33 Miss. 508 | Miss. | 1857
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was an information in the nature of a writ of quo warranto, exhibited in the name of the attorney-general, on the relation of David N. Barrows against Horatio H. Lindsey, in the Circuit Court of Hinds county, alleging, that the said Lindsey had usurped, and continued to hold, without authority of law, for a certain period, the office of clerk of the penitentiary of the State, and as incident thereto, the office of clerk of the Board of Inspectors of said institution.
The questions first presenting themselves for our consideration-, arise on the demurrer, which was filed to the information in the court below, and overruled by the court. The first point in order is, whether the information, in the absence of any statutory regulation, can be maintained in this State; or in other words, whether it is the appropriate remedy for the aggrieved party in a case like the present ? A writ of quo warranto is defined in the books, “ to be in the nature of a writ of right for the king, against him, who claims or usurps any office, franchise, or liberty, to inquire by what authority he supports his claim, in order to determine the right.” 2 Black. Com. 262; 7 Comyn’s Digest, 190. Owing to the great length of the process, and the delay occasioned under the practice which once prevailed, the ancient writ has fallen into disuse, and the more modern method of proceeding by information, in the name of the attorney-general, substituted in its stead. The information can be supported in all cases, where the ancient writ itself could be maintained, the object being, by the change of practice, merely to simplify and render more efficient the remedy, and not to extend it, to new or different subjects.
It is however argued on behalf of the appellant, that the writ at common law was only allowed at the option of the king; and was not returnable into court, but before such persons as the king might specially appoint for the purpose of trying the same. Hence it is argued, that as the remedy at common law was one which depended mainly upon the pleasure of the king, and was not a judicial proceeding, it cannot be such in this country. Blackstone says, that
But in resorting to the common law, for the purpose of ascertaining either individual rights, or the remedies provided for their protection and enjoyment, we must always keep in view the difference in the structure in the two governments. The common law, so far as it is recognized as a rule of action in this country, is founded in reason and good sense. We look to it only to ascertain the nature and extent of rights, whether relating to persons or to property, and the remedies to protect these rights, or to redress such wrongs as may be inflicted upon them. But having ascertained the right and the remedy as thus declared and defined, we turn to the constitution and laws of our own government, for the purpose of learning the tribunal before which the particular right must be vindicated, or the injury redressed. The powers of the State government are divided into three distinct departments, and each of them confided to a separate body of magistracy. The king, under the peculiar structure of the government of England, may have been intrusted with, or assumed to himself a larger share of the judicial power of the kingdom, than has been allowed to the executive department of this State. His judicial power, whatever it may have been in the earlier days of the common law, would be treated here, as it has long been treated in England, as completely vested in the
But little more need now be said to dispose of the question. It is a familiar maxim of the law, that wherever there is a legal right, there is also a legal remedy to enforce it. The office of clerk of the penitentiary was created by statute. The law, in consideration of the services to be performed, has given to the incumbent certain fixed compensation. The person legally elected and qualified, has the right to hold the office, and to the enjoyment of its honors and emoluments, to the exclusion of every other person. It is unnecessary to say, that this is a legal right, to enforce which the law has provided a legal remedy. Whenever the nature of the right will admit of it, the law will give the injured party a perfect and complete remedy, by which we understand, that it will place the party in the possession and enjoyment of the thing or right to which he is adjudged to be entitled. The right asserted here, is of this character. It is entirely within the power of the court, by its judgment, to oust the party who has usurped, and continued illegally to hold the office, and, at the same time, to award its possession and future enjoyment to the relator. The writ of quo warranto, as we have seen, was the only means by which this could be done at common law; and the information having been substituted as the more simple method, is now the usual and appropriate remedy. *
The point next in order for consideration is, that there is no authority, as argued by counsel, for filing the information in the name of the attorney-general; as it is said he is not the representative of the State in the Circuit Courts. Perhaps if we were to confine our examination entirely to his powers and duties, as defined by the statutes of the State, we would agree with counsel. It is sufficient, on the present occasion, to say, that there is nothing in the law or in the nature of his duties, prohibiting the use of his name; and it has been the long and unvarying practice, not only in England,
It is next urged, as an objection, that the writ was issued in term
If then we regard the process in the nature of a subpoena or of criminal process, either can issue in term time, and be made returnable instanter. The very nature of the right asserted requires a speedy remedy. It is not only the right of the party having the legal title to the office, to be placed at once in the possession and enjoyment of it; but it is also the policy of the law, that he alone who has been intrusted with the public confidence, in the mode pointed out by law, should perform the duties of the office. The remedy, to be valuable, should be speedy. It was so under the practice as regulated by the rules of the common law; and having to look to that law for the rules to guide us on the present occasion, we find nothing in the policy of the law, or the theory of our government, requiring us to make the remedy less efficient than it is under the English practice. We therefore find no error in the action of the court below, so far as this objection is concerned.
Having thus disposed of the main points, that the remedy by information in the nature of a writ of quo warranto, is the proper one, that the proceeding may be commenced and carried on in the name of the attorney-general, and that an information may be heard at the same term of the court to which it is filed, we deem it unnecessary to notice the other grounds taken on the motion to quash the information, or in the demurrer.
We therefore proceed to the consideration of the two remaining points arising on the merits, to wit: whether the relator, Barrows,
With respect to the first point, the relator exhibited, to support his title to the office, a commission by the governor, and signed by the secretary of state, and otherwise properly authenticated, on the 16th day of February, 1854, by which it appears that Barrows, the relator, had been elected to the office in controversy. But it is objected, that the commission omits to show at what time he was elected, and that it is therefore void for this uncertainty. That is certain which may be rendered certain. Hence our inquiry must be, whether the commission can be rendered sufficiently certain to establish the relator’s claim to the office. It is contended that he may, for anything that appears to the contrary, have been elected before Lindsey’s appointment. Admitting this construction to be true, it would only serve to show that there was no vacancy in the office, and that Lindsey’s appointment was therefore void. But there is another and safer rule by which the question maybe solved. The commission was issued by the present governor. The court must take judicial notice of the changes made in the executive department. The governor was inaugurated on the 10th of January, 1854; the commission was issued after this date. There was no meeting of the legislature which could elect, after Lindsey’s appointment, until the first Monday in January, 1854. These several facts, then, — Lindsey having been appointed by the governor in the recess of the legislature to fill a vacancy, the legislature meeting after his appointment, it being part of its duty to elect a clerk of the penitentiary, and the governor who succeeded Governor Foote having, after the meeting of the legislature and his own inauguration, commissioned the relator as such clerk, in virtue of a legislative election, — must be taken as sufficient evidence that the election took place by the legislature at its late session, and therefore sufficient.
In regard to the other question, the fact that the relator was pension agent of this State, both at the date of his election and of his application for possession of the office, it will be sufficient for us to state our conclusion. We have examined the several Acts of Congress on the subject, and are of opinion, that he is not, in a legal sense, an officer of the government of the United States. He is not required to take an oath of office, or to perform any other services than such as may be confided to him by the war department, of which he is merely for this special business an agent.
Upon a careful review of the whole case, we are of opinion that the judgment of the court below ought to be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
A petition for a reargument was filed, but overruled.