154 A. 41 | Md. | 1931
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Baltimore City for the plaintiff in an action in assumpsit brought by Joseph A. Gamble, receiver of the First National Bank of Dunbar, Pa., hereinafter called the bank, against the Lohmuller Building Company, on a promissory note dated December 30th, 1926, executed by the defendant to the General Lumber Products Company, hereinafter called the lumber company, for $1,395, and indorsed for value by the payee to the bank.
At the time that note was made, the defendant was engaged in the business of building brick and frame houses in Baltimore City; the General Lumber Products Company in the lumber business; and the First National Bank of Dunbar in the banking business. T.B. Palmer was general manager of the lumber company and also president, and a member of the discount committee, of the bank, and John W. Lohmuller was president of the Lohmuller Building Company.
Prior to the date of the note, Palmer solicited from the defendant a subscription to the capital stock of the lumber company, and by representations made by him to Lohmuller induced the defendant to subscribe to stock of that company valued for the purpose at $3,000, and in payment for that stock the defendant executed and delivered to the lumber company the promissory note to which we have referred.
On January 4th, 1927, that note was discounted by the bank and the proceeds credited to the account of the lumber company. Subsequently the bank was found to be insolvent, and on March 7th, 1927, the acting Comptroller of the *537 Currency, being thereto duly authorized, appointed Henry E. Hackney receiver of it. The note being due and unpaid, on April 25th, 1928. Hackney, as receiver, sued the defendant on it, and on May 29th, 1929, the defendant appeared and pleaded. On January 23rd, 1930, Joseph A. Gamble was substituted for Hackney as receiver, the declaration was amended to show that change, and the case proceeded to judgment in the name of Hackney, receiver, etc., against the appellant in this case.
The appeal presents a single question, which is whether knowledge possessed by its officer and agent of some infirmity in a negotiable instrument, or defect in the title of the person negotiating the same, is to be imputed to a corporation discounting it under circumstances which would otherwise constitute it a holder in due course, where such knowledge was acquired by the agent in his individual capacity and not communicated to any other officer or agent of the corporation authorized to act for it in the transaction, where the interest of the officer or agent having such knowledge was adverse to that of the bank in the particular transaction, but where he actually participated therein.
That question grew out of these facts. There was evidence in the case tending to show that Palmer represented to Lohmuller that the lumber company, which afterwards "failed," was in "very good standing," that he would "sure get the profits," that a certain George Schoenhals had bought "three thousand dollars worth of stock," and that the note could be paid off in small instalments; that the representations as to the financial standing of the company and the purchase of stock by Schoenhals were false in fact; that on January 4th, 1927, before its maturity, the bank discounted the note after it had been approved for discount by its discount committee; that, at the time that committee considered the matter, Palmer, who was a member of it, was present and concurred in its action; that no other member of the committee, nor any other official of the bank, knew of any fact or circumstance indicating any infirmity in the note or defect in the title of the lumber company to it; and that when the note was discounted *538 Palmer was general manager of the lumber company and president and a member of the discount committee of the bank.
The point was presented by this statement contained in the plaintiff's third prayer, which was granted: "And the court further instructs the jury that if they shall find that the defendant was induced to sign and deliver the promissory note offered in evidence through the fraud of one T.B. Palmer, knowledge of such fraud was not thereby imputed to the First National Bank of Dunbar, Pa., because in the transaction involving the signing and delivery of said note by the defendant, the said T.B. Palmer was acting in behalf of General Lumber Products, Inc., the payee of the note, and not the said First National Bank of Dunbar, Pa." There was no special exception to the prayer on the ground that it assumed facts, or that there was in the case no evidence legally sufficient to support the hypothesis of fraud upon which it was predicated, so that those objections are not open on this appeal. Code, art. 5, sec. 10. We will consider it therefore as though it properly submitted the legal proposition which we have stated. In respect to that, briefly stated, the appellant's contention is that, since, at the time the discount committee approved the note for discount, Palmer was president of the bank and a member of the committee and acted with it, his knowledge of its inception and purpose was the knowledge of the bank. The appellee, on the other hand, contends that in that transaction Palmer represented the lumber company which presented the note for discount, that his interest was adverse to that of the bank, that knowledge which he acquired, as an individual or as agent for the lumber company, of facts affecting its title to the note, could not as a matter of law be imputed to the bank, and that, as it had no actual knowledge of any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the lumber company's title to it, it took the note as a holder in due course, free from any equities or defences which might be presented in an action between the original parties to it. It is axiomatic that the knowledge of an agent as to any matter within the scope of his authority is the *539
knowledge of his principal. Mechem on Agency, sec. 1803. But that rule is subject to the qualification, recognized by at least the weight of authority, that where the interest of the agent in the particular transaction is adverse to that of his principal, his knowledge will not be imputed to the principal. Ibid. sec. 1815 et seq. And while there is some confusion as to the precise boundaries of that qualification, it is generally recognized as extending to cases in which it clearly appears thatpro hac vice it would be unreasonable to expect the agent to represent his principal. Ibid. The most satisfactory reason for the rule which imputes the knowledge of the agent to the principal is that their interests are identical. Consequently, where no such identity exists, the reason for the rule ceases, and the rule should fail, for "quamvis lex generaliter loquitur,restringenda tamen est, ut cessante ratione et ipsa cessat."Peloubet, Legal Maxims; 4 Co. Inst. 330; 51 C.J. 114. And as the general rule extends to all cases in which the agent acts within the scope of his authority in reference to a matter over which his authority extends, and in which the interests of the agent and his principal are identical, the qualification should by a parity of reasoning reach all cases in which there is no such identity. It has been said that that theory of the rule is inconsistent with the result reached in such cases as Schwind v.Boyce,
Applying those general principles to the acts of officers, employees, or other agents of banking corporations, it is generally held that the knowledge privately acquired by any such agent, and not communicated to his principal or associates, will not be imputed to the corporation in matters in which the interest of the agent is adverse to its own, even where the agent actively participates in the transaction. Black v. FirstNational Bank, supra; Bradford v. Harford Bank, supra; Lilly v.Hamilton Bank (C.C.A.), 178 F. 53, 29 L.R.A. (N.S.) 558 and note; 49 L.R.A. (N.S.) 764 note; Brookhouse v. Union Pub. Co.,
The prayer under consideration improperly assumes as a fact that Palmer did represent the lumber company in the transaction involving the discount of the note, but that defect was not made the ground of an objection in the trial court as required by the statute (Code, art. 5, sec. 10), and is not therefore cognizable in this court, and as the legal proposition submitted by the prayer is unexceptionable, we find no error in the ruling of the trial court in respect to it. Doubt has been expressed as to whether the qualification, as expressed in the prayer, to the general rule which imputes the knowledge of an agent to his principal, applies to the "managing officers of a corporation." 2Pomeroy Eq. Jur. (2d Ed..), sec. 675. But, as stated in Mechemon Agency, sec. 1825, "the distinction has not been generally approved, and no sound reason is perceived why such a distinction should be made," and that statement is supported by the substantial weight of authority. Brookhouse v. Union Publishing *542 Co.,
All exceptions other than that to the trial court's refusal of the defendant's third prayer were abandoned in this court, and since that ruling was free from error it follows that the judgment appealed from will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.