Petitioner Duest was convicted of the' first-degree murder of John Pope and sentenced to death. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Duest’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal,
Duest v. State,
I. BACKGROUND AND COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS
John Pope was last seen alive on February 15, 1982 (President’s Day), in Ft. Laud-erdale, Florida, and was found dead early the following morning. Duest was arrested April 18,1982, and on May 21,1982, was charged by indictment with Pope’s murder. During the March 1983 trial, held in Bro-ward .County, Florida, Duest relied on an alibi defense, presenting both testimonial and documentary evidence that he had been in Massachusetts throughout President’s Day Weekend (February 13-15) 1982 and until April 5, 1982, on which date he had arrived in Florida on a Trailways bus. In *474 response, the prosecution presented seven witnesses, all of whom testified that they had seen Duest in the Ft. Lauderdale area during President’s Day Weekend, and some of whom testified that they had seen Duest with Pope hours before the latter was found dead. Although the prosecution suggested that Duest’s alibi witnesses had merely confused the dates of his appearance in and departure from Massachusetts, the prosecution never explicitly argued that Duest had not been in Massachusetts on April 5. The jury convicted Duest of first-degree murder on March 18, 1983.
On the following day, the penalty phase of the proceedings commenced. At this time, the government sought, inter alia, to show that Duest’s prior criminal record contained two convictions for crimes of violence. Under Florida law, such crimes constitute an aggravating circumstance to be weighed by a sentencing jury against evidence of statutory and nonstatutory mitigating evidence. Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.-141(5)(b). 1 To establish this aggravating circumstance, the prosecution introduced into evidence two convictions from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts: one for armed robbery, and the other for armed assault with intent to murder. 2 After the introduction of the second conviction, the sentencing court spoke to the jury as follows:
State’s Exhibit No. 2 is a certified copy from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Superior Court, Department of the Trial Court. This is a conviction for armed assault to murder. The defendant pled guilty on January 13, 1971, and was sentenced to a term not exceeding ten years, nor less than five years.
I will read this Indictment to you, also. It says, “Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The Superior Court. At the City of Cambridge, within and for the County of Middlesex, on the first Monday of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seventy, the jurors for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on their oath present that Lloyd Paul Duest on the 4th day of March in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and seventy, at Reading, in the County of Middlesex, aforesaid being armed with a dangerous weapon, did assault Herbert McSheehy and Leo Iaco-pucci ... with intent to murder them against the peace of said Commonwealth and contrary to the Statute in such case and provided....”
Trial Transcript at 1574-75. The court gave to the jury no additional facts regarding this conviction other than those contained in the Indictment.
After the jury returned from deliberating over Duest’s sentence, it asked to see the criminal records pertaining to Duest’s Massachusetts convictions. Id. at 1631. The court proceeded to re-read to the jury each indictment and notice of guilty plea and sentence. Id. at 1631-33. After this second reading, the jury returned to its deliberations, and subsequently recommended a sentence of death by a seven to five vote. It is not clear from the record how much time elapsed between the time the court re-read the prior convictions to the jury and the time that the jury recommended death; the sentencing phase, however, lasted only one day. On April 24, 1983, the trial court accepted the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Duest to death. The trial court found four aggravating factors to exist, including the “prior crimes of violence” circumstance listed in Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.141(5)(b), and none of *475 the statutory mitigating factors listed in Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.141(6).
The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Duest’s first-degree murder conviction and death sentence.
Duest v. State,
Duest then petitioned for a writ of
habe-as corpus
in state court, alleging,
inter alia,
(1) the
Brady
violation referred to
supra,
as well as other
Brady
claims; (2) that the sentencing jury’s improper consideration of a prior conviction that had subsequently been vacated by the Massachusetts courts entitled Duest to a new sentencing proceeding, under
Johnson v. Mississippi,
The Florida Supreme Court denied
habe-as
relief and affirmed the trial court’s denial of Duest’s motion for Rule 3.850 post-conviction relief.
Duest v. Dugger,
Duest then petitioned for habeas relief in Federal District Court, asserting 25 different claims. In an Order dated September 19, 1990, the district court denied relief on all claims, holding that some of the claims were procedurally barred, and that others had no merit. Duest v. Dugger, No. 90-6045-CIV-RYSKAMP (S.D.Fla. Sept. 19, 1990) (hereinafter “September 19 Order”). Duest appeals the district court’s determination as to several of these claims. Specifically, Duest makes the following arguments before this court:
(1) Duest is entitled to a new trial in light of the government’s withhold *476 ing of material exculpatory evidence under Brady (Issue I);
(2) Resentencing is appropriate because of the sentencing jury’s impermissible consideration of the vacated Massachusetts conviction (Issue II);
(3) An evidentiary hearing on the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing must be held in district court (Issue III);
(4) Duest was denied effective assistance of counsel at trial by virtue of his lawyer’s failure to object to improper prosecutorial statements during the guilt and sentencing phases (Issue IV);
(5) Duest was denied effective assistance of appellate counsel by virtue of appellate counsel’s failure to raise several different issues on appeal (Issue V);
(6) There was insufficient evidence to convict Duest of first-degree murder (Issue VI);
(7) The trial court committed reversible error at sentencing by issuing insufficient instructions regarding aggravating factors, in violation of Maynard v. Cartwright,486 U.S. 356 ,108 S.Ct. 1853 ,100 L.Ed.2d 372 (1988) (Issue VII);
(8) Duest’s was denied his right to a fair trial because of the introduction at trial of flight evidence and evidence of Duest’s use of an alias (Issue VIII);
(9) the trial court committed reversible error at sentencing when it instructed the jury that a majority vote (seven of twelve jurors) was needed to return a verdict of life imprisonment as opposed to death (Issue IX); and
(10)Resentencing is appropriate because the trial court’s penalty phase instructions impermissibly shifted the burden of proof to Duest to prove that life imprisonment was the appropriate punishment (Issue X).
As noted supra, we affirm the district court’s denial of habeas relief regarding Duest’s conviction, but reverse the district court’s denial of relief regarding sentencing.
II. DUEST’S CONVICTION
Duest makes several claims regarding the alleged unlawfulness of his conviction, including those claims identified supra as Issue I (the Brady violations); Issue IV (to the extent the prosecutorial misstatements took place at the guilt phase of the trial); Issue V (to the extent that appellate counsel failed to raise on appeal issues arising out of the guilt phase of the trial); Issue VI (sufficiency of the evidence); and Issue VIII (erroneous admission of flight evidence and evidence of use of an alias).
Because Duest’s Brady claim is the sole claim pertaining to Duest’s conviction that merits extended treatment here, we reserve that discussion for last, and address Duest’s other claims first.
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel— Guilt Phase (Issue IV)
With respect to Duest’s claim that he was denied ineffective assistance of trial counsel at the guilt phase by virtue of his counsel’s failure to object to improper prosecutorial statements, we note that in order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a
habeas
petitioner must show that his lawyer performed deficiently, and that such deficient performance prejudiced his client.
Strickland v. Washington,
In this case, whether or not trial counsel behaved deficiently, his failure to object to the prosecutor’s allegedly improper statements did not prejudice his client. To prove prejudice, petitioner must show that “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would
*477
have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ”
Yizar,
B.Ineffective Assistance of Appellate Counsel (Issue V)
With respect to Duest’s allegations of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failure to raise on appeal claims arising out of the guilt phase of Duest’s trial, it is clear that the petitioner has not sustained his burden of proving prejudice resulting from appellate counsel’s alleged deficient performance.
See Strickland, supra.
4
In assessing the likelihood of success of a direct appeal, we must accord deference to the Florida Supreme Court’s decisions to the extent the Court has decided one of the underlying state law issues giving rise to the ineffective assistance claim.
Alvord v. Wainwright,
In denying Duest state
habeas
relief and in affirming the trial court’s denial of Duest’s 3.850 motion, however, the Florida Supreme Court addressed petitioner’s substantive state law claims on the merits. The court concluded that under prevailing Florida law, petitioner’s arguments regarding the admission of flight and alias evidence “would have been unavailing had it been raised on appeal.”
Duest v. Dugger,
C.Insufficient Evidence of First-Degree Murder (Issue VI)
We find no merit to Duest’s contention that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of first-degree murder. To prevail on a sufficiency of the evidence claim, petitioner must show that, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence in this case could not have permitted a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that Duest was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of first-degree murder.
Jackson v. Virginia,
D.Introduction of Flight/Alias Evidence (Issue VIII)
The Florida Supreme Court relied on an independent and adequate state procedural ground — that is, Duest’s failure to raise the issue of improper introduction of flight and alias evidence on direct appeal— in denying relief on this claim.
Duest v. Dugger,
*478 E. Brady Violation (Issue I)
In
Brady v. Maryland,
Under the law of this circuit, a defendant seeking to establish a
Brady
violation must prove (1) that the government possessed evidence — which may include impeachment evidence — favorable to the defense; (2) that the defendant did not possess the evidence, and could not obtain it with any reasonable diligence; (3) that the prosecution suppressed the evidence; and (4) that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.
United States v. Meros,
Duest has presented several
Brady
claims based on the failure of the State to furnish to the defense various witness statements that, Duest argues, could have been used to impeach the State’s witnesses at trial. Although such impeachment evidence falls within the
Brady
rule under
Giglio v. United States,
Duest contends that the April 5 Trailways bus ticket served to bolster the contentions of the defense that Duest had been in Massachusetts during President’s Day Weekend 1982 and through April 5, ■ 1982, the date on which, according to the defense, Duest left Boston for Ft. Lauder-dale. Duest suggests that because the prosecution focused on the credibility of Duest’s alibi witnesses, the existence of the bus ticket would have enhanced the credibility of these witnesses such that a reasonable probability exists that the jury would have accepted Duest’s alibi. We disagree.
As noted by the Florida Supreme Court, the prosecution presented seven witnesses who testified that Duest had been in Ft. Lauderdale on President’s Day Weekend. These witnesses included a man who allegedly had sat next to Duest on the two-day bus trip from New York to Ft. Lauderdale that landed Duest in Florida on President’s Day weekend, as well as women with whom Duest allegedly shared an apartment in Florida that weekend. The jury clearly *479 believed these witnesses rather than Duest’s alibi witnesses, most of whom were family members or friends. The existence of the April 5 bus ticket in no way impeaches the testimony of the prosecution’s witnesses, in that the ticket indicates only that someone traveled from Boston to Ft. Laud-erdale on April 5, and says nothing about Duest’s whereabouts during the President’s Day Weekend.
Admittedly, the existence of the ticket serves to corroborate the testimony of Duest’s parents that they put him on a Ft. Lauderdale-bound bus in Boston on April 5. None of Duest’s alibi witnesses, however, testified that Duest was in Boston the entire period between February and April 1982. Thus, the existence of the bus ticket in no way contradicts the prosecution’s contention, accepted by the jury, that Duest was in Ft. Lauderdale on President’s Day Weekend. At oral argument, Duest’s counsel conceded that the prosecution never argued explicitly that Duest had not been in Massachusetts on April 5.
The fact that the bus ticket serves to corroborate a part of Duest’s story that is not directly relevant to the crime charged does not justify a finding for Duest on the fourth prong of the
Meros
test. In
United States v. Booz,
Finally, we note that the jury rejected alibi evidence as to Duest’s whereabouts on President’s Day Weekend that was more compelling than the April 5 bus ticket. The jury failed to be swayed by introduction of an auto parts store receipt from Watertown, Massachusetts, dated February 15, bearing the name of “Duest.” 7 As stated by the District Court in its September 19 Order, “[ujnder Bagley, there is no reasonable probability that an April bus ticket would have convinced the jury that Duest did not commit the February murder, when the jury did not believe a hardware store owner who produced a February receipt that purportedly showed that Duest was in Massachusetts when Pope was killed.” September 19 Order at 12.
Accordingly, we reject Duest’s Brady claims in their entirety. Because we also reject the remainder of Duest’s claims as they pertain to his conviction for first-degree murder, we affirm the district court with respect to Duest’s conviction for first-degree murder.
III. DUEST’S SENTENCE
Duest also challenges his death sentence on a number of different grounds, including those grounds identified supra as Issue II (the Johnson v. Mississippi claim relating to Duest’s vacated prior conviction); Issue III (ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing); Issue IV (to the extent the prosecutorial misstatements took place at the penalty phase of the trial); Issue V (to the extent that appellate counsel failed to raise on appeal issues arising out of the penalty phase of the trial); Issue VII (insufficient instructions at sentencing phase on “heinous, atrocious and cruel” aggravating circumstance); Issue IX (erroneous instructions regarding votes necessary for a life sentence); and Issue X (improper bur *480 den-shifting instruction at penalty phase). Because we agree with Duest that resen-tencing is appropriate on the grounds raised in Issue II, we need not reach the other issues raised by Duest pertaining to his sentence.
Duest’s Johnson v. Mississippi Claim (Issue II)
As noted
supra,
Duest contends that because the sentencing jury’s recommendation of death was based upon consideration of a criminal conviction that was later vacated by the Massachusetts courts, resen-tencing is in order under
Johnson v. Mississippi,
A. Eighth Amendment Error
In Johnson, the sentencing jury found three aggravating circumstances regarding Johnson’s murder of a Mississippi highway patrolman, one of which was that Johnson had “previously been convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person of another.” 8 The sole evidence supporting this aggravating circumstance was an authenticated copy of petitioner’s commitment following his 1963 conviction in New York State for second-degree assault with intent to commit first-degree rape. The prosecutor repeatedly referred to this conviction during sentencing. Because the three aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances, the Mississippi jury, the sentencer under Mississippi law, sentenced Johnson to death. In 1987, after the Mississippi jury passed its sentence, the New York Court of Appeals reversed Johnson’s conviction for second-degree assault with intent to commit first-degree rape on the grounds that Johnson’s confession was coerced. 9 Despite the sentencing jury's consideration of this invalid conviction, the Mississippi Supreme Court affirmed Johnson’s death sentence.
The United States Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case to the state courts for resentencing. The Court held that the sentencing jury’s consideration of the invalid conviction violated the Eighth Amendment because the decision to sentence Johnson to death was predicated on “factors that are constitutionally impermissible or totally irrelevant to the sentencing process.”
Johnson,
Thus,
Johnson
stands for the proposition that a sentencing jury’s consideration of a vacated conviction in establishing aggravating factors violates the Eighth Amendment because such consideration undermines the “need for reliability in the determination that death is the appropriate punishment.”
Id.
at 584,
B. Harmless Error
Before examining whether the Eighth Amendment error in this case was harmless, we note that federal courts are not bound by state court determinations as to whether Constitutional error is harmless.
Jackson v. Dugger,
*481
In
Johnson,
the State opposed Johnson’s request for resentencing, arguing that because the Mississippi Supreme Court had concluded that the death sentence returned by the jury would have stood even absent Johnson’s New York conviction, such re-sentencing was inappropriate. The United States Supreme Court rejected this argument. First, the Court noted that the Mississippi Supreme Court had expressly refused to conduct a harmless error analysis, and that such refusal was appropriate, given that the prosecution had focused upon that aggravating factor far more than on the others.
Johnson,
As noted
supra,
the Florida Supreme Court rejected Duest’s
Johnson
claim because it “believe[d] beyond a reasonable doubt that Duest would still have received a sentence of death without evidence of [the vacated] conviction.”
Duest v. Dugger,
Notwithstanding the Florida Supreme Court’s analysis, and the contentions of the State, we hold that the Eighth Amendment error resulting from the sentencing jury’s consideration of Duest’s vacated Massachusetts conviction was not harmless.
The Supreme Court’s decisions in
Johnson, supra,
and
Clemons v. Mississippi,
Although the jury in this case received less exposure to the vacated conviction than did the jury in Johnson, the circumstances surrounding the jury’s consideration of this conviction indicate that reversible error occurred here as well. The fact that the jury requested to see the vacated convictions after having deliberated for a time suggests strongly that this particular evidence played a significant role in the jury’s ultimate determination that death was the appropriate sentence. It is impor *482 tant to note that the jury did not request additional information or instruction from the trial court on any other matter. It is unclear from the record how much time elapsed between the jury’s request and its arrival at a recommendation of death; nevertheless, the fact that the entire sentencing hearing took only one day, combined with the other circumstances surrounding the jury’s determination, further calls into question the reliability of the jury’s recommendation. Finally, that the jury recommended death by the narrowest of margins renders its consideration of the vacated conviction especially problematic. Thus, the context in which the sentencing jury considered Duest’s conviction undermines confidence in the jury’s recommendation of death as much as the context in which the jury imposed death in Johnson.
The
Johnson
Court rejected a finding of harmless error not only because of the jury’s particular exposure to Johnson’s vacated conviction, but also because “the error [in
Johnson
] extended beyond the mere invalidation of an aggravating circumstance supported by evidence that was otherwise admissible. Here the jury was allowed to consider evidence that has been revealed to be materially inaccurate.”
The distinction drawn by the Court in Johnson and Clemons compels reversal here. Duest’s sentencing jury was allowed to consider evidence that has been revealed to be materially inaccurate. Unlike the jury in Clemons, Duest’s jury did not merely consider in an improper context evidence that had been admitted during the guilt phase; it considered evidence that incorrectly indicated that (1) Duest had been convicted of a crime involving violence, and that (2) the underlying conduct for which he was convicted reflected a murderous intent. The fact that Duest may have committed some of the underlying conduct alleged in the indictment — that is, the arméd assault — in no way renders harmless the effects such inaccuracies may have had on the jury. The implication that Duest had acted with murderous intent in committing armed assault might well have had particular impact on a jury considering whether to recommend life or death.
In
Brown v. Dugger,
If there remains a possibility that the constitutionally-proscribed evidence impacted on the ultimate decisional process of the jury, if the beneficiary of the error cannot refute that possibility beyond all reasonable doubt, constitutional errors can never be deemed harmless.
Id.
at 1554 (citing
Hutchins v. Wainwright,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Duest’s conviction for first-degree murder. We REVERSE the district court’s denial of a writ of habeas corpus and VACATE Duest’s death sentence. We REMAND the case to the district court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Notes
. Florida is a "weighing" state. In the sentencing phase of a capital trial, the jury must determine (1) whether sufficient aggravating circumstances exist as enumerated in Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.141(5), (2) whether mitigating circumstances, both statutory and nonstatutory, exist which outweigh the aggravating circumstances, and (3) based on this calculus, whether death is the appropriate sentence. Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.-141(2). Unlike other weighing states such as Mississippi, however, the sentence reached by a Florida capital jury is purely advisory. Under Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.141(3), the trial court, the sentencer under Florida law, must itself ultimately weigh aggravating and mitigating circumstances in determining whether death is the appropriate sentence. Fla.Stat.Ann. § 921.-141(3).
. Duest had pled guilty to both crimes.
. Duest’s 1988 appeal involved his attempt to withdraw his pleas as to both of the aforementioned convictions. Under
Commonwealth v. Henson,
. The standard of proof and standard of review are the same in the context of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel as in the context of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Alvord v. Wainwright,
. As noted in Section II.B, supra, Duest also raises these claims in the context of his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. As discussed therein, the claims have no merit.
. The third prong of the
Meros
test does not require that proof of "suppression” of the alleged
Brady
material be accompanied by evidence of deliberate withholding of such evidence by the State. "The Supreme Court has recognized that ‘suppression’ for purposes of a
Brady
analysis is not ‘measured by the moral culpability, or the willfulness of the prosecutor.’ ’’
United States v. Spagnoulo,
. The receipt did not include a first name. The store owner, however, testified that the defendant himself was a party to the February 15 transaction reflected on the receipt. <
. Mississippi, like Florida, is a "weighing" state. See note 1, supra.
. The reasons for the 24-year delay between Johnson’s New York conviction and the New York Court of Appeals’ reversal are irrelevant to the issue before us.
. This is the proper standard by which a court measures whether a constitutional violation is harmless error.
Clemons v. Mississippi,
. It is equally apparent that, had the sentencing jury recommended life, the trial court would not have overridden this recommendation and sentenced Duest to death. As conceded by the prosecution, there was "plenty of nonstatutory mitigating evidence present in this case” to support a jury determination of life imprisonment in this case. Under Florida law, a sentencing court may not override a jury recommendation of life imprisonment if the jury recommendation has a reasonable basis.
Hall v. State,
. This case is different from
Kennedy v. Dugger,