LIVONIA PROPERTIES HOLDINGS, LLC, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. 12840-12976 FARMINGTON ROAD HOLDINGS, LLC, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 10-1782.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Oct. 28, 2010.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff Livonia Properties Holdings, L.L.C. appeals the district court‘s denial of a request for a preliminаry injunction of the foreclosure by advertisement of four properties for which Livonia had defaulted on its mortgage obligations. The district court denied the request for a preliminary injunction after determining that Livonia did not have a strong likelihood of success on the merits, Livonia was not likely to suffer irreparable harm without the injunction, any harm caused to Livonia by refus
Livonia owns (or recently owned) four commercial properties in Livonia, Michigan. In December 2004, Livonia used these properties to secure a $16,300,000 commercial mortgage loan with Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB. Lehman Brothers executed an assignment of the loan on or around January 6, 2005, effective January 11, 2005 (the “First Assignment“). The assignment documents show that the loan was transferred from Lehman Brothers to LaSalle Bank National Association as Trustee for the registered holders of LB-UBS Commercial Mortgage Trust 2005-C-1, Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-C1 (the “Trust“). The First Assignment was recorded with the Wayne County Register of Deeds on November 17, 2005.
The public record shows only an assignment from Lehman Brothers to the Trust. However, Livonia has provided evidence that the First Assignment was actually accomplished through a series of interim, short-term transfers rather than a direct transfer between the parties. These transfers have been acknowledged by defendant, Farmington Road Holdings, and are as follows:
- On or about January 6, 2005, effective January 11, 2005, Lehman Brothers sold the loan to Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. (“LBHI“);
- On or about January 31, 2005, LBHI transferred the loan to Structured Asset Securities Corporation II (“SASCII“);
- On or about February 10, 2005, SASCII deposited the loan into the Trust.
Livonia discovered these interim assignments through an Internet search that revealed a Pooling and Servicing Agreement (“PSA“) describing the interim transfers that were used to establish the Trust. Farmington acknowledged at oral argument that the First Assignment was executed “in blank” (to be completed later) and was later completed to identify the Trust as Lehman Brothers’ assignee.
On February 17, 2010, thе Trust created the defendant entity, Farmington, for the purpose of foreclosing on the mortgaged properties. The trustee assigned the loan to Farmington on or about March 3, 2010 (the “Second Assignment“). The Second Assignment was recorded with the Wayne County Register of Deeds on March 4, 2010. Farmington then began the process of foreclosure by advertisement, a method of non-judicial foreclosure permitted under Michigan law.
On appeal, Livonia contends that Farmington is not in compliance with the statute‘s requirement that a foreclosing mortgagee who is not the original mortgagee must hold record chain of title to the property in question. The basic assertion is that because the interim transfers of January 2005 were never recorded, the record chain of title is defective and Farmington cannot foreclose on the properties by advertisement. The district court correctly determined that Livonia did not have a strong likelihood of success on the merits of its record-chain-of-title claim and dis
As an initial matter, Farmington contends that Livonia‘s request that the sales that have already occurred be set aside is not properly before this court. Farmington argues that the request was not before the district court on the motion for preliminary injunction, but Farmington does not acknowledge that the TRO barred foreclosure, so there were no sales for the district court to set aside. All of the relevant issues of law required to award either form of relief, an injunction or voiding of the sales, were presented below, and Livonia has not modified those claims on appeal. Livonia is not attempting to introduce a new claim on appeal, but has merely adjusted the form of relief requested to conform to the current circumstаnces. The request has been properly presented to this court.
Farmington also contends that Livonia‘s petition is partially moot because three of the four mortgaged properties have already been sold through the foreclosure by advertisement process, but this argument is also without merit. Farmington‘s sole support of its position is a quote taken out of context from Wright‘s Federal Practice and Procedure treatise, which stаtes that “[i]f the district court has denied an injunction and there has been no stay, defendant is free to take the action sought to be enjoined, and if the event sought to be enjoined transpires before the appeal is heard, the appeal will be dismissed as moot.” 11 Charles Alan Wright, Mary Kay Kane, Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2904. We have found no additional support for this proposition, and Farmington has not argued that we would be unаble to provide Livonia any relief in this appeal. See Coalition for Gov‘t Procurement v. Fed. Prison Indus., 365 F.3d 435, 460 (6th Cir. 2004) (“the determinative factor in the mootness inquiry is whether the court possesses the authority to afford [the party seeking reversal] any effectual relief“).
The key issue on appeal is the meaning of “record chain of title” under Michigan‘s foreclosure by advertisement statute.
Livonia offers no definition of the term “record chain of title” and interchanges the phrase with “chain of title” throughout its brief. A search of Michigan case law and property treatises has not revealed a definition of either term, but the phrase is plain on its face and was reasonably defined by the district court in its opinion denying Livonia‘s motion to reconsider: “record chain of title is comprised of documents that were filed in the County Regis
The most recent Michigan case in which a plaintiff has attempted to challenge a foreclosure by advertisement based on unrecorded assignments is Arnold v. DMR Financial Services, Inc., 448 Mich. 671, 532 N.W.2d 852 (1995). In that case, DMR, the financial institution foreclosing on the mortgage, had granted a security interest in the mortgage to another entity, which did not record its interest. The foreclosed party argued that the foreclosure was not carried out in accordance with the statute because the security assignment was not within the chain of title. The Michigan Supreme Court disagreed, restating its long-held position that “the presence of an unrecorded security assignment was irrelevant.” Id. at 856. Arnold actually involved a prior version of the foreclosure-by-advertisement statute that said that all assignments must be recorded. Id. at 855. Even under that stronger language, which is clearly more favorable to Livonia‘s position than the current requirement that the foreclosing party have “record chain of title,” the Michigan Supreme Court was clear that the lack of recordatiоn did not invalidate the foreclosure.
One point of distinction between Arnold and the present matter is that the foreclosing party in Arnold had assigned only a security interest in the mortgage rather than all of its rights. In contrast, the mortgage between Livonia and Lehman Brothers appears to have passed in its entirety through two entities associated with the PSA before being titled to the Trust. However, this distinction does not undermine Arnold‘s relevance to the case at hand. The Arnold court emphasized that unrecorded interests “did not create a valid objection on behalf of the mortgagor if the mortgagor wаs unaffected by those interests.” 532 N.W.2d at 856. Livonia has not argued that the intermediate transfers related to the PSA have in any way affected Livonia‘s rights or responsibilities related to the mortgage. In fact, it appears that the only interests impaired by the lack of recordation were those of LBHI and SASCII during the brief time those entities held the loan. Had either attempted to foreclose, Livonia would have had a valid record-chain-of-title objeсtion.
The district court opinion emphasizes that Farmington at least substantially complied with the statutory requirements for record chain of title and that
Livonia also asserts that Farmington must prove that the assignment between Lehmаn Brothers and the Trust is legally valid in order for Farmington‘s chain of title to be valid. Livonia contends that the assignment from Lehman Brothers to the Trust may be invalid because the Trust did not actually exist as of January 6, 2005, the date entered on the transfer instrument. Livonia bases this claim on the PSA, which created the Trust but was not executed until February 8, 2005. The argument, as articulated on appeal, is that the Trust could not have actually received the mortgage on January 6, 2005, and as a result, the assignment was invalid, making the record chain of title invalid. As a preliminary matter, Livonia has presented no authority for the proposition that the record chain of title is destroyed by an irregularity affecting the validity of a transfer. Even if the transfer were invalidated, the public record would remain as it is, and the record chain of title would not be disturbed.
Regardless of this point, even if there were a flaw in the assignment, Livonia does not have standing tо raise that flaw to challenge Farmington‘s chain of title. As recognized by the district court, there is ample authority to support the proposition that “a litigant who is not a party to an assignment lacks standing to challenge that assignment.” 717 F.Supp.2d at 736-37. An obligor “may assert as a defense any matter which renders the assignment absolutely invalid or ineffective, or void.” 6A C.J.S. Assignments § 132 (2010). These defenses include nonassignability of the instrument, assignee‘s lack of title, and a prior revocаtion of the assignment, none of which are available in the current matter. Id. Obligors have standing to raise these claims because they cannot otherwise protect themselves from having to pay the same debt twice. Id. In this case, Livonia is not at risk of paying the debt twice, because Farmington has established that it holds the original note. Farmington has produced ample documentation that it was in possession of the note and had been assignеd all rights therein prior to the initiation of foreclosure proceedings. The district court reviewed the copies in exhibits and the originals produced by Farmington and was satisfied that they were authentic. Without a genuine claim that Farmington is not the rightful owner of the loan and that Livonia might therefore be subject to double liability on its debt, Livonia cannot credibly claim to have standing to challenge the First Assignment.
Michigan case law provides further support for the district court‘s conclusion that Livonia lacks standing to challenge the assignment. In Bowles v. Oakman, 246 Mich. 674, 225 N.W. 613 (1929), the Michigan Supreme Court held that the maker of a promissory note could not challenge his obligations under the note by asserting
Livonia has attempted to distinguish itself from the unsuccessful obligors described above by emphasizing that its challenge of the First Assignment is not meant to “challenge the underlying obligation,” but rather to challenge the record chain of title. That is, Livonia contends that a defective assignment corrupts the record chain of title and that Livonia‘s challenge is only of Farmington‘s standing to foreclose under the statute. Livonia‘s brief cites sеveral cases in which obligors have raised chain of title challenges (often unsuccessfully) for the proposition that Livonia has standing to assert this claim. Livonia further argues that because the statute requires the foreclosing party to hold record chain of title, a debtor must be able to challenge the record chain of title as a means of avoiding foreclosure. Livonia is correct that a party subject to foreclosurе has standing to challenge whether a lender holds record chain of title, but that determination is limited to an examination of the public records. In its opinion on Livonia‘s motion to reconsider, the district court clarified this difference, pointing out that Livonia “acknowledges that a record chain of title exists” but is “unsatisfied with the record chain of title.” 717 F.Supp.2d at 746. Because Livonia finds no claim in the public records, it is seeking to “go beyond the statutory requirements to inspect each and every aspect of every contract or agreement” in the history of the loan. Id. at 743.
As noted by the district court, even if Livonia did have standing to contest the First Assignment and the assignment were in fact invalid, Livonia would still be unlikely to succeed on the merits. 717 F.Supp.2d at 737-39. Any claim by Livonia that Farmington or the Trust before it was not a valid assignee of the mortgage rings hollow, as Livonia made mortgage payments directly to the Trust for years without questioning the Trust‘s right to receive payment. Further, when Livonia first encountered difficulties in repayment, it entered into a prenegotiation agreement with the Trust. Standing alone, the existence of that agreement makes Livonia‘s current questioning of the mortgage‘s ownership or assignments appear disingenuous, but the agreement‘s specific terms further weaken the claim. In the agreement, Livonia expressly acknowledged that “[t]he Loan Documents are in full force and effect and are binding on the Borrower in accordance with their terms.” R.16-19 at 3. Even if Livonia had standing, therefore, Farmington would likely have valid equitable defenses of estoppel and laches based on Livonia‘s prior actions.
Livonia also alleges that the district court relied on a clearly erroneous finding of fact in denying the injunction. Livonia places great emphasis on the fact that the original district court opinion identified
Livonia does not assert, and there is no evidence in the district court opinion, that the court relied in any way on the identity of SASC or SASCII in its decision to deny the injunction. Livonia brought the error to the district court‘s attention in its motion for reconsideration, and the district court acknowledged and disposed of the point in its opinion on that motion. The district court restated its position that Livonia laсked standing to challenge the interim transfers, recorded or unrecorded, regardless of what entities were involved. The district court‘s interpretation of the statute supports the conclusion that the court did not rely on the identities of specific interim parties in determining that an injunction was unwarranted. The district court correctly rejected all of Livonia‘s claims regarding “record chain of title,” and properly concluded that Livonia had littlе likelihood of success on the merits.
Further, the district court‘s weighing of the other three preliminary injunction factors did not constitute an abuse of discretion. Livonia has limited its specific assertions on appeal to claims related to its likelihood of success on the merits and has not alleged any error in the district court‘s analysis of the other three factors. Review of the opinion reveals no such error, much less the clear error required to find an abuse of discretion.
The district court found that Livonia was unlikely to suffer irreparable harm as a result of the denial of the preliminary injunction. It specifically identified two bases for its conclusion, neither of which is clearly erroneous. First, it concluded that the alleged harms Livonia would suffer from foreclosure were the direct result of Livonia‘s default on the loan and emphasized that self-inflicted harm is not the type that injunctions are meant to prevent. 717 F.Supp.2d at 740-41 (citing 11A Charles Alan Wright, Mary Kay Kane, Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2948.1). Second, the court noted Michigan‘s statutory right of redemption, which allows a borrower subject to foreclosure to satisfy the debt and reclaim the property for six months after the sale. Because Livonia would still have the redemption right, any harm it might suffer from foreclosure was not irreparable. Id. at 741.
With regard to whether an injunction would cause harm tо others, the district court determined that Livonia had not shown that any harm it would suffer if the injunction were denied would decidedly outweigh any harm that granting the injunction would cause to Farmington. Id. The district court did not put substantial weight on this factor because the court considered the first and second factors to be “critical” in the injunction determination and had found that both factors pointed against granting an injunction. Livonia has not referred to any evidence of harm that the district court failed to consider, and there is no clear error in its conclusion regarding the relative harms or its weighing of this factor.
The district court concluded that the public policy factor weighed against granting an injunction because Livonia had con
We therefore affirm the district court‘s order denying a preliminary injunction.
ROGERS
CIRCUIT JUDGE