4 Fla. 47 | Fla. | 1851
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This was an action in assumpsit, commenced at the Spring term, 1849, of Gadsden Circuit Court, by respondent, against appellant, on a promissory note, in the following words:
“ $300. One day after date, I promise to pay James O. ■“ Goldwire, or bearer, three hundred dollars, for value received, this the 12th day of January, 1849. The above “ note is given in payment for a negro girl named Priscilla, ■“ which Sarah J. Goldwire has purchased from James O. ■“ Goldwire. SARAH LINES.”
To the declaration in this case, the defendant in the Court 'below filed twelve pleas. The first, non assumpsit, was, on motion, stricken out, and the others were demurred to. The Circuit Court sustained the demurrer, and from its judgment, this appeal is taken.
The grounds of error assigned by counsel for appellant are, the judgment of the Court below sustaining the demurrer to the three last pleas, numbered on the record ten, «leven and twelve.
The first of these pleas avers that the note declared on was given in part payment for a negro slave, which James O. Goldwire, the payee, had sold to Sarah J. Goldwire, and that, at the time of said sale, the said James O. Goldwire had no right, title or .'interest whatever in said slave, and that shortly after said sale, John W. Goldwire, the rightful owner, took possession of her, whereby the consideration failed, &c.; and that the note was transferred after it became due. The last two are substantially the same — the twelfth alleging that the note declared on was made and delivered to James O. Goldwire, for a debt then and there before that time due and owing to the said James O. Gold-wire by Sarah J. Goldwire, and that there .never was any
All the allegations contained in these pleas, the respondent, by his demurrer, admits to be true, and the questions-presented to the consideration of this Court are — first, whether it is competent for the appellant, in her defence to the payment of this note, to avail herself of a want or defect of title in the vendor to this slave ? and, secondly,, whether the existing debt of a third party,, as set forth in the pleadings, is a sufficient consideration to support the promise of the appellant ? If the respondent was a bona fide holder of this note, being' a negotiable instrument, it is-very clear that no defence, impeaching the consideration, could be relied on, and that no equities between the original contracting parties could be inquired into.. But having taken the note after dishonor, he became a purchaser with notice, and the note in his hands is subject to- all the defences which might be made to- it in the hands of the original payee. Story on Promissory Notes, 216.
The note declared on, like all other similar contracts, must have an actual, valid and valuable consideration to support it. If there is no consideration, it is nudum pactum; for the law of the land supplies no means, nor affords any remedy to compel the performance of an agreement made without sufficient consideration. 7 Term Reports, 350.—17 Johnson’s Reports, 304. Promissory notes and bills of exchange,, it is true, are presumed to be founded on a valid and valuable- consideration, and for this reason, it is not requisite to establish a consideration between the original parties, or others- who become, by transfer, bona fide holders; and the burden- of proof rests upon the other party to prove the contrary, and- rebut the presumption of validity and: value which the law raises for the protection and support of negotiable paper. Story on Notes, 206.
It may be said that these are conditions precedent; true— but that does not affect the principle ; for, if the goods were actually sold, and a written guaranty executed and
But it is said “ the legal inference is, that the appellant was indebted to the purchaser of this slave the amount of this note, and for convenience, the former executed and delivered her note to the vendor.” If this were so, then the appellant was discharging her debt to the purchaser, by paying a claim for which the latter was not liable. But no’ such legal presumption exists ; and I am aware of no authority that even intimates that it is necessary that a consideration should exist between the promissor, and the party for whose benefit the promise is made. Like all other cases of a similar character, where the contract is valid, upon the guarantor’s paying the money for the original debtor, he would have his right of action against the latter; and in a suit for the recovery of this advance, it would be the assertion of a novel principle, that he could be met by a legal presumption of indebtedness to the party for whose benefit he had advanced the money.
In regard to the two last pleas, it is contended by counsel for respondent, that they are contradictory, and otherwise at variance with the rules of pleading; that they allege a good and valuable consideration for the making and delivery of the note, and then deny that there ever was any consideration. If this were true, they would manifestly be bad for repugnancy, and the repugnant matter could not be rejected, without destroying the sense and effect of the pleas. See Stephens’ Pleadings, 420. But the latter plea, particu
It is said this is an original undertaking on the part of appellant; and in support of this position, counsel relies on the authority in Chitty on Bills, 83, n. a., that “ the engagement of each party to a bill or note, is an original undertaking for himself, and not a promise for the debt of another, although it may have the effect of discharging the debt of a third person.” This is true; but it does not disturb the principle recognized by every authority without an exception, that a mere naked promise to pay the already existing debt of another, without consideration, is void. 8 Johnson’s Reports, 30.
The true rule to determine whether a promise to pay the debt of another is original or collateral is — to whom is the credit given ? If the whole credit is given to the person who comes in to answer for another, his undertaking is original. If a person comes in aid of another who obtains the property, so that there is a remedy against both, according to their distinct engagements, then the undertaking is collateral. 2 Term Reports, 80. 1 Salkeld, 27. And in the case of a collateral undertaking, if it is made subse
In this case, the note is given in payment and discharge of a previously existing debt of a third party; and the promise is, as counsel asserts it to be, an original one. But this, so far from avoiding the difficulty, is, under the facts, conclusive against the respondent. Were it not for the demurrer, it would be but a fair, if not the only inference, that the sale of the slave, and the making and delivery of the note, constituted one transaction. In that case, the sale would have become incorporated in the promise — it would have become an essential part of the contract; and if a sufficient consideration had existed, that consideration would have sustained the promise. But the demurrer repels any such inference, and places the entire undertaking of appellant upon the sole consideration of the previously existing debt of a third party. To support such an undertaking, the previous contract of sale of the slave would not be sufficient, but a new, and independent, or original consideration, of benefit or harm, must exist between the new contracting parties. 8 Johnson’s Reports, 31.
The Court in the case reported in 1st Saunders’ Reports, ■211, say, that this principle, requiring a new consideration, extends to all cases of promises to answer for the debt of another ; for it is clear, that the mere existence of the debt of a third party is not sufficient to support the promise ; and in the same authority it is said, there must be a sufficient new consideration, as forbeai*ance, &c., otherwise the promise is not binding, though reduced to writing. As where A has sold and delivered goods to B, and afterwards, C promises A in writing to pay for them, the promise is nudum pactum, because it was so at common law, and the statute makes no alteration. In the case of Waine v. Warlters, in 5 East’s,
An executed consideration will not support a promise, unless it be executed at the request of the promissor ; for the obvious reason, that there is no legal consideration apparent, to support the contract. Story on Contracts, 93, 94.
The reason why a promissory note, given in fact in payment of the debt of a third person, is valid and binding on the maker, is, because — first, the consideration cannot be inquired into in the hands of an innocent holder; and, secondly, the words, value received, generally contained in these instruments, import a sufficient new consideration between the contracting parties; and bearing this in mind we can readily understand why a contract of this sort is an original undertaking on the part of the maker for himself, and not a promise for the debt of another, though the note has the effect of discharging that debt. The principle,, therefore, that the debt of a third person is an adequate consideration for a promise is true, with these qualifications — that the promise must be in writing,, and the instrument must bear on its face value received,, or some other words, which raise a presumption of a legal consideration-sufficient to sustain the promise, independently of the original debt. ’
The case of Eyck v. Vanderpoel, reported in 8th Johnson’s Reports, 93, is directly in point. In that case, the note-was for value received by third parties, and on demurrer to-the declaration, the Court say, that the note was for value received by a third person, being the debt of another. Thera was no consideration or inducement for the promise. The instrument repels'any presumption of consideration from the words “ value received/’ because it admits that the value
For these reasons, the Court is of opinion that the judgment of the Circuit Court, sustaining the demurrer to tenth, eleventh and twelfth pleas, was erroneous.
Let the judgment of the Court below be reversed.