott, the chauffeur, was alone on the left-hand side of the front seat. They were moving north on Grove street, intending 1o cross the tracks and go to the north station platform, where the ladies were to take a westbound local train due at 7:08 p. m. It was raining hard, with a high wind from southeast. As one proceeds north along Grove street towards the crossing, the view to the east is at first obstructed; but when a point is reached 100 feet south of the crossing the view to the east for a considerable distance beyond the station is wholly unobstructed, except by a low picket fence between east and west hound tracks. The chauffeur and the witness Collier, who lived in Freeport, were familiar with the locality.
The taxicab proceeded along Grove street onto the crossing, where it was struck by a west-bound express running at a speed variously estimated at from 25 to 35 miles an hour. There were no gates at the crossing; the statute did not require them. The first subject to be considered is what precautions were taken generally by the railroad com - pany to protect persons using the crossing; The statute required » whistle to he blown on the engine at a specified distance east of the crossing; the engine was equipped with a whistle in good order. The statute also required that at a specified distance east of the crossing the engine bell should begin ringing; the engine was- equipped with an automatic bell, and when started it would continue to ring until stopped. In addition to these statutory precautions, the railroad had installed a gong on the west side of the crossing. The gong was electrically connected with the track. At a point 2,000 feet or more east of the crossing a contact spring would set it ringing, and when set ringing it would continue to do so for four minutes. Persons familiar with the locality knew of the gong, and, no doubt, were accustomed to rely upon it. as a warning of approaching trains. The railroad had also stationed a flagman at the crossing between some hour in the morning and 7 p. m. He was still on duty when this accident happened. It had supplied him with a shanty or shelter in which he could remain when his services were not required. ^ He was not stationed there to warn persons about to cross, but to notify approaching trains whether or not the track was clear. After dark (as it was then) he carried a lantern, which he was to move up and down to indicate a clear track, and from side to side to indicate danger. Persons familiar with the locality knew of his presence on the track when trains were approaching, and, no doubt, relied to some extent on his presence or absence as indicating the approach or uonapproach of a train. The headlight of the express was burning and its cars lit up. To any one approaching the crossing from a point 100 feet south until the track is reached there was nothing to obstruct the view of a train approaching from the east, except such obscuration as rain driving on the glass of the window behind him would interpose to the vision of Collier.
Two other witnesses for plaintiff, who will be referred to later, testified that they did not hear the whistle. Another witness for the plaintiff, who was standing on the platform waiting for the 7:08 train, heard a whistle to the east and thought it was his train. He turned and looked towards it, and saw it coming all lit up; knew it was not his train, as it went past him with a crash and a roar. When it was as far east of him as Main street, he could hear the noise it made.
Several witnesses were called by defendant, some in the employ of the railroad company. From their several narratives it would appear that the whistle was sounded at the proper place, that the engine bell began to ring at the proper place and continued ringing until collision, that' the gong was set in motion as usual and continued sounding for four minutes, and that the- flagman was on the crossing signaling the train with his lantern and was seen doing so.
*195 “Has lio ever noticed, as he has been in that room before this accident, had lie ever noticed whether or not he could hear trains approaching, the signals they gave, whistles or bell?”
Over like objection and exception to the further question whether on previous occasions he did hear them, he answered “Yes.” This was error, because it was not shown that the circumstances were the same. The door and windows might have been open on the prior occasions, and he might have been listening for the train, expecting some friend would arrive on it. A proper question would have been;
“Can you recall any occasions when you heard the whistle and bell of a train approaching from the east, when you were in the same room with door and windows closed, a rainstorm with high wind prevailing, and yourself engaged in conversation, or in writing, or in reading, or with your attention otherwise occupied?”
The error might he held harmless, had it not been for the instructions to the jury on the subject of negative testimony.
Another witness for plaintiff, the chief_o£ police, was in the station house located 40 feet south of the depot and 200 feet west of Grove street. He. was engaged in writing a report and did not hear the whistle. He also, over obj ection and exception, was allowed to testify that on previous occasions he had heard the whistle when he was in that room, without confining him to occasions like this, when .his attention was engaged in some way, and when there was a storm, with wind from the southeast, which would tend to carry the sound away from the station house.
“As against positive affirmative evidence by credible witnesses as to the ringing of the bell or the sounding of the whistle, there must be something more than the testimony of one or more witnesses that they did not hear it. It must appear that they were looking, watching, and listening, for it; that their attention was directed to the fact. A mere ‘I did not hear’ is entitled to no weight, in the presence of affirmative evidence that the signal was given.”
To this the court said:
“That I decline to charge as a whole, just as it is written. Of course, ‘I did not hear’ is entitled to weight, if the person who says he did not hear was in a situation where he probably would have heard, and necessarily must have heard. Suppose one man swears that a gun was fired in this room two minutes ago. We were all here; we were not expecting a gun, had no reason to apprehend a gun, were, not thinking anything about a gun; it was not in our minds. And still, if that man who happened to be in here should go outside, and go over into another branch of this court, and swear that five minutes ago a gun was fired in this room and that he heard it, the evidence of every one of us would be competent and proper to show that the gun was not fired here, and my judgment is that it would produce a finding of perjury against that man, because, while we were not watching for a gun, or expecting a gun, or thinking anything about a gun, it is extremely probable that, if one had been fired here, we would all have heard it.”
Exceptions were reserved to the refusal to charge the request and to comment upon it. Some qualification of the request might properly hare been made, but the illustration given to the jury was so very re
“Speed alone, I say that is true; but the speed may be considered with other things and conditions.”
If this were all the jury were told about speed, it would not be obnoxious to criticism; but it was. not all. The court had told them a great deal about speed. This brief statement at the close, especially with its reference to “other things and conditions” would hardly be taken by them as qualifying the instructions already given them, on that subject, in the main charge. After describing the size of the village, and the number of persons who might be expected to be in the vicinity of the crossing in the evening, the court said (in the main charge):
“Plaintiff contends that in view of that situation, which was known to the railroad company, the railroad company was negligent in running this express train, through that village and over that crossing, at that time in the evening, after dark, in the storm, the darkness, and the wind which then prevailed at the (speed shown in the testimony). * * * ”
Elsewhere:
“Plaintiff claims that to approach this crossing under such circumstances and surroundings, on such a night with the wind blowing, in that village, proceeding at that rate (nearly 40 miles an. hour) was evidence of negligence in that regard; that it was negligence to imperil people who in the darkness and storm and rain might be using that crossing to proceed at such speed, and that it should have proceeded more slowly.”
After referring to other branches of the case, the court again said:
“While this defendant had the right of way, it was its duty to apprehend that foot passengers or people in vehicles or automobiles might be at or even on the crossing, and hence be on the lookout, use reasonable care to have the train under control, the speed under control in such a place, of about some ñ,000 to 7,000 people, whatever it is, reasonable and proper signals given of*197 its approach, either by bell or whistle or whistles, or even both, if circumstances and conditions demanded it, at a reasonable and suitable distance from the crossing.”
We find it difficult to escape the conviction that the jury took this case with the understanding that, although the evidence might satisfy them that all four precautions had been observed—whistle, bell, gong, and flagman—and the speed limit were not exceeded, nevertheless they might hold the defendant negligent, if they thought the speed was such as not to leave the train under proper control in such a place. We think defendant was prejudiced thereby.
Judgment reversed.