It аppears from the evidence that defendant’s car, a Super Six Hudson weighing about 3,500 pounds, was. driven at а rate of from ten to fifteen miles an hour at the time it began to skid. Defendant’s wife occupied the front sеat with him. The rear seat was .empty. When 'an icy spot was reached the rear end of the car began to slue to
Plaintiff argues that it was error to submit the third question as to whether the collision was due to an unavoidable accident, because there is absolutely no evidence in the case upon which a finding of unavoidable accident could be based. If it be true, as the defendant claims it was, that he was driving along near the center of the street at a moderate rate of speed when his car began to skid and that by the exercise of ordinary care he was unable to control it until it struck рlaintiff’s car, then the jury might well find that it was an unavoidable accident. Skidding may occur without fault, and when it does occur it may likewise continue without fault for a considerable space and time. It means partial or сomplete loss of control of the car under circumstances not necessarily implying negligence. Hence plaintiff’s claim that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies to the present situation is not well founded. In оrder to make the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur apply it must be held that skidding itself implies negligence. This it does not do. It is a well knоwn physical fact that cars may skid on greasy or slippery roads without fault either on account of thе manner of handling the car or on account of its being there. No negligence as a matter of law can be charged to the fact that defendant ran his car on Prospect avenue that day on a snоwy and slippery roadway. Plaintiff also ran her car there, and she avers, and it is admitted, she was not negligent. Othеr cars were being run there that day, and it is a matter of common knowledge that cars are run all winter and in practically all kinds of weather upon city streets. So the jury were warranted in finding no negligence becаuse of using the street under the circumstances. As a rule, in auto collisions the direct cause of the accident and the con
It is next urged that the court erred in submitting the third question to the jury, as to whether the collision was due to an unavoidable accident, and that it also erred in instructing the jury relative thereto as follows:
“An unavoidable accident is defined to be an еvent happening unexpectedly from the uncontrollable operations of nature, without human agеncy. It is further defined and means an event that takes place without any one’s foresight or expectation; an event from an unknown cause or an unusual or unexpected event from a known cause; a сhance, or casualty; anything occurring, unexpectedly or without known or assignable cause, or an еvent occurring without negligence. Whether an accident occurred does not depend on the exercise of reasonable care, nor is it prevented by the exercise of reasonable сare.”
It is true that the third question was not necessary for the determination of any issue raised by the pleadings оr the evidence, but it no doubt appeared to the trial court when the evidence was all in that it prеsented a case where the jury might well come to the conclusion that the collision occurred withоut fault of either party, in which event it would be an unavoidable accident. The jury’s answers to questions 1 and 3 are consistent, and we cannot perceive how they were misled by finding the same fact twice. At least it does not seem to us that plaintiff can complain of the fact that the jury were twice called upon tо negative defendant’s negligence in different ways. There was no claim of contributory negligence, henсe a negative answer to question
We also regard the instruction complained of as more favorable to the plaintiff than to the defendant because it erroneously limits an unavoidable accident to one free from human agency.' It need not be. Non-negligible human agency may give rise to an unavoidable accident. In the last sentence of the question the.court no doubt inadvertently left out the word unavoidable before the word accident, and the jury must have understood that the court there also meant an unavoidable аccident. That was the subject matter of the question and of the instruction and the jury must have so understood it. Thus construed we see no error prejudicial to plaintiff in the instruction, nor do we regard the verdict as perverse.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.