36 So. 843 | La. | 1903
Lead Opinion
Plaintiff’s action, brought on the 15th of April, 1902, is petitory, to be recognized as the owner of the S. W. % of section 20, township 10 S., of range 5 E.
Defendant the Southern Cypress Company is the vendee of the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, and owns only such title as its vendor had. Plaintiff says that he had improved and cultivated this land under the terms of, and as required by, Act No. 21, p. 31, of 1880, with the intention of acquiring it from the state of Louisiana.
1-Ie had, by his action and exertion, obtained the right to become the owner over all other persons. He had a full right of preemption, to be exercised under the general laws of the state, or under the provisions of Special Act No. 104, p. 243, of 1871. Section 3, p. 31, Act No. 21, of 1886, provides that, after the declaration required, the one intending to become the owner was entitled to notice- of adverse proceedings thereafter in the register’s office regarding the land, and that no adverse right could be granted by the state to any one else.
We are informed by the pleadings that on February 21, 1889, plaintiff placed his declaration of record in the land office, as required by section 3, p. 31, of Act No. 21 of 1886, and that he complied with the- requirements of the statute.
Defendant the Southern Cypress Company pleaded res judicata- upon the ground alleged; that the said Maurepas Company had instituted suit in February, 1896, against plaintiff, Lindquist,. and others, claiming ownership of the section in which the quarter section claimed by plaintiff is situated, and setting up title by purchase from the board of commission of the Pontchartrain levee district. This land had originally inured to the state from the general government under the swamp-land grants of 1849 and 1850, being swamp lands.
Plaintiff, the Maurepas Company, in the former suit, claimed that at the time of its purchase the property had passed to the Pontchartrain levee board (its vendor) by virtue of Act No. 95, p. 99, of the General Assembly, approved July 8, 1890. Plaintiff in that suit, which is numbered 976 of the district court of the parish of Ascension, in which parish the land is situated, charged the defendant with having entered into possession, and with having wantonly and maliciously cut down cypress trees, and that he refused to surrender possession to plaintiff.
Plaintiff in that case obtained a writ of sequestration for seizure of the staves cut by defendant on the land, and for an injunction restraining him from recovering the trees. The record in this suit shows that defendant in that case, who is plaintiff here, a resident of the parish of Orleans, filed a motion to set aside the writ of sequestration and injunction which had been issued in the cause, and alleged therein that the land was not the property of plaintiff, the Maurepas Company.
The defendant in suit instituted in Ascension, where the land is situated, does not
A judgment was rendered, as appears of record, on the 21st day of May, 1886. This judgment was pleaded as res judicata.
Plaintiff in the case before us for decision did not, in his pleadings in suit 976, attack the judgment invoked by plaintiff as res judicata on the ground that it had not been preceded by proper default, and that there was no showing in the minutes that a judgment had been rendered — one of the grounds of attack here in argument.
The other attack of plaintiff here, which comes up regularly enough, by way of replication, although not expressly pleaded, to the plea of res judicata, sets forth, in substance, that defendant can question the binding effect of the judgment pleaded as res judicata, although defendant in the original suit failed to fully allege his right in that suit, and failed to introduce all his evidence in defense.
Taking up the issues in their order for decision, we return to the minutes and the insufficient entries. We will say at the outset that they were not kept as they should have been. Ordinarily a careful, painstaking minute clerk would have avoided the oversight committed.
This asserted irregularity consists in the fact that on the 5th of May the officer in charge made entry in the minutes that a default was entered in accordance with the court’s order. His entry was made after mention on the minutes of the title of the case.
On the 22d following, the minutes show that the court was opened, and, after again setting forth the title, show: “Eor a copy of the judgment see page No. 17.” We presume that the judgment referred to is the judgment which the court pronounced on the 22d of May. But the question arises whether this entry in the minutes is sufficient, after judgment, to .have it declared absolutely null and void. In answer, we must say that the judgment is not a nullity. ■
The court had jurisdiction. The defendant was regularly cited. This court, considering a question regarding a default, said through Mr. Justice Martin:
“If a defect in the proceedings, occasioned by the want of appearance or a judgment by default, entitle the appellant to relief at our hands, he should have sought it by an appeal.” Seymour v. Cooley, 9 La. 79. See, also, Brewing Association v. McGowan, 49 La. Ann. 630, 21 South. 766.
In stating the pleadings, we have mentioned that plaintiff seeks to avoid the force of res judicata by the plea that the issues now tendered were not heard in the first suit. This point is based upon the fact that plaintiff here, and defendant in the former suit, did not set up his title in the former suit to the land he claims here. Whatever were his rights, he owned them at the time the first suit was brought. Both parties traced their rights to the state, and it should have suggested itself to the defendant that he must allege this asserted right, and prove its validity, in order to remain in possession as owner. He did nothing of the sort, but accepted the situation — offered no defense whatever — while practice required him to urge all his defenses.
True, in order to constitute the thing adjudged, “the thing demanded must be the same; the demand must be founded on the same cause of action; the demand must be between the same parties, and formed by them against each other in the same quality.” Civ. Code, art. 2286.
We think this judgment falls within the terms of this article. The thing demanded is the same, and the grounds urged, or which should have been urged. The judgment was petitory, and the title was at issue.
We take it that the principal effect of a judgment is to bring the dispute between the parties to an end, and that the judgment is final, except for such cause as it may be subject to attack. Not one of the causes laid down as good ground of attack covers the failure to invoke one’s title, although called upon by the proceedings to set up title.
The finality of the judgment rendered in the parish of Ascension is not questioned. The defendant, under the issues, had every opportunity, in order to maintain his possession, in an action in which plaintiff claimed ownership, to plead and show that he had a superior right to possession and title to the property. This he failed to do, as we have seen. He neglected to plead whatever right he had. He cannot now sue defendant thereon.
In an action in which plaintiff claims Ownership, and the recognition of his title as owner, and to be placed in possession as owner — in other words, in a petitory action — the defendant cannot escape the effect of res judicata by neglecting or declining to set up the right he claims.
The question was thoroughly considered in Howcott v. Pettit, 106 La. 530, 31 South. 61, and a conclusion was announced similar to that we now state.
We cannot convince ourselves that a judgment is not res judicata because defendant has not pleaded a right he claims, which the issues plainly indicated he should have pleaded if he desired to defeat the petitory action brought against him.
The decisions of this court, as we read them, do not sustain the conclusion for which plaintiff contends.
For reasons assigned, the judgment appealed from is affirmed.
Rehearing
On Rehearing.
Statement of the Case.
In plaintiff’s petition, he alleged: That during the month of February, 1884, he took possession and settled upon, and began to cultivate and improve, the southwest quarter of section 20, township 10 south, range 5 east, in the southeastern district of Louisiana, with intention of establishing a homestead thereon. That the said land then and there belonged to the state of Louisiana. That by the terms of Act No. 21, p. 31, of the General Assembly of 1886, no purchase or entry of any public land belonging to the state of Louisiana could be made when previous thereto such lands had been possessed, improved, or cultivated by any person holding or claiming adversely to the party seeking to purchase or enter the same. That he at all times held the said land or lands which he had so improved and cultivated with the intention of acquiring the same from the state of Louisiana, and at all times claimed to have a paramount right to acquire the said lands from the state, over and above all other persons. That by said act the possessor or improver of such lands was given a right of pre-emption and pre-entry of the same, to be exercised under the general laws of the state, or under the provisions of said act, in accordance with the rules and regulations adopted by the Register of the State Land Office, and not inconsistent therewith. That it was further provided by said act that it should be competent for any person in possession of any improved or cultivated lands belonging to the state to file in the office of the Register of the State Land Office a declaration in the manner and form as prescribed by section 3 of the said act, setting forth his possession of the said lands, which declaration should be sworn to by the party and two witnesses, setting forth the nature and extent of the possession and improve
That by section 4 of said act it was further provided that the filing of such declaration and affidavit should vest in the declarant the right of pre-emption and pre-entry of said land, to be exercised not later than six months after the Register of the State Land Office should have notified the declarant that the lands described in said declara-, tion were open for entry, and it was made the duty of the Register of the State Land Office to issue such notice when said lands were ready for purchase.
That by section 5, p. 32, of the said act, it was provided that, within six months after receiving such notice from the Register of the State Land Office that the lands occupied by him were open to purchase, any actual settler, who had filed a declaration as aforesaid or who was in possession without having filed such declaration, could acquire title, either by purchasing the same under the general statute law, or by entering the lands under the provisions and conditions of the homestead act (being Act No. 21, p. 55, of 1871); and if the said possession and settlement of the said lands had continued more than five years, and due proof thereof should be administered to the said Register of the State Land Office, the preliminary affidavit and proof were dispensed with, and patents for the lands should be issued to the settler upon the payment of 10 cents per acre. That he filed on February 21, 1880, and placed of record in the State Land Office, his affidavit and declaration, and also the affidavit of two witnesses, in the manner and form as provided by section 3, p. 31, of Act No. 21 of 1886. That, for five years prior to the filing of his said declaration, petitioner had settled upon and was in possession of said lands, during which time he was an actual settler upon the said lands. That, notwithstanding his right as aforesaid to acquire the said lands from the state of Louisiana by preference and priority over all other persons, the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, a corporation organized under the laws of this state, and domiciled in the city of New Orleans, at one time asserted a pretended title to the same, which it claimed to have acquired from the state of Louisiana, or some authority or agency thereof. That the said pretended title of the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, was by it conveyed to the Southern Cypress Company, a corporation created under the laws of the state of Michigan, but having officers or agents at the city of New Orleans, with authority to receive citation and to stand in judgment for it. That the said Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, could never have acquired the said lands by any process from the state of Louisiana, or any authority or agency thereof, until the failure or neglect of petitioner to acquire the same from the state of Louisiana within six months from his being notified by the Register of the State Land Office that the said lands were open for entry and purchase. That no such notice was ever given by said Register of the State Land Office, or received by petitioner, and hence petitioner was never allowed any opportunity to exercise and enjoy the right of preemption and pre-entry given to him by said Act No. 21, p. 31, of 1886. That in consequence the said pretended title of the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, was null, void, and of no effect.
That the said Southern Cypress Company had no better or different title to the said lands than its said vendor, but same pretended and invalid title the Maurepas Land &
In view of the premises, he prayed that the said Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, and the said Southern Cypress Company be citgd, and there be judgment setting aside and decreeing as null and void any pretended title by which the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, claimed to have acquired land from the state of Louisiana, and also any title the said Southern Cypress Company might claim to said property by reason of the conveyance to it of any pretended title of the said Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited; that petitioner be decreed entitled to purchase the said land from the state of Louisiana under the terms and conditions of Act No. 21, p. 31, of 1886, at any time within six months after he shall have received from the Register of the State Land Office the notice required by the said act to be given to settlers upon lands belonging to the state of Louisiana, or to any party who had filed in the office of the Register of the State Land Office declarations described in section 3, p. 31, of said Act No. 21 of 1886, and for costs and for all general relief.
The Southern Cypress Company, in bar of plaintiff’s action, pleaded the exception of res judicata, for this: That the Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, one of the defendants .herein, did on or about the 21st day of February, 1896, institute a certain suit in the Twentieth Judicial District Court, in and for the parish of Ascension and state of Louisiana, which said suit was styled “Maurepas Land & Lumber Co., Limited, v. Frederick Lindquist,” No. 976 of the docket of said court. That in and by said suit said Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, as petitioner, did set up its ownership of the tract of land situated in the parish of Ascension, known and described in the United States surveys as section 20 in township 10 south, of range 5 east, Southeastern Land District of Louisiana, east of the Mississippi river, which property petitioner in said suit alleged that it acquired by purchase from the board of commissioners of the Pontehartrain levee district by act passed before William H. Wright, notary public in and for the parish of Orleans, on February 23, 1894, and duly recorded in the office of the recorder of the parish of Ascension, and that said property passed, together with other property, to the Pontchartrain levee board, by virtue of Act No. 95, p. 99, of the General Assembly of the state of Louisiana, approved July 8, 1890. That the state of Louisiana acquired said land from the United States under the swamp-land grants approved March 2, 1849, and September 8, 1850, and that said lands were what is known as swamp or overflow lands, unfit for cultivation.
That said Fred Lindquist had gone upon said property without right, title, and interest in and to the same, taken possession thereof, and wantonly and maliciously cut down certain cypress trees, and had done other acts of- which petitioner in its said petition complained, and that he refused to give up said property and to move from said land, notwithstanding amicable demand; and
For further peremptory exception to plaintiff’s demand; it averred that the acts and conduct of plaintiff, and his silence for over six years past, permitting himself to be ejected from said property under judicial process, and allowing said property to be sold to defendant, without asserting any title thereto effectually estopped the said plaintiff from claiming title to the lands in his petition described, which estoppel it specially pleaded in bar of plaintiff’s suit.
In view of the premises, it prayed that these peremptory exceptions be maintained, and plaintiff’s demand rejected, with costs. Defendant prayed for all further and suitable relief.
The Maurepas Land & Lumber Company, Limited, filed substantially the same pleadings and exceptions.
The district court sustained the plea of res judicata, and defendant appealed.
Opinion.
Plaintiff urges as a ground for rehearing that by Act No. 21, p. 31, of 1886, the Legislature created and established a special tribunal — the Register of the Land Office — to consider all applications or declarations made under that act, and, after hearing, to decide whether or not the declarant was entitled to the land claimed. This would vest the Register of the Land Office with exclusivé power
The suit in the parish of Ascension was unquestionably a petitory action. The judgment therein adjudging the plaintiff to be owner of the property in litigation was justified by the pleadings and the prayer. Plaintiff declared himself to be the owner of the property, and exhibited his title, which the court sustained. Defendant, though cited, and having, as he acknowledges, then the same rights as he has now, thought proper to make no appearance and let the case go to judgment. He did not advise the court of any such right as he now sets up, and raised no objection to the authority of the court to act in the premises. As the plaintiff in the ease had apparently, at the very least, an absolute title to the land, the court could do nothing else than render a judgment in favor of the plaintiff in the suit. The present plaintiff was certainly in possession of the property at that time, and was a proper defendant in the ease. In a petitory action both sides must set up respective claims and titles which they have at the time. The defendant is not forced to set up a title. He may elect, at his peril, to stand upon the fact of possession, or urge the outstanding title of a third person. In this particular matter the defendant thought proper to let matters be tested as if he had filed simply the general issue. 1-Ie says that he could not have set up title at that time, as he did not have any. That was true, but he could none the less have set up an outstanding title in the state, and advanced his existing real rights in respect to the property, predicated upon the same state of facts which he now contends for. If it be permissible for him to advance these rights now, with final judgment standing interposed as a bar to his doing so, it was permissible for him to have done so then, for the situation has in no manner changed, save as to the intermediate judgment which has been rendered.
In Heirs of Brigot v. Brigot, 49 La. Ann. 1439, 22 South. 641, this court, referring to petitory actions, said: “It frequently happens that a defendant in such an action stands upon possession, without advancing title in himself. The judgment in such an ac
Plaintiff contends that the court of Ascension parish had no jurisdiction over the controversy as to title, but we think it had. If true it be that he had then acquired rights under the act of 1886 which it was the duty of the Register of the Land Office to have re.spected and regarded, that officer rightly or wrongly had disposed of them by transferring the property to other parties as owners, and by so doing had put an end effectually to .any adjudication by himself upon the rights of parties. His acts and his conduct opened the door to a direct action in support of his own rights against the transferee, and to an attack upon the legality of the acts of the register in ignoring them.
The present plaintiff had then the right to have had recourse to the state courts for the vindication of his rights, either as a plaintiff or as a defendant in possession. Marsh v. Gonsoulin, 16 La. 84.
The plaintiff contends that the present.action is not a petitory action. Whatever it may be, it is an action which, if it could be brought now as by a plaintiff in the civil district court for the parish of Orleans, it ■could have been brought by way of defense in Ascension parish.
It will be noticed that there is no attack upon the judgment in Ascension parish, but there is a direct attack upon the defendant’s title. The judgment is certainly not an absolute nullity. So long as it stands unreversed in some way, it is a bar to plaintiff’s demand. Brigot v. Brigot, 49 La. Ann. 1442, 22 South. 641; Sadler v. Henderson, ante, 517, 36 South. 549.
We do not see reason to alter our original judgment herein, and it therefore stands unchanged.