11 Del. Ch. 190 | New York Court of Chancery | 1916
The right of the complainant to relief in this case depends, as will appear herein, upon whether the board of directors which elected H. C. Dunlap as president of the defendant company was the de jure board, there being two rival boards each'pretending to be the de jure board of directors, and each carrying on independently of the other the affairs of the company.
At the hearing on the prior motion respecting the filing of the answer (ante p. 80; 95 Atl. 895), I expressed my reasons for affirming the validity of that meeting, and both sides of the case assume the validity thereof. It is not necessary, therefore, to refer again to the regularity of that meeting.
At the meeting of incorporators, subscriptions to the capital stock were received, R. Y. Slater for four shares and Ackerman and Horn each for three shares. Ah agent was selected to keep the Delaware office of the company and the books required by law. The directors were authorized to issue stock, and to purchase property and issue full paid stock in payment therefor: An election for directors was held and six persons were elected by ballot to hold office until their successors should be elected and qualified. The persons elected were R. Y. Slater, Abraham M. Ackerman, H. C. Dunlap, Ashby L. Biedler, W. J. Kehoe and E. B. Waples. No other business was then transacted. Of these six persons, Slater and Ackerman were two of the three incorporators, and Waples was the assignee of thé subscription of the third incorporator, Horn. The other three persons at that time had no legal connection with the company as stockholders, subscribers to stock, or otherwise.
By the Act under which the corporation was created the signers of the certificate of incorporation have the direction of the affairs of the corporation until the directors are elected {Section 8). There was no pretence of any meeting of the directors or other corporate action until October 29, 1913. There were then no by-laws, and the power to make them was given to the directors by the certificate of incorporation, as-
It will be necessary to examine first the corporate proceedings which the Dunlap faction claims show that the board which elected H. C. Dunlap president is the de jure board, and as an element therein to determine whether there was really á meeting of the board of directors, and a valid one, held on October 29, 1913, as claimed by the complainant.
The complainant relied on minutes produced by the other group of persons claiming to be the de jure board of directors by whom Strauss was elected president of the company, purporting to be minutes of Incorporators held October 29, 1913. These minutes stated that the first meeting of the directors of the company was held at the registered office of the company in Wilmington, on October 29, 1913, at six o’clock p. m., pursuant to a waiver of notice thereof, signed by all the driectors; but in fact the waiver was undated and was signed only by Waples, Dunlap, R. Y. Slater and Ackerman. It was also there stated that Slater, Ackerman and Waples were present as a majority of the board; that Kehoe had declined to be a director; and that the resignation of Biedler had been tendered and accepted. Furthermore, that Julius Strauss had been elected a director, and Strauss was then elected president and Ackerman secretary ■ and treasurer; that by-laws were adopted; and that an offer to sell to the company certain patents was accepted. These minutes were signed by R. Y. Slater, Ackerman and Waples. As a fact Waples was not present, and had in fact had no notice of the meeting.
In the preliminary opinion it was stated by me that
It was shown, moreover, that both R. Y. Slater and Ackerman were advised by Miss' Murphey, an employe of the chartering company, that they could not hold the meeting on ■October 29, 1913, and the reasons therefor, so that both acted with notice. Indeed, their conduct while at the office of the Delaware Registration and Incorporators’ Cdmpany indicated that there was no meeting held, nor did Slater or Ackerman then pretend that one was held. A few days later Slater and Ackerman together made up minutes of what might have happened, signed and affixed the initials of their names thereto, and it was forwarded to Waples, who also signed them and affixed his initials thereto. The signature of Waples was as ineffective as it was inexplicable, for the alleged minutes contained statements which Slater, Ackerman and Waples all
Inasmuch as both Slater and Acerkman had been advised that the meeting was a nullity; and Waples must have known it was when he signed the minutes, it is made even more certain that all of them considered, or must have considered, a subsequent ratification of them as necessary to their validity. But if only one of the three- believed the minutes and the validity thereof as such to be conditional on a subsequent ratification at another meeting,, then it remained conditional. Unanimity alone, if anything, can validate such proceedings as between the stockholders on the principle of estoppel, or otherwise. The subsequent conduct of R. Y. Slater and Waples respecting the meeting of October 29, 1913, both of whom repudiated the validity thereof, is consistent with" the conditional character of the minutes of that meeting.
Inasmuch, then, as there was no legal meeting on October 29, 1913, and at most an effort by the only persons then legally interested in the corporation to take action conditionally as the only directors, it follows that neither R. Y. Slater nor Waples were estopped to deny the validity of the meeting, or repudiate it; and it is equally unimportant whether Kehoe, Biedler, or Dunlap could question the validity of the meeting if it was questioned by either R. Y. Slater or Waples; and if the action was not only not ratified, but actually and duly repudiated and rescinded by the directors at a lawfully convened meeting, then it is as if there had been no pretence even of a meeting on October 29, 1913. 4 '
TherewasnopretencethatonDecember30,1913, there was a meetingof thedirectorsoftheboardofwhich Strauss claimed to be president, or that any business was then transacted, and no legal pertinent conclusion can be drawn from what there took place.
Was.Waples on January 21, 1914, disqualified as a director by an assignment of his shares? By Section 9 of the General Corporation Act, the business of the corporation shall be managed by a board of not less than three directors, “each of whom shall own in his own right not less than three shares of capital stock.” Waples by the assignment of Horn, an incorporator, dated October 9, 1913, became the assignee of Horn’s subscription to the capital stock of the company, and this transfer gave Waples a status as a stockholder, and if he was not otherwise ineligible or disqualified, made him eligible to election as a director.
In the case of Allen v. Stewart, et al., 7 Del. Ch. 287, 298, 44 Atl. 786, 788, the court in considering the necessity of an actual transfer of stock on the books of the corporation to effect a valid transfer" thereof, made a distinction between a transaction of a stockholder with a third person, and the rights of a stockholder as to the corporation, saying that the statute making shares transferable on the books of the company was “applicable only to the relation existing between the corporation and its stockholders—to the questions, who shall vote, to whom dividends shall be paid, and to enable the corporation to protect any lien it may have upon the stock as between itself and a stockholder indebted to it.” In other words, as between individuals the assignee of shares acquired title to the shares as against the assignor independent of the actual transfer thereof on the books of the company; but that the company was not bound thereby and the relation of the assignor
The case cited does not sustain the position of the complainant, that the assignment was valid and effective from the date of the assignment, if the contention is that from the date of the assignment Waples was disqualified. There was no consideration between Waples and Strauss or the company for the delivery by Waples of his certificate of stock, and no transfer thereof had been made on the books of the company prior to January 21,1914, and there was no testimony that there was any significance in the act. Certainly no person connected with the company as stockholder, or officer, contemplated that Waples had terminated all interest in the company as a stockr holder, for all of them regarded him as the only stockholder resident in Delaware, and as the only person who could comply with the statute requiring that at least one of the stockholders be a resident of the State of Delaware.
When a stockholder assigns in blank his certificate of stock, not having sold the same, and delivers it to another, not a purchaser, but with no intention on the part of the transferor, or of the person to whom the certificate was delivered, that the interest' of the transferor in the stock should terminate, and no transfer of the stock has been made on the books of the company, the stockholder does not thereby cease to be the owner of the stock in his own right, or disqualified to be a director of the company. While the assignment in blank of a certificate of stock and the delivery thereof to a purchaser of the stock impliedly authorizes the buyer to fill in his own name as the assignee and to transfer the shares on the books of the comapny, that situation did not exist respecting Waples’ stock.
It appears clearly from the testimony that upon the request of Ackerman, acting for the company and not individually, Waples about the middle of October, 1913, signed a blank transfer of the three shares of the company theretofore issued to him, and sent it by mail to Ackerman pursuant to the request, and no transfer of it on the books of the company was in fact made before January 21, 1914; and that neither Waples, or any officer of the company, before January 21,
As between individuals buying and selling shares of stock, a delivery of a certificate of stock so assigned passed to the buyer a right to insert his name as assignee, and by authority of Allen v. Stewart, et al., 7 Del. Ch. 287, 44 Atl. 786, gave the buyer rights as against the assignor. Of course, when ownership of shares is necessary to qualify as a director one who sells and assigns his shares to another disqualifies himself. But that general principle has no application here.' An assignment in blank may, or may not, terminate the interest of the assignor in the stock, depending on the purpose with which it was done, and no authority is cited to the contrary. The conduct of Waples in acting as a director after assigning the stock, and of the persons to whom the certificate was sent are inconsistent with the idea that Waples terminated his interest in the company or the shares of stock, and on the contrary are consistent with a continuance of his relation to it both as stockholder and director. It may not be a commendable thing for a stockholder so to put in the power of another person to disqualify him as a director, but the case before the court is not one of morals, but legal rights.
Furthermore, there being no sale by Waples of his shares of stock, and no other purpose in assigning it in blank than that stated by him, and it not being shown that Ackerman, to whom Waples sent the certificate, so assigned, or anyone else, had any interest in the shares, Waples was not by such assignment and delivery of the shares disqualified from acting as a director, and his continuance to so act and his so acting at the meeting of January 21, 1914, was to that extent a retraction of authority to transfer the shares on the books of the company.
Were Dunlap, Biedler and Kehoe qualified to act as directors in the meeting of January 21, 1914? Admittedly they had been elected directors on October 9, 1913, at the organization
The minutes of the meeting of January 21, 1914, also disclose that even if Biedler had resigned as director his resignation had never been acted upon by the corporation, or any" official body representing it, and at the meeting it was with
In my opinion, therefore, there was at the meeting on January 21, 1914, in Philadelphia a quorum of the persons elected and then qualified to act as directors of the company, viz: Waples, R. Y. Slater, Dunlap and Biedler, and the meeting was not illegal and invalid for lack of a quorum.
The second objection was that if the by-laws of October 29, 1913, were invalid, the company had no by-laws, and the meeting could not be held outside the State of Delaware. Was the meeting of January 21, 1914, illegal because held out of the State of Delaware? By both the original and amended certificate of incorporation the meetings of the directors could be held outside the State of Delaware. By section three and by paragraph eight of section five of the General Corporation Act, the provision respecting the place of meetings was made a part of the fundamental law of the corporation,- and the provision in question is not contrary to the laws of this State in any true sense. The provision in section thirty-two, which says that directors may hold their meetings outside this State if the bylaws so provide, does not apply to a case where in the certificate of incorporation the right to hold meetings of directors outside the State is taken, as authorized by earlier sections of the same Act. Certainly a court of equity should not invalidate the proceedings of a board of directors at a meeting held outside the State when every stockholder and director of the corporation had notice of the place of the meeting and either attended in person or failed to make that objection, No question of morals or public policy is involved, and it would be highly unreasonable to invalidate the meeting otherwise valid because of the place in which it was held.
In general, directors may hold their meetings and transact business outside the. limits of the Staté wherein it is incorporated, unless it is otherwise prescribed by its charter, or by law. 1 Morawetz on Private Corporations (2d Ed.) § 533. Where by th.e articles of association it was provided that the business of the company should be conducted by not less than five or more than seven members, the words were held tobeimperatiyeandnotman
The third objection was that none of the members of the board of directors was a resident of the State of Delaware. Whether Waples was or was not a resident of Delaware was much discussed by counsel, as though the important question was whether ownership by him of stock was necessary to qualify him as a director. On this something will be said herein later. It appeared that Waples had a home in Philadelphia, a dwelling house where he and his wife lived, there being no children of the marriage. There Waples habitually slept and took his meals; and there he usually stayed, except when in the office of the Delaware Registration and Incorporators’ Company in Wilmington, of which he was the manager. His right to register as a voter at elections in Delaware had been denied by the court, because not a resident and so not a -citizen thereof. His place of work was Delaware, his home in Philadelphia. Was he a resident of Delaware within the general meaning of the. word, or- any peculiar definition thereof appropriate to the purpose of the statute?
In some cases cited the meaning given to the word “residence” is said to depend in part, at least in some cases, on the legislative intent. What is the legislative purpose in requiring that at least one of the directors of a corporation be a resident of Delaware? Section 9. Convenience in the service of process on the corporation is not the only reason, for it must maintain in this State a principal office, or place of business, and have an agent resident in Delaware in charge thereof (see Section 32), and the name of the place in which it is to be located and
With respect to the residence of the president, the act impliedly defines it as his dwelling house, or usual place of abode, also probably implying that if he has in Delaware no dwelling house, or usual place of abode, he is deemed not to be a resident of Delaware. But this may not be a proper legal conclusion, and is not stated as such.
After considering the many cases cited on the subject, I cannot convince myself that a person who maintains in Pennsylvania a home for himself and wife, who habitually sleeps there, takes part of his meals there, .who has been officially denied the right of citizenship in Delaware on the ground that he was not a resident of Delaware, can be deemed to be a resi
Does the fact that Waples is not a resident of the State of Delaware necessarily affect his right to be a director of the company? It was required by the General Corporation Law prior to the amendment thereof on March 8, 1915 (28 Del. Laws, c. 102) that at least one of the members of the board of directors shall be a resident of the State of Delaware (See Section 9). Under this law the question is not whether an}*" particular person elected a director is ineligible to election by reason of his not being a resident of Delaware, for residence in Delaware is not a qualification for membership of the board, but whether all the members of the board are non-residents. In other words, the question is, does the non-residence of all the members of a board of directors invalidate the election of all of them; or if not all, which of them are disqualified; and what is the legal effect of t'he non-residence of all of the directors? None of these questions were discussed by counsel for either of the parties, the discussion being limited to a discussion as to the eligibility of Waples, based on his alleged non-residence.
In my opinion, assuming that Waples was not a resident of Delaware within the purport of the act, and assuming, as was the fact, that hone of the five other persons named by the incorporators at the meeting on October 9, 1913, were residents of Delaware, still that this did not either invalidate their elec
My conclusion on this branch of the case, then, is that the meeting of directors of January 21, 1914, was validly held, and that the persons who participated therein constituted the de jure board of directors of the Kehoe Stenograph Company, none of the objections thereto being sustained, but, as appears hereinabove, disapproved.
It is not necessary to consider the proceedings of the special meeting of the stockholders, according to the minutes of the organization by which Dunlap was elected president, held February 3, 1914, for nothing there transpired which had .a bearing on whether the board by which Dunlap was so elected president of the company was the de jure board, and this is also true of the special meetings of stockholders held on June 29, 1914, and July 7, 1914. .
At the meeting of this de jure board of directors held on July 7, 1914, in Wilmington, at the office of the company, five •of the six directors, viz: all but Kehoe, were present, including Ackerman, and all having been duly notified. Ackerman protested and withdrew from the meeting. The minutes of all prior meetings of stockholders' and directors, including the
On June 15, 1914, Ackerman assigned to -the complainant, Lippman, the three shares of stock subscribed for by Ackerman, but it is expressly conceded that Lippman took the transfer of shares from Ackerman with full notice of all the facts, and so is not entitled to restrain the sale or forfeiture of the shares if Ackerman could not.
The conclusion is, then, that the board of directors which authorized the sale and forfeiture of the stock in question was the de jure board and, therefore, had power to sell and forfeit the shares.
Numerous comments have been made on and criticisms of the minutes and proceedings of the company represented by Mr. Dunlap as president, and they have all been con
Several important questions were raised and argued which it is not necessary to decide. Objection to the use by the defendant of 'its records, minutes and the like as evidence against the complainant was vigorously argued by the solicitor for the complainant, because the company could not make evidence in its own behalf, and was not within the common law and statutory exception respecting books of account of a merchant. But it is - unnecessary to decide the question, •because the facts contained in the records, etc., were proved by witnesses independent of the records.
■ Inasmuch as the board of which Mr. Dunlap was the president was the de jure board, and had authority to sell or forfeit the shares of the complainant for non-payment of the par value of his shares, it is not necessary to decide the very interesting question which was argued fully on both sides whether a shareholder may, in a proceeding to enforce payment of his subscription to stock, contest the legal standing of the board of directors which called for the payment and was seeking to enforce the payment.
Inasmuch as the sale and forfeiture of the shares was not invalid, the complainant is not entitled to have the transfer thereof enjoined, or to any other relief, and the bill must be dismissed with costs on the complainant.
Let a decree be entered accordingly.
NOTE. The decree entered in this case was affirmed by the Supreme Court. See post p. 412.