209 Ill. App. 332 | Ill. App. Ct. | 1918
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellee, Philipp Lips, as administrator of the estate of Theodore Bierbaum, deceased, brought suit under the statute to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by the widow and next of kin of his intestate, through the negligence of the appellant. The declaration contains three counts, each of which charges, substantially, that a conductor of appellant, without just cause, and while Bierbaum (the deceased) was exercising due care for his own safety, negligently pushed him off one of appellant’s street cars and caused him to be so seriously injured that he died the next day. In the trial court the jury brought in a verdict of $3,500 against the appellant (Chicago City Railway Company), and, judgment being entered thereon, this appeal was taken.
The intestate, Theodore Bierbaum," lived at 1958 Clybourn avenue, near Racine avenue; was 67 years of age; about 5 feet 4 inches tall, weighed 110 to 112 pounds, and was, by occupation, a cigar maker. The plaintiff (administrator) is the son-in-law of the intestate’s widow, having married her daughter, who is the stepdaughter of the deceased. Early in the afternoon of Sunday, March 3, 1912, the day of the accident, plaintiff and Bierbaum (the deceased) walked to Larrabee street and thence to Clybourn avenue, where they boarded a northbound car designated ‘ ‘ Through-Route Car Number 2” of the large “Pay-as-you-enter” type. The evidence of the plaintiff is that after they got on the car Bierbaum paid their fares and they sat down on the long seat on the right, or east side of the car; that they wished to get off at Racine avenue; that at Osgood street, two blocks before Racine is reached, they got up from where they were sitting and walked to the rear door where the conduct- or was standing; that. Bierbaum opened the door with the plaintiff standing by him and asked the conductor to let them off at Racine avenue; that the conductor nodded his head and they stood there until they got to Racine avenue; that the conductor gave no signal to stop and, as they passed Racine avenue, Bierbaum and the plaintiff stepped out on the platform and Bierbaum said to the conductor, “You know we want to get off on Racine avenue, why didn’t you stop?”, and pulled the bell cord; that the conductor said, “* * * Greenhorns! You have no right to pull that rope; I am running this car; I am the boss”; that hy that time the car slackened its speed; that the conductor then rang the bell twice and the car went on; that after the conductor- rang the bell twice, Bierbaum said to the conductor., “Now conductor, I am going to make it hot for you. I am going to report you to the company”; that he, the plaintiff said, “I know his number; that is what we are going to do”; that the conductor said, “I don’t care what you do, Greenhorns! I am the boss and I am running this car”; that the. plaintiff responded, “Conductor, here don’t get so excited, calling an old man ‘Greenhorn’ right away; maybe the old man is right, or wrong, but if he is wrong,' you ought to excuse the old man, but I think he is right, of course. He told you he wanted to get off on Racine avenue, and I think he had a right to pull the alarm there”; that when the car was stopped at the railroad tracks (C. M. & St. P. Rd.), the conductor, Bierbaum and the plaintiff were, all three, on the rear platform; Bierbaum in the center and the plaintiff on the east side of the platform, nearest to the outside of the car, and the conductor on the other side of Bierbaum; that he, the plaintiff, got off slowly and on the way going off said, “* * * of conductors; they think they can do what they please”; that when he said that, Bierbaum was still on the platform and he, the plaintiff, was down on the ground; that after he had been on the ground ‘‘ two minutes ’ ’ he saw Bierbaum having an argument with the conductor; that the conductor said, “Now old man, you want to get off, get off or I push you off”; that he, the conductor, grabbed the old man somewhere around the shoulders or around the body and the old man “fall off right back on his head” and lay there on the ground unconscious, like a dead person, with his feet lying on the car track under the step; that he, the plaintiff, then walked over to. the conductor and said, “Now you see what you done, pushing the old man, 67 years old, off the platform; ain’t that a shame, and by God he is dead; will you please come down and help me pick him up?” that the conductor went down on the lower step, “sized up the old man” and said, “He ain’t dead, he is only shamming”; that the conductor then pushed Bierbaum’s legs from the car track, went back on the main platform, rang the bell twice and the car went on over the railroad tracks.
The evidence of the plaintiff as to its chief elements is corroborated by two witnesses, one Kosche and a Mrs. Busse. The evidence of Kosche is that he was sitting in the second seat of the car, on the right side in the rear; that when the car crossed Racine avenue, he heard loud talking; that when' he turned around he saw the conductor having an argument with an old man; that when the car stopped the conductor took the old -man hy the arm and said, “Ton want to get off and now get off” and so he brought him down to the lower step; that the conductor went to the lower step and brought the man down to the ground and then went up and pulled the cord of the car and it went ahead; that the conductor “grabbed him so he was master of him; he brought him down with force”; that he did not see whether the man fell to the ground; that he didn’t see anybody beside Bierbaum and the conductor; that there might have been somebody but he didn’t pay any attention to anybody else.
The evidence of Mrs. Busse is that she was walking along Clybourtí avenue and heard loud talking on the car; that she heard the conductor say, “What did you pull that bell for?”; that he (apparently meaning Bierbaum) said, “I told you why didn’t you stop when I told you to”; that the conductor then said, “If you don’t shut up, I will push you off”; so “he stopped the car and pushed the old gentleman off”; that she was walking along going to her daughter’s house; that the plaintiff was on the street when the old man was pushed off; that the plaintiff said to the conductor, “Now see what you have done, you have pushed the old gentleman off, and you have killed him”; that the conductor said, “But he is only shamming, he is not dead”; that the plaintiff then said, “Will you come down and help me pick up the old gentleman?”; that the conductor stepped down on the lowest step, took his foot and kicked the old gentleman’s feet away and then gave the signal to the car to go ahead.
The defendant’s theory, which is supported by the testimony of the conductor and two passengers who boarded the car at Larrabee street, is to the effect “that neither plaintiff nor Bierbaum notified the conductor of their desire to get off at Eacine avenue, or requested him to have the car stopped at that place, and that they did not go to the rear platform until it had crossed that avenue, and when they did so, one, or both, of them rang the bell; that after the car had reached and was stopped at the railroad tracks, Bierbaum was on the step, plaintiff standing on the east edge of the platform and the conductor further west of him; that before the plaintiff got off he applied to the conductor a vile epithet, struck him in the face, turned to get off and, in so doing, knocked Bierbaum from the step to the ground.”
It is claimed by the appellant that the testimony of the plaintiff, given at the coroner’s inquest, is some evidence that he struck the conductor, and, to a certain extent, it bears”that construction, although it is, as evidence, upon close analysis, unsatisfactory as a source of any inference of yalue.
The evidence of the conductor is that when the car stopped at the railroad track and the plaintiff and Bierbaum were going to get off, that Bierbaum was down on the step and the plaintiff was standing in. the doorway; that he asked them to get off so he could “run the railroad crossing”; that the plaintiff used an oath, struck him in the face, hitting the peak of his cap, and knocking it down over his face, stunning him; that he, the plaintiff, then jumped off the ear and he then saw that Bierbaum was lying on the ground; that he did not, at any time, put his hand on Bierbaum, or push him in any way. He, also, denied the conversation testified to by the plaintiff as taking place after Bierbaum was on the ground.
The evidence of the witness Bomzel is to the effect, that the plaintiff struck the conductor in the forehead, or peak of his cap and as he, the plaintiff, turned around to get off the car, he pushed Bierbaum, who was on the steps, off the -car; that the conductor after-wards came into the car and she noticed blood on his handkerchief, with which he was wiping his face. Likewise, the evidence of the witness Palm is to the effect that the conductor rang the bell and the car stopped, and he said, “Now get off, get off”; that the young man (plaintiff) hit the conductor in the face and turned around and-jumped off, and, with the same arm that he hit the conductor, “with the same elbow he come and strike the old man with the right elbow and knocked him right down”; that the conductor did not hit or push Bierbaum in any way. The evidence of the witness Dobrick is to the effect that a man was getting on the car at its rear end, was on the step facing the car that he fell off; that after him followed a younger man (apparently meaning Lips); that the man who followed was a man in the thirties, and that the one who fell was the older of the two. Two other witnesses, Dennison and the motorman, testified that the nose of the conductor had been injured.
Counsel for appellant have pointed out a series of alleged improbabilities in the testimony introduced on behalf of the plaintiff. In such a case, discrepancies, of course, are inevitable. Even , though each witness undertook to tell the whole truth, there would not necessarily be entire uniformity in their evidence. Whether the conductor pushed or knocked Bierbaum from the car or whether the plaintiff struck the conductor, and, himself, in getting off, knocked Bierbaum from the car, are, of course, the important questions. If the evidence introduced on behalf of the appellee— that of Lips, that the conductor grabbed Bierbaum somewhere around the body; that of Mrs. Busse that! the conductor stopped the car and pushed Bierbaum off; that of Kosche, that the conductor grabbed Bierbaum so that he was master of him and brought him down with force—is to be believed, in preference to that of the conductor, Bomzel and Dobrick,-as to what happened, then the jury were justified in finding appellant liable. It is evident the jury did not believe the witnesses who testified that Lips struck the conductor, and in getting off the car knocked or pushed Bierbaum off; and in-view of the record before us, we are not justified in concluding that they were evidently of so reliable a character and so evidently told the truth that the jury were not warranted in failing to believe them and giving credit to the testimony of Lips, Kosche and Busse. Of course, it is our function to determine whether the verdict is justified by the evidence; and, recognizing the duty which that involves, we are of the opinion, upon a careful consideration of all the evidence, that the verdict rendered is not manifestly against the weight of the evidence.
It is further contended by the appellant that the court erred in admitting in evidence the statement of the plaintiff—which was uttered after Bierbaum was off the car and on the ground—“Now you see what you done, pushing the old man 67 years old off the platform. Ain’t that a shame, and by God he is dead. Will you please come down and help me pick him up?”; and the response of the conductor, “He ain’t dead, he is only shamming.” The tendency of the courts seems to be to admit statements which are contemporaneously close to and seem spontaneously to spring from the transaction, as in this case, from the tragedy itself. It is true that the ejaculation of the plaintiff was, in actual point of time, subsequent to the concussion received by, and which caused the death of, Bierbaum. But it seems reasonable to assume that what was said, psychologically considered, was involuntarily inspired by the circumstances, and was not the result of premeditation and deliberate purpose. “The better reasoning is that the declaration, to be a part of the res gestee, need not be coincident in point of time with the main fact to be proved. It is enough that the two are so clearly connected that the declaration can in the ordinary course of affairs be said to be the spontaneous explanation of the real cause.” Leahey v. Cass Ave. & F. G. Ry. Co., 97 Mo. 172. “The modern doctrine has relaxed the ancient rule that declarations, to be admissible as part of the res gestee,- must be strictly contemporaneous with the main transaction. It now allows evidence of them, when they appear to have been made under the immediate influence of the principal transaction, and are so connected with it as to characterize or explain it.” Vicksburg & M. R. Co. v. O’Brien, 119 U. S. 99; Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 1750. That statement of the law seems to be consistent with all the decisions of our Supreme Court on that subject. The case of Mathes v. Chicago City Ry. Co., 178 Ill. App. 34, merely decides that the statement offered in evidence was properly excluded because it was made too long a time after the accident to which it pertained.
It is further contended by appellant that the trial court erred in excluding two photographs which purported to portray the positions occupied by Bierbaum, Lips and the conductor, on the rear platform, after the car reached and was stopped at the railroad tracks, and just before the accident occurred. The conductor testified, when asked if he knew anything about the position of the man standing on the step, corresponding with the position of Bierbaum at the time of the accident, “I didn’t exactly see his position; he was down on the step.” “I don’t know whether that was his position or not.” A careful analysis of the evidence, on that subject, leads us to the. conclusion that it does not sufficiently prove that the photographs were an exact reproduction of the actual physical relations—referring to the time of the accident—of the three men in question. The space in which, at the time, they were, was not large, and, in order that the photographs should be instructive and not in the least misleading, they must be shown to be a reproduction of an entirely accurately established physical condition. The admission of a. photograph of a slightly varied physical situation might seriously endanger the rightful effect of all the truthful testimony in the case; being necessarily ex post facto evidence, it should he rigidly exact. The mere doubt of the conductor, “I don’t know whether that was his position or not,” was enough to justify, the rejection. The court said, in Chicago & E. I. R. Co. v. Crose, 214 Ill. 610: “It needs no argument to show that a variation of a few feet in the location of the cars might make a vast difference as to whether the view was obstructed at the time of the injury or not”; and so, here, a variation of a few inches in such a limited space might make a vast difference in the seeming relations of the participants, and make a great change in the inferences to be drawn therefrom.
Finding no material error in the record the judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed.