Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor, Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor American Federation of Government Employees, Afl-CioLocal 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor, Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary of Labor American Federation of Government Employees, Afl-Cio
LOCAL 1219, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, еt al.
v.
Raymond J. DONOVAN, Secretary of Labor, et al., Appellants.
LOCAL 1219, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, et al.
v.
Raymond J. DONOVAN, Secretary of Labor, et al. American
Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, Appellant.
Nos. 81-2284, 81-2288.
United States Court of Appeals,
District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued June 7, 1982.
Decided July 13, 1982.
As Amended Aug. 12, 1982.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (D.C. Civil Action No. 81-1385).
Jason D. Kogan, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Stanley S. Harris, U. S. Atty., Royce C. Lamberth and R. Craig Lawrence, Asst. U. S. Attys., Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for Donovan, et al., appellants in No. 81-2284.
James R. Rosa with whom William J. Stone and Michael T. Leibig, Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for American Federation of Government Employees, in No. 81-2288.
Edward L. Merrigan, Washington, D. C., for appellees, Local 1219.
Before ROBINSON, Chief Judge, and TAMM and WALD, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge WALD.
WALD, Circuit Judge:
This case presents a difficult question of first impression regarding the judiciary's authority to review settlement agreements between the Deрartment of Labor ("Department") and a federal employees' union resolving charges of unfair election procedures. Although it is well established that the Department's enforcement of analogous private sector laws is subject to some judicial scrutiny, we have not previously examined the judicial role in reviewing enforcement of standards governing public sector labor organizations. In this case, we hold that the Department's decision to enter a settlement agreement is subject to limited review under the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"),
I. Background
At the American Federation of Government Employee's ("AFGE") August, 1980 election, incumbent Kenneth Blaylock narrowly defeated Carl Sadler for the office of national president. The election results were contested immediately, and, as a result, the convention instructed the AFGE's Election Committee to investigate charges of election irregularities. The Election Committee returned a month later with a report recommending that the AFGE's National Executive Council consider a run-off election. The incumbent leadership, however, concluded that the Committee's report confirmed the legitimacy of the election results, and therefore that there was no need for the National Executive Council to meet. Accordingly it advised Sadler that there would be no run-off election.
Having exhausted their internal union remedies, Sadler and two other union members filed a complaint with the Department of Labor charging that the AFGE's election was conducted in violation of section 7120 of the Civil Service Reform Act of 19781 ("CSRA"), which governs the conduct of public employee elections, and applicable regulations.2 On March 4, 1981, the Director of the Office of Labor-Management Standards ("Director") notified Blaylock that there was probable cause to conclude that the AFGE's election had been conducted illegally.3 Pursuant to the Department's regulations, he invited Blaylock to negotiate a settlement for "appropriate remedial action." Absent such a settlement, he explained, the Department would institute administrative enforcement procеedings.
Two months later, the Director and the AFGE entered into a settlement agreement.5 Under the terms of this agreement, the Department is to supervise the August, 1982 election of four national officers.6 In addition, the agreement authorized the Department to supervise the election of the delegates to the August, 1982 convention. In return, the Department agreed not to institute administrative enforcement proceedings so long as the AFGE complied with the terms of the agreement.7
Protesting that this settlement agreement in fact provided no remedial relief, four locals of the AFGE and eighty six individual members brought this action in the United States District Court seeking to require the Director to comply with the terms of
At any such conference, the Director may enter into an agreement providing for appropriate remedial action. If no person or labor organization requests such a conference, or upon failure to reach agreement following any such conference, the Director shall institute enforcement proceedings by filing a complaint with the Chief Administrative Law Judge, U. S. Department of Labor.
In an opinion issued on July 8, 1981, the district court concluded that the settlement agreement did not provide "appropriate remedial action" and therefore instructed the Director to proceed with negotiations or an enforcement action as required by
II. Reviewability of the Department's Decision
At the outset, the government challenges our jurisdiction to review the Department's decision that the settlement agreement with the AFGE constitutes "appropriate remedial action." 29 C.F.R. 208.66.12 As no specific statute authorizes judicial review of such determinations, resolution of this challenge turns on the availability of review under the APA. In particular, we must assess whether settling a complaint of union election irregularities is "agenсy action committed to agency discretion by law," and is thus unreviewable under the APA.
The APA's exception for "agency action committed to agency discretion" is a "very narrow exception ... applicable in those rare instances when 'statutes are drawn in such broad terms that in a given case there is no law to apply.' " Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe,
The government argues that there is "no law to apply" in this case because the CSRA,
The government's interpretation of
The government suggests that judicial review is nonetheless inappropriate because settlement negotiations involve special matters of agency expertise. It suggests that courts are ill-suited to assess the impact of a settlement on a union, its suitability under agency policy or the wisdom of devoting agency resources to an enforcement proceeding. Government's Brief at 11. Because the Director has considerable experience in these matters, they conclude, the question of whether, and on what terms, to settle should be left entirely to his discretion.
We do not doubt the experience and expertise of the Director; but we cannot agree that it forecloses judicial review. Far from lacking any experience with reviewing settlement agreements, courts are well acquainted with the task of approving settlements of enormous complexity. See, e.g.,
We would nonetheless refrain from review if the legislative history of the CSRA persuasively indicated Congress' intent to preclude any judicial role. In conducting an inquiry into congressional intent, however, we must be mindful of the strong presumption against concluding that Congress meant to prohibit any judicial oversight of agency action. As the Supreme Court recently reminded:
"The question is phrased in terms of 'prohibition' rather than 'authorization' because a survey of our cases shows that judicial review of a final agency action by an aggrieved person will not be cut off unless there is persuasive reason to believe that such was the purpose of Congress." Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner,
Dunlop v. Bachowski,
As the government correctly points out, neither the House nor the Senate-passed versions of the CSRA expressly provided for judicial review of decisions concerning enforcement of their respective counterparts of
In conference, enforcement of
The government suggests that this legislative history indicates a legislative intent to preclude judicial review. While we agree that this reading is plausible, we do not find it the reading most consonant with congressional purposes, or the general statutory scheme, and it does not rise to the level of "clear and convincing evidence" of congressional intent needed to preclude judicial review. Preliminarily, we note that the government has not pointed to any special legislative intent regarding the particular issue before us-namely the judiciary's authority to review decisions to enter settlement agreements. Thus, the government's argument amounts to an attack on the judiciary's ability to review any of the Assistant Secretary's actions taken pursuant to
III. Validity of the Department's Decision
On the merits, the standard by which we review the Department's decision is quite narrow. We cannot substitute our judgment for that of the Director, in whom the Department entrusted the decision to enter into settlement agreements. Rather, we must restrict our inquiry to determining whether his actions violated applicable statutory or regulatory provisions, or demonstrate that he acted arbitrarily, capriciously or otherwise in abuse of his discretion.
The Director's Statement of Reasons for settling with the AFGE present ample grounds for upholding his decision. In his statement, the Director outlined a number of possible impediments to an administrative enforcement action and explained how the relief obtained through settlement-supervision of the next regularly scheduled election-was for all practical purposes the same as that which could be obtained through an enforcement action. Rather than evidencing an abdication of the Director's responsibility to obtain "appropriate remedial action," the Statement of Reasons indicates a careful consideration of the practical consequences of pursuing alternative remedial approaches.
The underlying theme in the Director's Statement of Reasons is that the settlement offered certainty of relief.19 In this connection, the Director pointed to four possible weaknesses in his case against the union. First, some members of organizations affiliated with the AFGE were employed by the private sector. In the Director's opinion, this fact indicated that the AFGE's elections would be covered by both the LMRDA and the CSRA, and therefore raised the question whether relief under the LMRDA was the exclusive remedy. Were the LMRDA to be the exclusive remedy, he noted, the union would be able to successfully defend any action on the ground that the Director's enforcement actions were not timely. Second, the Director expressed concern that the original complaints filed against the AFGE were "couched in vague language" raising the possibility that the Director's case would be dismissed for being outside the scope of the complaining member's allegations.20 Third, the Director suggested that a factfinder may not be sympathetic to the govеrnment's case inasmuch as the violations were not willful or fraudulent. Finally, the Director noted that he might not be able to prove that the violations affected the election's outcome.21
In addition to the certainty provided by the settlement, the major factor counseling against an enforcement action was the practical equivalence of a supervised 1982 election and a supervised re-run of the 1980 election. The Director explained that supervised elections following an enforcement action probably could not be completed bеfore the regularly scheduled August, 1982 election.22 Through the settlement agreement, however, a supervised 1982 election was assured, and supervision of the election of delegates could begin in the fall of 1981. Thus, while there would not be a re-running of the August, 1980 election, the settlement provided what the Director considered to be a more expeditious route to a supervised national election.
The district court found the Director's reasons inadequate because "the government does nothing to remedy the violations that may have occurred in 1980, nor does it grant plaintiffs any рrospective rights other than those to which they are already entitled." Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Donovan, Civ.Action No. 81-1385 (D.D.C. October 9, 1981); Appendix 262. We disagree. Rather than failing to give aggrieved union members any prospective rights, the settlement provides the essential remedy for an illegal election, namely, a supervised future election.23 Indeed, according to the Director's estimates, the settlement provides an earlier supervised election than could have been achieved through an enforcement action. Under these circumstances, we find the Director's decision to be amply supported.24
Conclusion
The APA provides courts with limited authority to review the Department's enforcement of labor management standards of conduct. Applying the APA's standards to this case, we conclude that the Department acted reasonably in entering into a settlement agreement with the AFGE. We therefore reverse the judgment of the district court and remand with instructions to grant defendant's motion for summary judgment.
So ordered.
Notes
Pub.L.No.454, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. (1978),
Every labor organization subject to the Act shall conduct periodic elections of officers in a fair and democratic manner. All elections of officers shall be governed by the standards prescribed in sections 401(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (g) of the (Labor-Managеment Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959,
Sadler alleged that the AFGE had impeded his distribution of literature and had discriminated against him in the use of membership lists. In addition he charged that Blaylock had permitted paid staff employees from the national headquarters to interfere with voting delegates and had improperly appointed the incumbent AFGE Secretary-Treasurer to chair the Credentials Committee.
See Letter from Richard Hunsucker, Director, to Kenneth Blaylock, National Prеsident of the AFGE (Mar. 4, 1981), Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts As To Which There Is No Genuine Issue, Exhibit B; Appendix ("App.") 125
Id.; App. 127
Plaintiff's Statement Of Material Facts As To Which There Is No Genuine Issue, Exhibit D; App. 130
The Department will supervise elections for the offices of National President, Executive Vice President, National Secretary-Treasurer, and Director of the Women's Affairs Department. Id.; App. 131
Id.; App. 132
Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Donovan,
App. 81-82
Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees v. Donovan, Civ. Action No. 81-1385 (D.D.C. Oct. 9, 1981); App. 262
Appellees originally moved tо dismiss on the ground that there was no judgment below. On March 29, we remanded to the district court for a clarification of its order. On March 31, 1982, the district court entered an order making it clear that its prior order is appealable. See Local 1219, American Federation of Government Employees, Civ. Action No. 81-1385 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 1982), reprinted in Supplemental Brief for AFGE, Addendum B
AFGE raises the additional point that the dissident members did not exhaust their administrative remedies by appealing the Director's decision to "in effect" dismiss their complaint. See
These regulations set forth virtually the identical enforcement scheme for violations of the CSRA's union democracy provisions as apply to violations of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act,
See page 514 supra
Indeed, the Director's letter to Kenneth Blaylock setting forth the reasons for his probable cause finding clearly interprets the applicable regulations to require an enforcemеnt proceeding in the absence of an agreement providing appropriate remedial action. See Letter from Richard Hunsucker, Director, to Kenneth Blaylock, AFGE National President (Mar. 4, 1981); App. 127. The Director's obligation to obtain appropriate remedial action, of course, hinges on his probable cause determination. Since there was such a determination in this case, we need not assess whether the Director's probable cause determinations are themselves reviewable. This latter question has been answered affirmatively in the cоntext of the LMRDA. See Dunlop v. Bachowski,
Even assuming, arguendo, that
In this connection, the comments of the Third Circuit in Bachowski v. Brennan,
(T)he legislative history of the LMRDA demonstrates a deep concern with the interest of the individual union member, as well as the general public, in the integrity of union elections. Thus, in seeking to remedy violations of the Act, the Secretary acts not only for the benefit of the country as a whole, but also on behalf of those individuals whose rights have been infringed. To grant the Secretary absolute discretion in this situation seems particularly inappropriate, for if he wrongfully refuses to file suit, individual union members are left without a remedy.
See S. 2640, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. § 7204(e) (1979), reprinted in Legislative History, at 571; H.R. 11280, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. § 7123 (1978), reprinted in Legislative History, at 979
See Statement of Reasons for Entering Into an Agreement on May 20, 1981 to Supervise the 1982 Election of National Officers of the American Federation of Government Employees 3; App. 88
Id. at 4; App. 89
The Director noted that this investigation had disclosed violations affecting 32,000 votes. Since the margin in the National Secretary-Treasurer election was approximately 39,396 votes, the Director suggested that he might not be able to prove that the violations affected the outcome of the election
In the Directоr's opinion, he could only carry this part of his case if the Administrative Law Judge were to accept the analysis of Marshall v. South Atlantic & Gulf Coast Dist., International Longshoremen's Ass'n, 97 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 2501 (S.D.Tex.1978) (pervasive violations in a portion of the locals may raise an inference of similar, undiscovered violations sufficient to affect an election's outcome).
Id. at 7; App. 92
Appellees cite Wirtz v. Local 153, Glass Bottle Blowers Ass'n,
We do not suggest that a supervised future election provides precisely the same relief as a rerun of the allegedly illegal election. Cf. Brennan v. Connecticut State UAW Community Action Council,