Oscar LOHR, Appellant, v. COBUR CORPORATION, et al., Respondents.
No. 64021.
Supreme Court of Missouri, En Banc.
Aug. 16, 1983.
883 S.W.2d 883
DONNELLY, Judge.
The principal opinion relies on State v. Olds, 603 S.W.2d 501 (Mo. banc 1980), but that decision is not helpful here. In that case the Court found that the evidence involved an all-or-nothing proposition: Olds “was to be either acquitted of the charged killing on the basis of his alibi defense or found guilty of first degree kidnap-murder” because “under the evidence . . . the jury could find felony-murder as submitted but not a homicide requiring a lesser mental state.” Id. at 509. In Olds, therefore, there was no need to instruct the jury on lesser homicides. This is not such a case. The evidence here does not present “irreconcilable versions” of an incident that “leave no room for a middle ground.” State v. Story, 646 S.W.2d 68, 73 (Mo. banc 1983). The verdict would have been fully supported by the evidence had the jury found appellant guilty under an instruction on second degree murder, and we would have upheld such a verdict against a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. With this in mind, fundamental principles of justice dictate that in this case the jury should have been instructed on second degree murder. Criminal justice must be consistent if the system is to maintain credibility.
In this case the failure to instruct the jury on second degree murder “so . . . failed to instruct the jury on the law of the case as to cause manifest injustice.” Murphy, 592 S.W.2d at 733. The judgment should be reversed, and the case should be remanded for a new trial.
Oscar LOHR, Appellant, v. COBUR CORPORATION, et al., Respondents.
No. 64021.
Supreme Court of Missouri, En Banc.
Aug. 16, 1983.
Harold A. Thomas, Jr., Timothy K. Kellett, St. Louis, for respondents.
DONNELLY, Judge.
Appellant Oscar Lohr brought this action to quiet title to certain property purchased by Collector‘s Deed at a tax sale. The sale was conducted pursuant to
This is the second appeal in this case. In a prior appeal, in Lohr v. Cobur Corp., 622 S.W.2d 270 (Mo.App.1981), the Court of Appeals, Eastern District, reversed an earlier judgment of the trial court that the sale was defective for failure strictly to comply with the requirements of
The facts are undisputed. At all times relevant to this proceeding, Cobur Corp. was owner of a certain tract of real property in St. Louis County. On June 1, 1971, Cobur Corp. executed and delivered a deed of trust on said property to Pioneer as security for a loan. Powers was named trustee. The deed of trust, containing the names and addresses of Pioneer and Powers, was recorded in the office of the St. Louis County Recorder of Deeds. An agreement modifying this loan was recorded later. The loan has not been repaid and the deed of trust not released.
In 1975, the Collector of Revenue of St. Louis County commenced proceedings to offer the Cobur property for sale for delinquent real estate taxes. Prior to January 1, 1970, such sales were accomplished by judicial proceedings. However, because of the expense, length, and complication of the procedures involved, the County Council of St. Louis County provided that after that
In 1975, 1976, and 1977, the Collector had published in the St. Louis Countian a notice of the “First Offering“, “Second Offering“, and “Third Offering” of sale of the property for delinquent real estate taxes. The published notices of the sale were in the name of Cobur Corp. only, and did not mention either Pioneer or Powers. The property was sold by the Collector to Lohr at the tax sale held on August 26, 1977, and a Collector‘s Deed was issued to Lohr. At no time was any effort made by the Collector to search the title of the property or run the records in the office of the Recorder of Deeds to determine if there were any deeds of trust on the real property to be sold. Neither Pioneer nor Powers was given notice by the St. Louis County Collector or anyone else at any time prior to the purported sale that a tax sale or any other procedure was contemplated that would in any way affect the continuing validity of the lien of the recorded deed of trust.
Is the interest held by Pioneer, the deed of trust beneficiary, “property” protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?
In Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 576-77, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2708-09, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972), the United States Supreme Court said:
“The Fourteenth Amendment‘s procedural protection of property is a safeguard of the security of interests that a person has already acquired in specific benefits. These interests—property interests—may take many forms.
* * * * * *
To have a property interest in a benefit, a person clearly must have more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it. It is a purpose of the ancient institution of property to protect those claims upon which people rely in their daily lives, reliance that must not be arbitrarily undermined. It is a purpose of the constitutional right to a hearing to provide an opportunity for a person to vindicate those claims.”
In Security-First Nat. Bank of Los Angeles v. Rindge Land & Navigation Co., 85 F.2d 557, 561 (9th Cir.1936), the court said:
“The right to retain a lien until the debt secured thereby is paid is a substantive property right which may not be taken from the creditor consistently with the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Radford, 295 U.S. 555, 594, 55 S.Ct. 854 [865], 79 L.Ed. 1593, 97 A.L.R. 1106.”
More recently, in Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams, — U.S. —, 103 S.Ct. 2706, 2711, 77 L.Ed.2d 180 (1983), the United States Supreme Court stated that “a mortgagee possesses a substantial property interest that is significantly affected by a tax sale.”
We conclude that the interest of a deed of trust beneficiary is a substantive property right protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In a tax sale situation, does notice by publication pursuant to
The seminal statement on the question is found in Mullane v. Central Hanover Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314, 70 S.Ct. 652, 657, 94 L.Ed. 865 (1950): “An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”
At least prior to Mullane, notice of tax sales by publication in compliance with statutory requirements was sustained against contentions of violation of due process
Mullane, however, explicitly rejected the characterization of a particular action as one in rem or in personam as a solution to questions of sufficiency of notice. The Court did not commit itself to any particular test for determining the form notice must take, but espoused the general principle that the notice be reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to inform interested parties. It was content to suggest a balancing of the interests of the State against the individual interest sought to be protected by the Due Process Clause. 339 U.S. at 313-14, 70 S.Ct. at 656-57.
The Court gave further guidance in Schroeder v. City of New York, 371 U.S. 208, 212-13, 83 S.Ct. 279, 282, 9 L.Ed.2d 255 (1962):
“The general rule that emerges from the Mullane case is that notice by publication is not enough with respect to a person whose name and address are known or very easily ascertainable and whose legally protected interests are directly affected by the proceedings in question. ‘Where the names and post office addresses of those affected by a proceeding are at hand, the reasons disappear for resort to means less likely than the mails to apprise them of its pendency.’ 339 U.S., at 318, 70 S.Ct., at 659.”
In Greene v. Lindsey, 456 U.S. 444, 451, 102 S.Ct. 1874, 1879, 72 L.Ed.2d 249 (1982), the Court stated:
“The sufficiency of notice must be tested with reference to its ability to inform people of the pendency of proceedings that affect their interests. In arriving at the constitutional assessment, we look to the realities of the case before us. In determining the constitutionality of a procedure established by the State to provide notice in a particular class of cases, ‘its effect must be judged in the light of its practical application to the affairs of men as they are ordinarily conducted.’ North Laramie Land Co. v. Hoffman, 268 U.S. 276, 283, 45 S.Ct. 491, 494, 69 L.Ed. 953 (1925).”
Most recently, in Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams, — U.S. at —, 103 S.Ct. at 2711, the Court held:
“When the mortgagee is identified in a mortgage that is publicly recorded, constructive notice by publication must be supplemented by notice mailed to the mortgagor‘s [sic] last known available address, or by personal service. But unless the mortgagee is not reasonably identifiable, constructive notice alone does not satisfy the mandate of Mullane.”
We conclude that where a deed of trust naming the deed of trust beneficiary is publicly recorded, notice by publication alone is insufficient and must be supplemented by notice mailed to the beneficiary‘s last known available address or by personal service.
The trial court found that the deed of trust containing the names and addresses of Pioneer and Powers was duly filed for record in the Office of the Recorder of Deeds of St. Louis County. Consequently, the tax sale was insufficient to extinguish the deed of trust, which remains in full force and effect.
The judgment is affirmed.
HIGGINS and GUNN, JJ., concur.
BLACKMAR, J., and HOUSER, Senior Judge, concur in separate opinions filed.
BILLINGS, J., concurs in separate opinion filed and concurs in separate concurring opinion of HOUSER, Senior Judge.
RENDLEN, C.J., concurs in result.
WELLIVER, J., not sitting.
This case is controlled by Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams, — U.S. —, 103 S.Ct. 2706, 77 L.Ed.2d 180 (1983). There is no basis for distinguishing the conventional mortgage, which was employed in that case, from the deed of trust, which is customarily used in Missouri real estate transactions. Indiana, like Missouri, holds that one who lends on the security of real estate acquires only a lien, and not the legal title which is purportedly transferred.
The names of defendants-respondents Thomas J. Powers, trustee and of Pioneer Bank and Trust Company, cestui que trust (lender) were available in the office of the recorder of deeds. The trial court, in granting summary judgment in their favor, found that their addresses were “easily ascertainable,” and the appellant does not dispute this finding. The tax sale proceedings, then, were not sufficient to cut off their interests, in the absence of some notice other than by publication, and the plaintiff is not entitled to the decree quieting title, which is the only relief sought. The judgment, therefore, must be affirmed.
Because Mennonite Board shows with certainty that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief sought it is appropriate to deviate from the normal rule that non-constitutional issues be considered first. It is not necessary to consider the reasons adduced by Judge Houser for affirmance.
To say that Mennonite Board poses problems is to speak mildly. The legislature may have to take action. Because of the far-reaching implications of this change from the law as previously understood it is appropriate to mention two readily apparent problems, as follows:
(1) Must the appropriate notice be given to the trustee, or to the cestui, or to both? Prudent lawyers, no doubt, would inquire as to the addresses of both, at least until further light appears. The record, of course, does not show whether the named cestui still holds the note secured by deed of trust. The trustee is usually a passive party, often named without being specifically advised of the particular transaction, and the value of notice to him or her is problematical. Yet these names are the only ones available in the public records.
(2) What rights and remedies do persons in the position of this plaintiff have for the money they have paid into the public treasury on account of delinquent taxes, and what are their priorities with respect to secured lenders?
Neither of the questions just posed was involved in the prior proceedings of this case, or considered in Mennonite Board. Nothing remains but to affirm the present judgment.
HOUSER, Senior Judge, concurring.
I concur in the result reached by Donnelly, J., namely, that the tax sale is insufficient to extinguish the deed of trust and that the deed of trust remains in full force and effect, but for entirely different reasons. It is not necessary to reach the constitutional issue; the sale is void on its face for two reasons: (1) the notice of sale does not strictly follow the statutory requirements concerning the contents of the notice of sale, and (2) the collector‘s deed is void for failure to have the collector‘s deed witnessed by the County Clerk (or in the case of St. Louis County, the Administrative Director of St. Louis County). Costello v. City of St. Louis, 262 S.W.2d 591, 596 (Mo. 1953);
BILLINGS, Judge, concurring.
I concur in the opinion of Donnelly, J., and the concurring opinion of Houser, Sr.J. I write only to suggest that the broad sweep of Mennonite Board of Missions poses additional questions for Missouri tax collectors, purchasers, and title examiners where property is sold under the Jones-Munger Act.