MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
INTRODUCTION
On June 9, 2005, I denied the Defendants’ Motion to Bar the testimony of
Like Gaul, Mr. Dohmeyer’s expert opinion and report may, be divided into three parts. The first is a “preliminary critique” of the report of Loeffel’s damage expert, William Wiersema, contained in a letter dated February 27, 2004. The second and third components are contained in a separate, 41 (unnumbered) page document captioned, “Analysis of Economic Loss.” (“the Analysis”). It, too, was dated February 27th.
The Analysis was a compendium of spreadsheets, reflecting 1) Mr. Dohmeyer’s calculations of the $248,000 economic loss he concluded was suffered by Loeffel, and 2) charts and graphs reflecting financial data for the period 1999-2002 for Loef-fel and for eight, large, publicly traded companies, which were supposed to depict the economic conditions in the steel industry at that time.
Loeffel’s present motion challenges Mr. Dohmeyer’s qualifications to offer expert opinion on economic loss and his methodology and definition of economic loss, which Loeffel argues did not comply with the four, non-definitive factors that
Daubert
said a court could use in determining testimonial reliability.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Prior to preparing his February 27th “preliminary critique” and his Analysis, Mr. Dohmeyer (and/or his two assistants at DVC) reviewed Loeffel’s financial statements for the fiscal years ending November 30, 1999 through November 30, 2002, reviewed the deposition testimony of Loef-fel’s president, Maurice Loeffel and that of Mr. Wiersema, compiled financial data from annual 10k reports and Standard & Poor’s Stock Reports on eight large publicly traded companies in what Mr. Doh-meyer categorized as the “(steel) metals industry,” and interviewed the defendants’ employees. 2 As we shall see, these interviews would play a pivotal role in Mr. Doh-meyer’s analysis of Loeffel’s “economic loss.”
The Analysis concluded that Loeffel had damages prior to August of 2003 of $280,000, damages thereafter of $142,339, and lost profits of $50,000. The Analysis
The Analysis’s second and core assumption was provided by defendants’ employees, who assured Mr. Dohmeyer that the various deficiencies in the Line could be offset by adding two additional workers to production runs and increasing the number of shifts. Using this methodology, and based on his conclusions about “industry” conditions between 1999 and 2002-as reflected by the financial data of eight publicly traded companies-Mr. Dohmeyer concluded that Loeffel’s lost profits could not exceed $50,000.
The Analysis begins with an estimate of the hourly wages of the two additional workers, based upon the rates in Texas, where the defendants were located. Adjusting those rates — $13.00 for an operator and $7.50 for a helper — to what would be comparable in the Chicago area, Mr. Doh-meyer arrived at a total of $26.65 for both positions. Factoring in benefits left the combined rate at $39.98, which Mr. Doh-meyer arbitrarily increased to $50.00 per hour. Over the 702 days Loeffel ran the machine prior to August of 2003, based upon one eight-hour shift per day, Mr. Dohmeyer arrived at a maximum “economic loss” figure of $280,000, the amount that would compensate the two additional workers for the relevant period. (Analysis at 2; Dohmeyer Deposition at 26, 30, 33).
Mr. Dohmeyer then calculated future damages over a ten-year life of the Line, beginning in August of 2003. He began with the assumption, again based on what he was told by the defendants’ employees, that Loeffel could process ten coils of steel on the Line every eight-hour shift. The “economic loss” figure was based on the defendants’ assessment of the processing time. (Dohmeyer Deposition at 63-64). For this period, he was told by the defendants that an additional five minutes of labor per coil would alleviate any problems remaining with the Line during that period. 3 Once again this was based on the twin assumptions that the problems with the stacker’s magnets had been responsible for the vast majority of the deficiencies, and that these problems had been rectified by August, 2003. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 39, 42-43).
The five-minute estimate was a product of the defendants’ assurances that the remaining problem — leveling the steel— could be corrected manually in 30 seconds to one minute per coil, which Mr. Dohmeyer rounded up to five minutes to be “conservative.” (Dohmeyer Deposition at 62-63). This amounted to fifty minutes of labor per shift which he rounded up to an hour. This figure was then multiplied by 468 shifts per year over the ten-year period. Discounting the resulting sum to account for present value, cost of capital, and inflation, Mr. Dohmeyer arrived at $142,339 for future damages. (Analysis at unnumbered p. 3).
The lost profits calculations are a bit more difficult to discern, as the Analysis
Lost Business Economic Profits-August 2003 > .10 Gauge $50,000
60" Inch Line Sold in February 2003
(Analysis at unnumbered page 5). The footnote after the $50,000 figure says “Expected Value of Economic Profits-Max-See Industry Analysis.” However, referring to the Vk page portion of the Analysis captioned “Industry Analysis” is a hopelessly uninformative exercise. All this part of the Analysis did was to summarize some unilluminating generalizations about the steel industry that Mr. Dohmeyer’s DVC assistant had gotten off the internet.
At his deposition, Mr. Dohmeyer explained that the $50,000 figure was drawn from his analysis for processing “high gauge” steel or “toll processing.” (Doh-meyer Dep., at 104, 106). The problems processing “high gauge” steel or “toll processing” could not be corrected by additional labor—that business was lost. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 70-71, 102-104). Although it is unclear from the Analysis, this was apparently a new business that Loef-fel hoped to get into by virtue of the Line, but could not due to the Line’s shortcomings. (Dohmeyer Dep. at 106). In reaching the $50,000 figure, Mr. Dohmeyer also considered his review of Loeffel’s performance between 1999 and 2002, as well as the performance of the eight publicly traded companies selected as the sampling against which Loeffel’s prospects in that period were to be measured. (Analysis at unnumbered pp. 6-11; Dohmeyer Dep. at 116-128).
II.
THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DETERMINING ADMISSIBILITY
Loeffel Steel Products v. Delta Brands,
While
Daubert
reaffirmed the value of the adversary system generally and the capability of juries to understand scientific evidence and weigh the credibility of the competing experts, with their often absolutist and clashing conclusions, it also made clear that in those eases in which the proponent of an expert could not demonstrate the reliability of the methodology employed by the expert, the court was required to disallow the testimony. The opportunity for vigorous cross examination and the presentation of contrary evidence—the traditional and appropriate means of attacking shaky but admissible evidence,
Daubert,
Kumho Tire Co. Ltd. v. Carmichael,
Daubert
also cautioned judges assessing a proffer of expert testimony under Rule 702 to be mindful of other applicable rules, such as Rule 703, which permits an expert to base an opinion on information that need not itself be admissible, so long as it is the kind of information relied on by other experts in the field.
A
Evaluation of Reliability of Mr. Dohmeyer’s Testimony
1
Qualifications of Mr. Dohmeyer and his Firm
Mr. Dohmeyer has a bachelor’s degree in finance and is an accredited senior appraiser with the American Society of Appraisers (“ASA”). That accreditation was, according to Mr. Dohmeyer, the equivalent of a CPA for valuation and financial analysts. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 13). 4 He has lectured on the valuation of privately held businesses, and he has given expert testimony in 32 cases involving “economic loss.” (See Analysis, Qualifications of Principal Appraisers). At his deposition, Mr. Dohmeyer testified that DYC was primarily in the business of appraising privately held businesses and analyzing economic loss, which, Mr. Dohmeyer conceded could include the loss of profits due to poorly manufactured products. Mr. Dohmeyer estimated that perhaps one in ten of the economic loss cases he had handled involved equipment that failed to perform as the seller had promised. (Doh-meyer Dep., at 8-12).
Mr. Dohmeyer was assisted in his analysis by Kevin Morrison and Sontwa Sinkala. Mr. Morrison has a bachelor’s degree in business administration, accounting, and finance. Sontwa Sinkala has a master’s degree in business administration, specializing in corporate finance, and a doctorate in economics and geography. Nonetheless, Loeffel contends that all three are unqualified to testify in this case since none is a certified public accountant, none has any expertise in the steel industry, none has experience in cases dealing with lost profits due to faulty machinery, and the US-PAP guidelines were not followed in preparing the Analysis of Economic Loss. (PI. Mem., at 6-9).
The argument that only a CPA with expertise in the steel industry — preferably, with regard to multi-blanking machines and a prior history of expert testimony in a case involving lost profits due to a poorly performing piece of machinery — is inconsistent with the liberal approach to expert witness qualification taken by Rule 702.
See Holbrook v. Lykes Brothers Steam Ship,
Mr. Dohmeyer’s and his colleagues’ educational background and experience qualify Mr. Dohmeyer and his colleagues to testify about, at least, certain of the matters presented in this case. Characterizing them as “appraisers” does not advance
No case of which we are aware remotely suggests, let alone holds, that only a certified public accountant has the necessary expertise to testify about economic loss. In fact, being a certified public accountant does not ensure admissibility of testimony.
See e.g., Frymire-Brinati,
In
Tuf Racing Products, Inc. v. American Suzuki Motor Corp.,
We turn then to the second prong of the inquiry, namely the reliability of the method that Mr. Dohmeyer and his associates employed to arrive at their damage figures.
2
The Methodology Underlying The Analysis of Economic Loss
There are two aspects to Mr. Dohmeyer’s methodology that trouble Loeffel. The first is Mr. Dohmeyer’s use of a definition of “economic loss” that he devised, and the second is his reliance on the defendants’ employees for the theory and supporting information that any deficiencies in the Line can be rectified by additional labor and extra shifts.
a
Mr. Dohmeyer’s Definition Of Economic Loss
The Analysis defined “economic loss” as: “the dollar sum, exclusive of prejudgment interest and professional fees, required as payment in full necessary to make the damaged party equal on an economic basis.” The definition, at least semantically, seems straightforward and consistent with the general Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) and contract damage theory that the fundamental purpose of any damage
This apparent consonance was delusive, however, for Mr. Dohmeyer boasted in his deposition that “many years ago” he and his boss devised the definition: “this is
our
definition of what
we believe
the question is, what answer
we
are giving.” (Dohmeyer Dep., at 19) (Emphasis supplied). If this definition of economic loss were faithful to basic damage theory, there would have been no need for Mr. Dohmeyer to have devised and employed his own definition.
Cf. Schenck v. United States,
Mr. Dohmeyer’s admissions about the origin and uniqueness of his definition — he conceded the definition was not to be found anywhere else (Dohmeyer Dep., at 18-19) — would seem to trigger the principle that the opinion of an expert need not be accepted when based on nothing more than personal opinion or belief instead of an understandable scientific basis.
Turpin v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
Mr. Dohmeyer’s definition was the basis for a damage theory and calculation that is impermissible as a matter of law. It is not merely that the definition was not peer reviewed, not tested, and not generally accepted, as Loeffel correctly argues. 7 In addition, Mr. Dohmeyer’s theory and methodology led him to exclude as a component of “economic loss” any amount attributable to the diminished value of the Line, itself.
Both contract law and the UCC provide the appropriate remedy for “economic loss” occasioned by diminished commercial expectations, not coupled with injury to person or property.
See In re Chicago Flood Litigation,
“has been defined as ‘damages for inadequate value, costs of repair and replacement of the defective product, or consequent loss of profits — without any claim of personal injury or damage to other property’ (Note, Economic Loss in Products Liability Jurisprudence, 66 Colum. L.Rev. 917, 918 (1966)(economic loss)) as well as ‘the diminution in the value of the product because it is inferior in quality and does not work for the general purposes for which it was manufactured and sold.’ ”
In their Response to Loeffel’s motion, the defendants have “changed positions as nimbly as if dancing a quadrille.”
Orloff v. Willoughby,
In quoting from Moorman, the Response placed a period after the word “property,” and ended the quote, thus conveying to the reader the impression that there was nothing further in the sentence. Omitted was the reference to the Columbia Law Review article and this critical phrase:
“... as well as ‘the diminution in the value of the product because it is inferi- or in quality and does not work for the general purposes for which it was manufactured and sold.’ ”
The UCC provides that “[t]he measure of damages for breach of warranty is the difference at the time and place of acceptance between the value of the goods accepted and the value they would have had if they had been as warranted, unless special circumstances show proximate damages of a different amount.” 810 ILCS 5/2-714(2). In addition, a party may also recover incidental and consequential damages, 810 ILCS 5/2-715, including lost profits.
See Arcor, Inc. v. Textron, Inc.,
An examination of Mr. Dohmeyer’s deposition testimony reveals the likely reason for the omission from the Moorman quotation. He testified that his assessment of economic loss necessarily omitted any consideration of the difference between the value of the Line as warranted and its diminished value resulting from the Line’s flaws. He attempted to illustrate the point with the following hypothetieals.
A: Well, if you paid — if you bargain to buy a machine for $10 and you allege once you got it you only paid nine because you hold back a dollar until it works right, but you say, hey, this machine doesn’t work right; in fact, the damages on the machine the way it doesn’t work are $2.00. So pay me the two. Well, he’s going to go, I’m not going to pay you the two, I’ll pay you one, because you already owe me one.
Q: Right. But couldn’t I also take the position in your analogy that, hey, I paid you a million two hundred fifty thousand in the purchase price and a million five and the line I got isn’t worth $100,000.
A: No, because you’d be double-counting ... you can only get your damages.
(Dohmeyer Dep., at 133; see also id. at 134).
Mr. Dohmeyer’s second hypothetical is even more convoluted. He posited a machine sold for four dollars that was warranted to print one dollar every year for five years. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 135). Then he continued:
A: All right. So it doesn’t print — it doesn’t even print the dollars for you. Okay? So you say, I want my $5.00, because the machine is defective, it didn’t print money like you said it does. You want the machine back, too. That doesn’t make any sense.
Q: I — I—what I’m saying is, I’m not disagreeing with your contention. There’s no way I can say, hey, I have lost profits, and I can’t say, I needed the machine to create the profits I lost. I understand this. What I’m saying is, you’re-you’re assuming in your analogy, that because we didn’t pay the other two hundred and fifty grand, the machine must have been worth a a[sic] million two hundred and fifty, and that’s the part I’m disagreeing with.
A: Absolutely, it’s worth that because your damages get you whole to make it worth that.
By its selective misquotation, the Response allowed the defendants to argue
In his belatedly filed Declaration, Mr. Dohmeyer claimed what he had never claimed at his deposition, namely that his analysis of economic loss relied on a “benefit of the bargain theory,” which he defined this way: “ ‘But for’ the defendant’s allegedly defective machine, Loeffel would have had a faster machine, (one capable of producing at the rates provided in the contract specifications).” (Parenthesis in original). Mr. Dohmeyer’s newly claimed allegiance to the benefit of the bargain rule, is belied by and incompatible with his conclusion that diminution in value of a faulty piece of equipment and lost profits are mutually exclusive. The benefit of the bargain rule provides that the measure of damages is the difference between the actual value of what plaintiff received and its value had the representations been true.
See Gerill Corp. v. Jack L. Hargrove Builders, Inc.,
Expert opinions that are contrary to law are inadmissible.
Langehennig v. Sofamor, Inc.,
Whatever the motivation for the Response’s misquotation or
Moorman,
it is deeply troubling.
Loeffel Steel Products,
at 1116 “There is more in membership in the Bar than a license to sign a brief or intone a prosy argument.” Cardozo, Law and Literature, 145-46 (1931). Justice is not a game, and zealous advocacy does not entitle a lawyer to “ ‘hoodwink a judge [or an opponent] who is not overwise.’ ”
United States v. Paglia,
b
The Reliability Of Mr. Dohmeyer’s “Labor-Added” Methodology
Mr. Dohmeyer’s damage model and calculation of economic loss suffer from the further flaw that they violate of Rule 703 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Mr. Dohmeyer’s calculation of economic loss is based on the assumption that the addition of extra labor and shifts would allow the Line to yield the same productivity as it would have running at faster speeds with fewer shifts. The theory and the precise number of additional workers and shifts needed came from the defendants’ employees, on, whom Mr. Dohmeyer uncritically relied. It is undisputed that neither Mr. Dohmeyer nor his assistants at DVC had any expertise in blanking machines and were incapable of assessing the validity of the information provided by the defendants. (Dohmeyer deposition at 26, 33-38, 89).
Cf. Bailey v. Allgas,
Proceeding from this “unquestioning reliance,”
Gentieu v. Tony Stone Images/Chicago, Inc.,
Sure, just by having, you know, the kinds of things, you know — you have to, I guess, re — recalibrate the machine every time you put a new roll on it where it should have been automatic, you can have a guy standing there, you know, doing that kind of thing. You know, once again, I don’t know the technical parts of it, and I understood them a lot better when I did the interview and when I prepared for this deposition last time, but I haven’t gone back to re-talk to them about those specifics again for today’s deposition.... (Dohmeyer Dep. at 37).
Yet, Rule 703’s relaxation of the usual requirement of firsthand knowledge — a rule which represents a pervasive manifestation of the common law’s insistence upon the most reliable sources of information— was premised on an assumption that the expert’s opinion will have a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of his discipline.
Daubert,
[A]ll it really assumes is with the addition of this expense. And it would probably be labor, you know ... It says with this much money thrown at the problem, probably — probably, in terms of labor, you can solve the production problems that are alleged. (Dohmeyer Dep. at 44-45).
Second, and more importantly, while Rule 703 was intended to liberalize the rules relating to expert testimony, it was not intended to abolish the hearsay rule and to allow a witness, under the guise of giving expert testimony, to in effect become the mouthpiece of the witnesses on whose statements or opinions the expert purports to base his opinion.
See, e.g., Dura Automotive Systems of Indiana, Inc. v. CTS Corp.,
Under Rule 703, an expert may rely on hearsay in formulating his opinion — provided the requirements of Rule 702 are met — but the evidence is not admissible for the truth of the matters asserted.
United States v. Gonzales,
Rule 703 was never intended to allow oblique evasions of the hearsay rule. In
Dura Automotive,
the Seventh Circuit acknowledged that it “is common in technical fields for an expert to base an opinion in part on what a different expert believes on the basis of expert knowledge not possessed by the first expert.”
We too do not believe that the leader of a clinical medical team must be qualified as an expert in every individual discipline encompassed by the team in order to testify as to the team’s conclusions. But suppose the soundness of the underlying expert judgment is in issue. Suppose a thoracic surgeon gave expert evidence in a medical malpractice case that the plaintiffs decedent had died because the defendant, a radiologist, had negligently failed to diagnose the decedent’s lung cancer until it was too advanced for surgery. The surgeon would be competent to testify that the cancer was too advanced for surgery, but in offering the additional and critical judgment that the radiologist should have discovered the cancer sooner he would be, at best, just parroting the opinion of an expert in radiology competent to testify that the defendant had x-rayed the decedent carelessly.
Id.
The problem, then, is that the expert is vouching for the truth of what another expert told him-he is merely that expert’s spokesman. But, “[a] scientist, however well credentialed he may be, is not permitted to be the mouthpiece of a scientist in a different specialty. That would not be responsible science.”
Id.
at 614.
See also Grant v. Chemrex, Inc.,
No. 93 C 0350,
That is precisely the situation here: If allowed to testify, Mr. Dohmeyer would be “hid[ing] behind” Messrs. Barron, King and DaClue and acting as their “mouthpiece.”
Id.
at 615. He would, in effect, be vouching for their labor-added methodology, when he has absolutely no knowledge of whether the theory is valid and reliable.
See also TK-7 Corp.,
The example posed by Judge Posner in James Wilson Associates demonstrates the problem with Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony:
“If, for example, the expert witness (call him A) bases his opinion in part on a fact (call it X) that the parties lawyer told him, the lawyer cannot, in closing argument, tell the jury, ‘see we proved X through our expert witness, A.’ ”
Id. at 173. (Parenthesis in original).
This was the kind of hand-off attempted in James Wilson Associates, where an architect attempted to testify to the value of a building based upon a report provided to him by a consulting engineer, who had examined the building. The Seventh Circuit held that the trial judge “was entitled to exclude the architect’s evidence as hearsay.” Id. at 172. The issue was the state of the building, and the expert who had evaluated that state^ — the consulting engineer — was the one who should have testified. The architect could use what the engineer told him to offer an opinion within the architect’s domain of expertise, but he could not testify for the purpose of vouching for the truth of what the engineer told him — “of becoming in short the engineer’s spokesman.” Id. at 173. It “is improper to use an expert witness as a screen against cross-examination (though the other side could always call him as an adverse witness, and cross-examine him).” Id. (Parenthesis in original).
Yet, without the testimony of Messrs. Barron, King and DaClue explaining and justifying their labor-added theory, Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony will “rest[] on air.”
Dura Automotive,
The instant case is analytically congruent with
Dura Automotive.
There, the
The defendant moved to bar the hydro-geologist’s testimony and to dismiss Dura’s claim. Dura responded with affidavits from the four employees who had prepared the models on which the hydrogeologist was basing his conclusions. The defendant moved to strike the affidavits on the ground that the disclosure of additional expert witness was untimely. The district court granted the motion and held that without the affidavits, there was insufficient evidence of the reliability of the models, and the hydrogeologist’s testimony could not prove that accuracy. The court barred the testimony and concluded that without it, Dura had no case.
The Court of Appeals affirmed. It held that to the extent the affidavits contained evidence that would have to be presented at trial by an expert witness or witnesses other than the hydrogeologist in order for Dura to withstand a motion of judgment as a matter of law, Dura’s failure to have made timely disclosure of their experts’ opinions invited application of Rule 37(c)(1) to bar the authors of the affidavits (or any other expert for that matter) from testifying. In the instant case, denying the motion to prohibit Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony and allowing him to testify when there will be no competent evidence to prove the truth of the underlying assumptions would result in allowing testimony that would have to be stricken as irrelevant. The law never requires an idle thing to be done.
Brooklyn Life Insurance Co. v. Dutcher,
TK-7 Corp. v. Estate of Barbouti
is also instructive.
12
To support the plaintiffs claim and to calculate the amount of damages, the plaintiffs presented testimony from Dr. Boswell, a financial economist and professor of finance. Dr. Boswell predicated his calculations of lost profits on sales projections of one Werber. The district court initially allowed the testimony, but ultimately directed a verdict against the plaintiff, based on insufficiency of the evidence of damages. Mr. Werber was not called to testify, and the district court held that in order to prevail, the plaintiff had to present affirmative evidence on the projections that Dr. Boswell had assumed to be true.
Accord International Adhesive Coating Co. v. Bolton Emerson International,
c
The Unreliability of The Methodology Underlying Mr. Dohmeyer’s
Conclusions Regarding Loeffel’s Claim For Future Lost Profits And Business
The third aspect of Mr. Dohmeyer’s proposed expert testimony focuses on the Loeffel’s claim for lost profits and busi
The discussion began by noting that the steel industry is made up of three tiers: primary metals producers, metals processors and/or service centers, and end users. The primary producers are the source of steel for the service centers, which “undertake value-adding services such as precision design and other pre-production processing as may be required by specific customers.” These service centers, according to DVC, were formerly mostly distribution centers performing little processing. By the 1980s, however, they began to add processing capabilities that allowed them to add a broad range of value-added services.
Concurrently, the primary metals producers began concentrating on high volume production. As these industry changes continued, the discussion explained, many service centers found themselves unable to obtain processed products and had to begin outsourcing their customized metal processing to service centers with value-added capabilities. Recent challenges in the industry include the recession and frequent, unpredictable increases in domestic steel prices.
The Analysis of Economic Loss contained 12 pages of graphs and charts reflecting financial data about 8 companies: A.M. Castle & Co.; Friedman Industries Inc.; Gibraltar Steel Corp.; Olympic Steel Inc.; Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co.; Ryerson Tull, Inc.; Steel Technologies Inc.; and Worthington Industries, Inc. The information was obtained from lOk’s and Standard & Poor’s reports. Mr. Doh-meyer could not explain how the companies were selected for inclusion in the sampling. This is the best he could say:
I think one of the guys did a search on one company that was — that had a similar description to the description for this kind of business, what they do.
(Dohmeyer’s Dep. at 121)(Emphasis supplied). How the other seven were selected remains unexplained.
The charts reflected the total sales, gross profit margins, net income, equity, return on equity, stock price, book value, and market to book value of the 8 companies for the period 1999-2002. According to Mr. Dohmeyer, the financial history of the eight companies during that period was relevant in evaluating Loeffel’s potential for acquiring new business with the Line. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 119-121). But what that new business was to be, Mr. Dohmeyer wasn’t sure. He referred to it, variously, as “toll processing, [] heavier gauge or wider gauge or both, I don’t know.” (Dohmeyer Dep., at 126). Whatever it was to be, Mr. Dohmeyer explained, its net present value was a function of the competitive environment of the “industry,” as reflected by the eight corporations that been chosen. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 126).
He testified that since the 8 companies had experienced financial difficulties between 1999 and 2002, Loeffel could not have hoped to do any better. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 120-122). The figures showed, among other things,
declines
in median total sales for the 8 companies from 2001
In order for the sampling chosen by DVC comparison to have the requisite predictive capacity and the reliability
Daubert
demands, Mr. Dohmeyer had to “select samples that are truly comparable. To put it another way, care must be taken to be sure that the comparison is one between ‘apples and apples’ rather than one between ‘apples and oranges.’ ”
Donnelly v. Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education,
Of course, exact correlation is not necessary but the samples must be fair congen-ers. If they are not, the comparison is manifestly unreliable and cannot “ ‘logically advance[ ] a material aspect of the proposing party’s case. The Supreme Court [in
Daubert
] referred to this second prong of the analysis as the fit requirement.’ ”
Loeffel Steel Products v. Delta Brands,
at 1122
(quoting
Judge Kozinski’s opinion on remand from the Supreme Court.
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,
Undiscriminatingly labeling all nine companies “steel service centers,” Mr. Dohmeyer tacitly assumed that they are necessarily monolithic, that they necessarily compete for the same customers, and thus the past financial profile of the eight is a reasonable predictor of how Loeffel would have performed. Stated more simply, Mr. Dohmeyer’s argument runs this way: 1) Loeffel and the eight companies are in the same “industry;” 2) all participants in “an industry” are necessarily competitors; 3) therefore, the financial performance of the eight companies in 1999-2002 is relevant to determining Loeffel’s prospect for new business had the Line performed properly.
13
(Dohmeyer Dep., at 124). Here as always, “[w]e must think things, not words, or at least we must constantly translate our words into facts
Mr. Dohmeyer’s inexpert conclusion that each participant in “an industry” necessarily competes with every other participant in the industry is demonstrably false, as Dohmeyer’s own report shows. He claimed that the “steels/metals industry” was comprised of three tiers. But as his report noted, the three categories of industry participants were not competitors, but enjoyed a symbiotic relationship. Bent-leys and Kias are in the same “industry,” but obviously don’t compete for the same customers. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Anthony Hopkins never competed for the same roles, although they were both in the “movie industry.”
Of course, these are matters of public knowledge. The inquiry becomes more difficult, when the “industry” is more complicated and less obvious. Perhaps, all “steel service centers” do compete; perhaps they don’t, or perhaps they do only to an exceedingly limited degree, measured by the extent of the products and services they offer in common, and their geographic location. But only an expert in the field is qualified to say, and neither Mr. Doh-meyer nor his colleagues even begin to qualify.
Cf. Gentieu,
A moment’s reflection demonstrates the error in Mr. Dohmeyer’s facile, and under-inclusive methodology. Suppose the eight companies selected by DVC had, as does Loeffel, blanking operations, but, in addition, offered a very large number of other diversified products and services, not offered by Loeffel. Assume further that unlike Loeffel with its localized customer base in the Midwest, the eight companies had nationwide or worldwide operations. In that event, the companies could scarcely be said to be comparable, and comparing their undifferentiated sales and income figures to those of Loeffel, would prove absolutely nothing.
Cf. Bailey v. Allgas, Inc.,
Mr. Dohmeyer at his deposition admitted he knew nothing about the respective geographic or product markets or customer bases of the eight companies or of the quality of service or any other relevant factor that would bear upon the question of comparability.
See Home Placement Svc., Inc. v. The Providence Journal Co.,
Even in cases involving far more comparability than is apparent here, courts have refused to allow the seemingly comparable companies to be used as a yard
It cannot be too often repeated or too strongly emphasized that “nothing in either
Daubert
or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence that is connected to existing data only by the
ipse dixit
of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered.’ ”
Kumho Tire,
Mr. Dohmeyer lacked the qualifications to conclude that merely because all nine companies could be classified as “service centers,” they necessarily competed with Loeffel or that they were comparable. Spending a few minutes on the internet does not make one an expert on any “industry” or on any topic.
Cf. Charter National Bank & Trust v. Charter One Financial, Inc.,
The eight congeners selected by DVC were large to massive, publicly traded companies. According to Mr. Dohmeyer’s charts, their average
median
total sales for the period 1999-2002 was $640 million, while Loeffel’s was $19 million.
16
Perhaps this alone is not enough to tip the balance. But, what does is Mr. Dohmeyer’s inexplicable failure to have considered such critical factors as what services the companies provided, their customer base, the products they sold, the geographic markets in which they operated, their prices and other critical aspects of the businesses. In fact, Mr. Dohmeyer admitted at his deposition that neither he nor his colleagues
The internet reveals the manifest unreliability of Mr. Dohmeyer’s assumption about the uniformity of steel service centers — an assumption that is the lynchpin in his theory of comparability. It also reveals the “fundamentally unsound basis [and] fatally deficient amount of data” on which Mr. Dohmeyer based his conclusion that the eight companies and Loeffel were comparable.
Thomas v. FAG Bearings Corp.,
Even a cursory search reveals that steel service centers are not monolithic and offer an extraordinary array of services and products, most of which are not offered by Loeffel, but are offered by the eight companies DVC selected.
In addition to cutting and slitting, coil processing, decoiling, bending, (and perhaps blade decambering) — the services offered by Loeffel — service centers also offer many services that Loeffel does not, such as: polishing, plasma profiling, grinding, gun drilling, tempering, stress relieving, annealing, heat treating, burning, abrasive and carbide blade sawing, computerized plasma cutting and automatic splice welding, piercing, notching, edging, ribbon and oscillate winding, punching, drilling, flame cutting, beam splitting. See www.steelvillage. com. Similarly, the same internet site reveals a varied array of products offered by service centers, but not offered by Loeffel, including: pipe, rod, bar, aluminum, brass, bronze, tubing, carbon, alloy, high speed steels, alloy heat treated, abrasion resistant, high strength, HSLA plate, valves, fitting and flanges. Id.
Further dissimilarities abound. Loeffel is a small company with offices in the greater Chicago area. It employs 70 people, and its customer base is largely in the Midwest. It is in the business of slitting and cutting raw steel into lengths and thicknesses according to customer specifications. Its customers include various industries, from filing cabinet manufacturers to metal building products and stock containers. (Complaint, ¶ 1; www.loef-fel.com).
A.M. Castle & Co., specializes in the distribution of carbon, alloy and stainless steels; nickel alloys; aluminum; titanium; and brass and copper in a variety of product forms, including bar, plate, tube, sheet and coil. It operates a subsidiary, Total Plastics, Inc., through which it distributes a broad range of value-added industrial plastics. Through another subsidiary, Oliver Steel Plate, it has a market position in alloy and heavy gauge carbon plate products. Along with its affiliated companies, Castle has facilities in over 40 locations throughout North America. Its customer base includes numerous Fortune 500 companies as well as thousands of medium and smaller-sized firms spread across a wide
Friedman Industries, Inc. is in the flat roll sheet and plate steel processing and distribution business. It operates two plants, in Texas and Arkansas, each capable of cutting-to-length, leveling, and temper passing hot roll steel coils. It operates a division selling excess prime, secondary, and transition steel coils, and a division that rolls and welds pipe for use in the water well industry, steel building columns, steel pipe piling, water and air lines, and many structural applications. (www.friedmanindist ries.com).
Gibraltar Steel Corp.’s core business is producing value-added, high-margin steel products and services. It has expanded into the metal processing, building products, and commercial heat-treating markets, and is now the second-largest commercial heat-treater in North America and is a major supplier of metal building products. These operations utilize any one or a combination of more than 25 different processes and services to manufacture and deliver a variety of high-quality steel products and services. Gibraltar has expanded its customer base through the acquisition of 22 businesses and the investment of more than $200 million in capital expenditures and now has 72 facilities in 26 states, Mexico, and Canada serving more than 10,000 customers in a variety of industries. These customers are both domestic and international, including manufacturers and distributors and, to a lesser extent, end- ' users for a wide range of applications, and consumers through hardware and building products distributors and mass merchandisers. Gibraltar’s major commercial markets include the automotive, automotive supply, building and construction, steel, machinery, and general.manufacturing industries. (www.gibraltarl. complaint).
Olympic Steel is a domestic steel service center with a primary focus on the direct sale and distribution of large volumes of processed carbon, coated and stainless flat-rolled sheet, coil and plate steel products. Its processing services include both traditional service center processes of cutting-to-length, slitting, and shearing and higher value-added processes of blanking, tempering, plate burning, laser welding, and precision machining of steel parts. Olympic operates 12 processing and distribution facilities in Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, with over 800 employees. It participates in two joint ventures in Michigan that primarily service the automotive market in the Detroit area. Its customers include both regional concerns and larger national and multi-location accounts, located throughout the midwestern, eastern and southern United States, (www.olys-teel.com).
Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co., which is traded on the New York Stock Exchange, is one of the largest metals service center companies in the United States. It operates a network of more than 100 locations in 30 states, Belgium, France and South Korea, providing value-added metals processing services. It distributes a full line of more than 90,000 metal products, including galvanized, hot-rolled and cold-finished steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass, copper, titanium, and alloy steel. Reliance boasts more than 95,000 customers in a broad range of industries, (www.rsac.com).
Ryerson Tull, Inc. is a leading North American distributor and processor of metals with annual sales of over $2.2 billion. With over 5,000 employees, it operates a network of service centers across the United States and Canada, has investments in additional service centers in Mexico and Asia, and maintains metal trading capabilities around the world. Recently, it
Steel Technologies, Inc. is one of the largest independent steel processors in North America, and operates a network of 20 facilities throughout the eastern half of the United States and Mexico. It processes precision flatrolled products for various industries, including the automotive, appliance, lawn and garden, agricultural, office equipment and railcar industries. Steel Technologies employs over 1,000 people, (www.steeltech nologies.com).
Finally, Worthington Industries, is a global company that processes steel for use in the automotive, construction, hardware, aerospace and many other industries. With some 8,000 employees, Worthington operates 65 facilities in 10 countries across North America and Europe. It manufactures metal products such as metal framing, pressure cylinders, automotive past model service stampings, metal ceiling grid systems and laser welded blanks. Worthington’s metal framing subsidiary produces steel studs, floor joists, roof trusses, and other metal accessories for wholesale distributors and commercial and residential building contractors. Its pressure cylinder business caters to customers in. the liquified petroleum gas and refrigeration industries, and manufactures cylinders to hold everything from acetylene for welding to oxygen for breathing, (www.wor-thington industries.com).
Daubert
requires that trial judges must ensure that any and all expert testimony is not only relevant, but reliable. To that end, a judge must undertake a preliminary assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid and whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts at issue.
Frymire-Brinati,
Mr. Dohmeyer’s opinion that the financial performance of the eight companies in the period 1999-2002 can be used in evaluating Loeffel’s lost profits or business in that period is unreliable and speculative. The defendants used the phrase, “junk science,” to refer to Mr. Toczyl’s expert opinion. It was inappropriate there.
Loejfel Steel Products,
supra. It is, however, appropriately applied to the sampling of supposedly comparable companies compiled by DVC. Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony will not be allowed. The oft-repeated caution that courts should be particularly wary of unfounded expert opinion when causation is the issue applies here.
See In re Agent Orange Product Litigation,
B
Assessment of Relevance
To be admissible, expert testimony must be not only reliable, but relevant.
Daubert,
Ill
MR. DOHMEYER’S REPORT CRITIQUING MR. WIERSEMA’S ANALYSIS VIOLATED RULE 26(a)(2)
We come then to the argument that the defendants’ failure to comply with the requirements of Rule 26(a)(2)(B), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, requires barring testimony by Mr. Dohmeyer critical of Mr. Wiersema’s conclusions. Recognizing that secrecy is not congenial to truth seeking, the Rule requires that an expert report must disclose “a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed
and
the basis and reasons therefor ...”
18
Hoffman v. Caterpillar, Inc.,
Mr. Dohmeyer’s critique of Mr. Wierse-ma’s report is his one page letter of February 27, 2004. Despite the clarity of Rule 26, and the fact that Mr. Dohmeyer was engaged specifically to analyze Mr. Wi-ersema’s conclusions (Defendants’ Response at 2), his report consisted of but five unadorned conclusions, set forth in bulletpoint format:
• the Report’s model has multiple incorrect premises of damages;
• The Report’s model fails to incorporate risk/cost of capital procedures;
• The Report’s model adds the alleged lost profits of the equipment as represented and the cost of the machine;
• The Report’s model’s methodology; and
• The Report’s model has [sic] other assumptive and methodological errors.
The letter concludes: “As a result of the foregoing, Mr. Wiersema’s model and related opinions are not reliable.”
At his deposition, Mr. Dohmeyer conceded that his criticisms of Mr. Wierse-ma’s report offered no explanation, no written opinions, no details, no analysis. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 76, 78). Expertise is a rational process, and a rational process implies express reasons for judgment.
Federal Power Commission v. Hope Natural Gas Co.,
An expert must demonstrate in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an expert in the relevant field.
Kumho Tire,
What Judge Shadur wrote in
Gregory,
The second aspect of Mr. Dohmeyer’s report is the “Analysis of Economic Loss,” to which was attached Mr. Dohmeyer’s curriculum vitae. It contains the heading, “EXPERT WITNESS TESTIMONY.” Rule 26(a)(2)(B) requires the disclosure of “any other cases in which the witness has testified as an expert at trial or by deposition within the preceding four years.” The report must be “ ‘detailed and complete.’ ”
Salgado by Salgado v. General Motors Corp.,
In nearly every instance, Mr. Dohmeyer’s description of the cases in which he previously had been involved was uninformative. Here are 2 examples: “Breach of Contract — ’Analysis of Economic Loss to an Oil & Gas Concern,” and “Economic Loss — Injury—Jay Gueck, Esq. (August, 2002).” As to the 33 entries that topically were relevant to Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony, involving as they did, “economic loss,” the only case name listed was
Ellis v. Walker.
(Qualifications of Principal Appraisers, at 1-6). The others are listed as “Analysis of Economic Loss” or “Economic Loss,” followed by the kind of business involved: a restaurant franchise, a weekly newspaper, a mobile home park, an aircraft maintenance facility, medical industry, residential building company, real estate agent, law firm, printing company, software developer, retail dress shop, real estate developer, and so on. As to these entries, their format made impossible, any
Significantly, Mr. Dohmeyer did not list
In Matter of Dunham,
I need not decide why the curriculum vitae failed, with but two exceptions, to list the names of the 116 cases. Whatever the reason, given Mr. Dohmeyer’s extensive experience and the defendants’ lawyer’s sophistication, the skeletal format employed was indefensible and severely compromised Loeffel’s ability to investigate Mr. Dohmeyer’s involvement in any but a handful of the 116 matters he listed.
But this omission is insignificant compared to Mr. Dohmeyer’s failure to disclose that the Analysis of Economic Loss was based entirely upon a theory given to him by the defendants, namely that the claimed deficiencies with the Line could be cured by the simple expedient of adding two additional workers and running the Line longer. While the theory, itself, might be deducible from the content of the arithmetic schedules that comprise the Analysis of Economic Loss Report, the source of the theory was not. Nothing in the “Limiting Conditions,” which purported to state the “general assumptions and general limiting conditions” on which the “value opinion report has been prepared,” hinted that the core assumptions on which all of Mr. Dohmeyer’s endeavors were predicated came from his employers. Indeed, Mr. Dohmeyer’s report conveyed precisely the opposite impression.
In the “Appraisal Certification” attached to his report, Mr. Dohmeyer “certif[ied] that, to the best of our knowledge and belief,” the “reported analyses, opinions, and conclusions are limited only by the reported assumptions and limiting conditions, and are our personal, unbiased professional analyses, opinions, and conclusions.” He went on to say that “[n]o one provided significant professional assistance to the person signing this report.” (Emphasis supplied). This was untrue: the defendants’ employees had provided the salient “assumption” on which the Analysis Of Economic Loss was based, and nothing played a more “significant” role in that analysis.
Mr. Dohmeyer attempted at his deposition to distance himself from the “Statement of Limiting Conditions” by claiming that the attachment was “boilerplate that we use in ... all of our assignments,” and that the Appraisal Certification wasn’t particularly meaningful since his report was not a business appraisal, but an economic loss analysis. (Dohmeyer deposition at 21,
Some six months after the deposition, Loeffel filed the instant motion and raised the issue of the non-compliance with Rule 26(a)(2)(B). In response, the defendants filed a nine-page declaration from Mr. Dohmeyer and a paragraph from a book on valuation by Sharron Pratt. The breezy squib cites no authority, either scholarly or legal for its conclusion. Ms. Pratt, according to her internet site, is the owner of Business Valuation Resources, a company dedicated to “high-quality valuation related resources” for all manner of professionals. 24
The Declaration echoed much of Mr. Dohmeyer’s deposition testimony. But it went substantially beyond that and attempted to make the case against Mr. Wiersema that the February 27th “critique” did not. Not surprisingly, Loeffel objects to the Declaration and to the squib from Ms. Pratt’s book.
The Declaration contended that, as a certified public accountant, Mr. Wiersema lacked “valuation expertise” and thus, wrongly concluded that Loeffel’s economic loss exceeded the pre-damaged value of the company. (Declaration, ¶ 9). This opinion appeared nowhere in the February 27, 2004 letter. Ms. Pratt apparently agrees, but the one paragraph excerpt relied on by Mr. Dohmeyer, contains no citation of authority and nothing beyond her ipse dixit that “[i]t is axiomatic that the present value of lost future profits can be equal to but not greater than, the total value of the enterprise had the damaging event not occurred.” However, there immediately follows this sentence, which supports Mr. Wiersema’s position: “however, I have seen ‘experts’ testify to damage sums many times any reasonable value for the entire entity.” Apparently some judges have admitted as proper expert opinion the conclusion denounced by Mr. Dohmeyer.
He again repeated in his Declaration that there was no authoritative test for assessing damages when a machine operated at a level below specifications. (Declaration^ 19). This opinion seems at odds with the defendants’ Response, which insists that the measure of damages is properly set forth in Moorman. More importantly, Mr. Dohmeyer contradicted his deposition testimony by claiming that the Analysis of Economic Loss relied upon a “benefit of the bargain” theory and took into account the production rates provided by the contract specifications. (Declaration, ¶ 23). To say this contradicts his previous position is an understatement; he testified that the specifications were “inherently not relevant” and that he “didn’t consider them one way or another.” (Dohmeyer Dep., at 35, 83).
The defendants do not attempt to justify the omissions and deficiencies in the February 27th critique or in Mr. Dohmeyer’s curriculum vitae; nor do they attempt to argue that the omissions are harmless. Instead, they say that Mr. Dohmeyer has “satisfie[d] all the requirements of Rule 26,” and that Loeffel’s only objection relates to the “format” of the February 27th letter. (Response at 17). Any argument of harmlessness is therefore forfeited.
See Hammel v. Eau Galle Cheese Factory,
IV
CONCLUSION
The plaintiffs motion to bar the testimony of Mr. Dohmeyer [77] is GRANTED, and the plaintiffs motion to strike exhibits A and C to the Response [93] is also GRANTED. The defendants’ unamplified request for a “full
Daubert
hearing to determine the admissibility of Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony,” made in the last sentence of their Response brief, is denied. I have before me the deposition of Mr. Dohmeyer and his reports. No more is needed to determine reliability.
Kumho Tire,
SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
A
On July 22, 2005, I granted the plaintiffs motion to bar the testimony of DBI’s damages expert, Mr. Robert Dohmeyer, but for reasons, in part, other than those raised in Loeffel’s motion and supporting memoranda. Consequently, on August 1, 2005,1 confirmed by minute order prior in-court conversations with counsel for the parties in which I invited DBI to file a supplemental brief directed to those portions of the opinion that raised new issues.
On August 8, 2005, DBI filed a nine-page Supplemental Submission directed to two issues. The first relates to DBI’s quotation from the Illinois Supreme Court’s opinion in
Moorman Mfg. Co. v. National Tank Co.,
DBI’s Supplemental Submission contends that the placement of a period at the end of the word “property” without indicating by ellipses — or by some other method — that there was a further part of the sentence was not inappropriate “either in a general sense [or] with respect to the specific facts of this case,” and that the defendants “had no intention of providing anything other than an absolutely accurate citation.... ” (Supplemental Submission at 1).
Consequently, DBI says that no negative inference should have been drawn.
The Illinois Appellate Court decisions give force to the contention. However, the Illinois Supreme Court in post
Moorman
decisions has not quoted
Moorman
in the same truncated way. Thus, in
Anderson Electric, Inc. v. Ledbetter Erection Corp.,
In light of the way in which
Moorman
has been variously quoted and because of my certainty of the good faith of DBI’s lawyers, I am persuaded that the manner which the
Moorman
case was cited was not intended to mislead and that no negative inferences should be drawn. Consequently, any contrary suggestion in the July 22nd Memorandum Opinion and Order is withdrawn. But all this does is to underscore the need for accurate quotations. Of course, ellipses are not a cure for misquotation and indeed are often the vehicle for misleading.
See
Posner, Overcoming Law, 277 (1995)(“Beware a Hor-witz bearing ellipses.”). Nonetheless, they at least alert the reader that something
B
The second point raised in the Supplemental Submission relates to the conclusion that Mr. Dohmeyer’s “expert” testimony cannot simply parrot what he was told by DBI’s employees, and since they were not designated as experts, and cannot therefore testify about their “expert” theories, he cannot testify based on what they told him. DBI has suggested that I should “await the testimony of the underlying witnesses on the facts to which they are entitled to testify before making a ruling on the admissibility of Mr. Dohmeyer’s testimony.” (Supplemental Submission at 9; Reply Submission at 4). In DBFs view “it is fair to view the information to be provided to Mr. Dohmeyer by the Delta employees as very similar to the information provided by Plaintiffs employees to Mr. Toczyl in attempting to support his opinions on liability. Both blocks of information depended on the knowledge of steel processing on this machine and information that the testifying expert either could not or did not verify independently as to the entire block of information.” (Reply Submission at 2).
I do not think that this conclusion bears careful scrutiny. Quoting the same paragraph from
Dura Automotive Systems of Indiana, Inc. v. CTS Corp.,
The Loeffel employees who assisted Mr. Toczyl really
were
mere “data gatherers.” They reported Line speeds and took measurements. They performed no independent analysis and provided no expertise beyond the ken of Mr. Toczyl, who participated in what they did. By contrast — and the contrast could scarcely be more stark — the DBI employees did not assist Mr. Dohmeyer in any way. Rather, they provided him with the very theory on which he relied and which admittedly was “beyond [his] ken.”
Judge Posner, in
Dura Automotive,
gave the example of the thoracic surgeon attempting to give expert evidence in a medical malpractice case that the plaintiffs decedent had died because the defendant radiologist should have discovered the cancer sooner. In that case, Rule 703 would not allow the testimony, because the surgeon would be merely parroting the opinion of an expert in radiology, and the surgeon was not competent to testify that the defendant had x-rayed the decedent carelessly. “The case would be governed [then], Judge Posner said, by ...
In re James Wilson Associates,
It is difficult to see a principled difference between the instant case and the thoracic surgeon hypothesized in Dim Automotive. Mr. Dohmeyer is infinitely less competent to formulate an opinion based on what is, in effect, expert testimony in a technical field, so vastly dissimilar from his own, than was the hypothetical thoracic surgeon in Dura Automotive. At least the surgeon presumably had some knowledge of radiology (although not enough). Here, Mr. Dohmeyer has conceded that he does not have a clue about the merits and validity of the theory provided him by DBI.
Where the witness and the individual on whom the expert’s opinion is in part based, are “experts in the same field,”
Builders Ass’n of Greater Chicago v. City of Chicago,
Rule 26(a)(2)(A), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, references the Federal Rules of Evidence to determine what must be disclosed as expert testimony. Expert testimony is designated as such by its reliance on “scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge.”
See Musser v. Gentiva Health Services,
Thus, I am unable to agree that the kind of information provided Mr. Dohmeyer is “essentially a factual description of the capabilities and operation of the machine.” (Supplemental Submission at 8, n. 1). It is rather, DBI’s employees’ opinion that additional workers, working more hours will in fact cure the Line’s deficiencies and productivity problems and their assessment of how many are required and how much time they would have to spend to achieve the same rate of productivity as if the Line had performed in accordance with its specifications. It is anything but a mechanistic extrapolation from the Line’s stated specifications. For example, saying that it takes only a matter of minutes to manually level a 60,000 lb. coil of steel is
So too is the DBI employees’ opinion of the number of operators required to operate the equipment and the number of coils that can be run through the Line in an eight hour shift. (Supplemental Submission at 9, ¶¶ 2, 4). That is a function of a substantial number of variables, and depends upon the Line’s deficiencies and problems. The question is not how many operators are required to operate the equipment in the abstract, but how many are needed under the circumstances presented by this case, and whether the addition of additional workers and shifts will really achieve the output and productivity promised in the specifications for a properly running machine. That is clearly not a simple matter of reviewing specifications as set forth in the sales contract and making mathematical computations.
That
would “be doing accounting,”
Tuf Racing Products, Inc. v. American Suzuki Motor Corp.,
Had it been quite the simple matter the Supplemental Submission suggests, all Mr. Dohmeyer would have done is review the specifications in the sales contract and made his computations. 28 But that is not what Mr. Dohmeyer did, as he admitted. Indeed, he admitted he never reviewed the specifications, which he found to be irrelevant to his determination of economic loss. (Dohmeyer Deposition at 35).
The Supplemental Submission argues that the information upon which Mr. Doh-meyer relied is “tilted far more heavily toward the material that was allowed in Tuf Racing than was disallowed in Dura Automotive.” The salient flaw in this contention is the unarticulated assumption that the issues with which the court dealt in the two cases were comparable and that Tuf Racing “allowed” the expert to testify without regard to the independent admissibility of the underlying data. In fact, the cases are not remotely comparable, and the issue in this case was not before the court in Tuf Racing.
In
Tuf Racing,
a certified public accountant calculated the discounted present value of the lost future earnings that Tuf would have had had it not been terminated. This calculation, which the court said was “well within the competence of a C.P.A.,” was based on financial information furnished by Tuf and assumptions given to him by counsel of the effect of the termination on Tufs sales.
In conclusion, I am not persuaded that Mr. Dohmeyer should be allowed to testify to an opinion that was based on a theory furnished him by the defendant’s employees in the midst of litigation without regard to the independent admissibility of the information. In re James Wilson Associates, Dura Automotive and In re Estate of Barbouti simply will not permit Mr. Dohmeyer to be the mouthpiece for DBI’s employees. DBI has made no attempt to demonstrate that the kind of information on which Mr. Dohmeyer slavishly relied was of the type normally relied on by experts in his field.
C
Nor am I persuaded that Mr. Dohmeyer’s definition of economic loss is “entirely consistent” with Moorman and Illinois law. Of course, it is possible that Mr. Dohmeyer may have thought his methodology and definition unique, when in fact they were not, notwithstanding his claims to primacy of authorship. (Supplemental Submission at 9; Reply Supplemental Submission at 3). But that disconnect, if it existed, would be a matter for trial, not a basis for barring his testimony. The conclusion that Mr. Dohmeyer’s definition of economic loss differed from Moorman’s was based, as the Memorandum Opinion and Order makes clear, on the hypotheticals Mr. Dohmeyer gave to illustrate his view about the appropriate measure of damages in a case involving faulty equipment.
Those hypotheticals showed that this conclusion was not limited to the particular circumstances of this case. Quite the contrary; his testimony demonstrated the incompatibility of his general concept of economic loss with that of the Illinois Supreme Court in Moorman. That incompatibility is apparent in the portions of the deposition quoted in the Memorandum Opinion and Order — to which DBI’s Supplemental Submission does not respond— and in the following exchange:
Q: Right. But couldn’t I also take the position in your analogy that, hey, I paid you a million two hundred fifty thousand in the purchase price and a million five and the line I got isn’t worth $100,000.
A. No, because you’d be double-counting ... you can’t have — you can’t say, I want my money back and I want all the lost profits on the machine that I — the machine would have produced for me had it workedthe way it should have worked. You can’t do that. I mean, that’s—
Q. No, I’m using your analogy, what I think is your — you’re taking the position that, in your analogy that you just gave, that if the guy says, I bought something for $10, you get a hold-back of a buck; got — paid the guy nine, and it doesn’t do something; and I say, you owe me two bucks for the damages, I don’t — I don’t think that — I don’t see there’s any 'problem saying, you owe me two bucks for damages, and by the way, your actual market value of the machine is less than $9.00.
A. You really don’t?
Q. I really don’t.
A. Because that’s—
Q. You can have lost profits for sales you can’t get because the machine doesn’t work correctly, and you can also say the value of the machine is something entirely different.
A. No, that’s — that’s absolutely double-counting. And I — you seem very— very — you seem like a very intelligent person to me, and I’m shocked that you would say that. Because you can’t have both.
(Dohmeyer Deposition, at 133-34)(Empha-sis supplied).
In short, under Illinois law, both lost profits and diminished value are economic losses and are recoverable — and DBI does not argue to the contrary. Under Mr. Dohmeyer’s concept of economic loss, they are not.
CONCLUSION
While the excellent Supplemental Submission and Reply Supplemental Submission ably articulate DBI’s position, I do not think that the Memorandum Opinion and Order of June 22, 2005 should be amended beyond the issue of the
Moorman
quotation. A final comment, however, is warranted, even though not raised by the Supplemental Submissions. The exclusion of non-disclosed evidence is automatic and mandatory under Rule 37(c)(1) unless nondisclosure was justified or harmless.
Musser,
September 8, 2005.
Notes
. Literally every facet of this labor-added theory and every bit of information regarding alleviation of the Line's problems- — as well as information regarding prior claimed fixes— came from the defendants' employees. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 26-39, 42-45, 55-57, 61-63, 109). The Line is the Rotary Shear Multi-blanking machine that Loeffel purchased from Delta Brands.
. Although its title suggested that a more comprehensive and edifying analysis was to come, the "preliminary critique” underwent not a single change.
. Each coil of steel weighs as much as 60,000 lbs.
. The requirements for accreditation are completion of five years' experience in business appraisals, passing three technical exams, an ethics and the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice ("USPAP”) exam, and the submission of two appraisals for evaluation. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 13).
.
See also Maiz v. Virani,
.
Accord
810 ILCS 5/2-106(l)(UCC remedies "shall be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed.”);
Dynamic Recycling Services, Inc. v. Shred Pax Corp.,
. While
Daubert
applies to valuation testimony, whether offered by people like Mr. Doh-meyer, certified public accountants, or economists,
Frymire-Brinati v. KPMG Peat Marwick,
. In a lengthy "Declaration” belatedly submitted by the defendants in response to the present motion, Mr. Dohmeyer insisted that there is no authoritative text regarding the calculations of damages due to a machine that operates at a rate below its specifications.
(Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff s Motion to Bar,
Ex. A, ¶ 19). The controlling legal definitions of economic loss and the measure of damages available under Illinois law — which
. A similar kind of manipulation is found in the defendants' rendition of
Frymire-Brinati v. KPMG Peat Marwick, 2
F.3d 183 (7th Cir.1993). The discussion in the Response brief makes it appear as though the plaintiff's expert, a real estate appraiser, was improperly forbidden to testify that the plaintiff's expert, a certified public accountant, "bungled” his "valuation of damages.” (Response at 16). "Similarly],” the defendants say, they proffer "Mr. Dohmeyer, an economist, as its expert.”
Id.
Mr. Dohmeyer isn’t an economist, and the two cases are not similar. In
Brinati,
the chairman of the real estate committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants,
not
the appraiser, testified that the plaintiff's CPA had "bungled” by using historical rather than projected future income in his cash flow analysis.
. Rule 703 provides:
Bases of Opinion Testimony by Experts
The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence in order for the opinion or inference to be admitted. Facts or data that are otherwise inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting the jury to evaluate the expert’s opinion substantially outweighs their prejudicial effect.
. By way of example, the court in
Dura Automotive
said that a theoretical economist, who relied on the findings of an econometric study conducted by another economist, would not be allowed to testify if he lacked expertise in econometrics, and the study raised questions that only an econometrician could answer.
.
Barbouti
was cited approvingly in
Dura Automotive.
. When asked at his deposition how, since he knew nothing about the customer base of Loeffel or the eight publicly traded companies, he could have concluded that Loeffel served the same customer market as the eight other service centers, Mr. Dohmeyer said:
Oh they have to. I mean it's — you’re in that industry, you’re competing. You can’t help — once you're in an industry, you can't help but compete with other people in your industry. (Dohmeyer Dep., at 124).
. In antitrust cases, proof of the relevant product and geographic market is absolutely essential. The relevant geographic market is generally defined as the area of effective competition, that is the area in which the product or its reasonably interchangeable substitutes are traded. A determination of the geographic market must entail an analysis of several factors including the location of competitors and price data. Id. Although this case presents different issues, for purposes of determining comparability, the analysis is much the same.
. The defendants have taken a somewhat inconsistent position on the question of Mr. Dohmeyer’s expertise in the steel industry. First, they say that that expertise is "inconsequential.” (Response at 9). Then, as an afterthought, they say that Mr. Dohmeyer "perform[ed] thorough research on the steel industry.” Of course he did no such thing and saying it doesn’t make it so. Finally, they say he consulted with the defendants’ personnel, who have extensive experience in the steel industry. Id. There is nothing to support the claim that the defendants' employees are experts, and Mr. Dohmeyer never claimed that they imparted information beyond their labor-added theory. In any event, even if they had, that would not begin to satisfy the requirements of Rule 702 or 703.
. In 2002, the actual sales for the eight companies ranged from $99 million to $2,296 billion. There was a similar range in gross profit margins ranging from a low of 6% to a high of 29.8% in 2002.
. Even where a witness is an expert in the relevant field, the evidentiary reliability demanded by
Daubert
is not present when his or her opinion is speculative or rests on an unsound basis.
See American Bearing Co. v. Litton Industries, Inc.,
. Rule 26(a)(2)(B) provides, in pertinent part:
Except as otherwise stipulated or directed by the court, this disclosure shall, with respect to a witness who is retained or specially employed to provide expert testimony in the case or whose duties as an employee of the party regularly involve giving expert testimony, be accompanied by a written report prepared and signed by the witness. The report shall contain a complete statement of all opinions to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefor; the data or other information considered by the witness in forming the opinions; [and] any exhibits to be used as a summary of or support for the opinions; .... (Emphasis supplied).
. Mr. Wiersema’s report referred to approximately 1800 pages of exhibits, detailing expenses Loeffel claims to have incurred as a result of the Line’s malfunctioning and the damages from claimed losses of current and prospective customers.
. To emphasize the extent of his experience as an expert witness, Mr. Dohmeyer’s Declaration says that he has provided “expert witness testimony and analysis for over 15 years in hundreds of cases.” Id. at 2.
. The Rule requires the qualifications of the witness, including a list of all publications authored by the witness within the preceding ten years; the compensation to be paid for the study and testimony; and a listing of any other cases in which the witness has testified as an expert at trial or by deposition within the preceding four years.
. Only a handful of the entries contain the designation ''trial” or "deposition.” Even as to those that did, it was impossible to tell anything about the engagement or Mr. Doh-meyer’s testimony since the entry did not contain sufficient information to enable Loeffel to conduct an appropriate inquiry.
. The only conceivable reference to the Dun-ham case in the curriculum vitae is the terse entry, "Bankruptcy — Valuation of an insurance agency,” which was buried in the middle of the 116 entries.
. The defendants' Response calls Ms. Pratt a “highly regarded economist,” but does not identify the basis for the representation. (Response at 7). An internet search reveals that she writes on valuation of businesses. www.bvresources.com. Ms. Pratt is apparently in the same field as Mr. Dohmeyer.
.
DBI's Response brief was filed on March 14, 2005, four months after
Beretta
was decided.
But see Congregation of the Passion v. Touche Ross & Co.,
. Where language is omitted from the end of a quoted sentence, the deletions should be indicated by an ellipses. See The Bluebook, A Uniform System of Citation, 46 (The Harvard Law Review Association, Seventeenth Edition 2000); The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors and Publishers, 458 (The University of Chicago Press, Fifteenth Edition 2003).
. In St. Paul Fire & Marine, the court made clear that the non-testifying individual on whose work the expert was basing his opinions did not develop an original statistical model. He simply did calculations that could have been done by a computer. The evidence was clear that the expert’s reliance on the work of the statistician was of the type normally relied on by experts in the field. In the instant case there is no such evidence.
. If that is all that was needed, DBI's own employees could have done it.
. Tuf was announced on July 24, 2000; In re James Wilson Associates was announced on May 22, 1992.
.
See City of Kenosha v. Bruno,