20 F. 883 | W.D. Ark. | 1884
The law is well settled that a party who has appropriated a particular trade-mark to distinguish his goods from other similar goods has a right or property in it which entitles him to its exclusive use, and that this right is of such a nature that equity will
The question to be considered in this case is whether the conduct of the defendant amounts to an infringement of the plaintiff’s trademark, or an injury to his legal or equitable rights. As was well remarked by the Kentucky court of appeals in the case of Avery v. Mickle: “The objéct of the trade-mark law is to prevent one person from selling his goods as those of another, to the injury of the latter and of the public.” It grew out of the philosophy of the general rule that every man should so use his own property and rights as not to injure the property or rights of another, unless some priority of right or emergency exists to justify a necessarily different manner ■of use.
It is true, in this case, that the trade-mark upon the tobacco of defendant is not a fac simile .of that upon the tobacco of plaintiff. If it was, it would, of course, be an infringement. They are not exactly similar. But to constitute an iafringement exact similarity is not required; there may be an infringement without it. The supreme court of the United States in Gorham Co. v. White, 14 Wall. 511, declares : “Two trade-marks are substantially the same in legal contemplation if the resemblance is such as to deceive an ordinary purchaser,” — giving such attention to the same as such a purchaser usually gives, and to cause him to purchase the one supposing it to be the other. The same court, in McLean v. Fleming, 96 U. S. 255, says: “Where the similarity is sufficient to convey a false impression to the public, mind, and is of a character to mislead and deceive the ordinary purchaser in the exercise of ordinary care and caution in such matters, it is sufficient to give the injured party a right to redress.” Nor need the resemblance be such as would deceive persons seeing the two trade-marks placed side by side, (Manuf’g Co. v. Trainer, 101 U. S. 64,) or such as would deceive experts, persons, because of their peculiar knowledge from their being wholesale or retail dealers, or in any other way specially conversant with the trade-mark simulated.
This principle is sustained by the cases above referred to; by Walton v. Crowley, 3 Blatchf. 440; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. 951; 2 Kent, Comm, 453; and a long and unbroken line of authorities, American and English.
The difference in the trade-marks of the plaintiff and defendant, in this case, would, perhaps, be at once detected by the Intelligent user of tobacco, looking for his favorite brand, just as the man of luxurious tastes would discern his favorite brand of champagne. But the plaintiff is entitled to protection if the trade-mark of defendant would deceive the ordinary purchaser, purchasing as such persons ordinarily do. In this connection we must not lose sight of the character of the article, the use to which it is put, the kind of peoplo who ask for it, and the manner in which they usually order it.
There is no proof in this case, coming from living witnesses, that the defendant adopted tlie trade-mark complained of with the specific intent of selling his tobacco as the tobacco of plaintiff, or that he expected to deceive tlie public. But if it is apparent to tho court from an inspection of the two articles, or the court is able to see by such inspection, that plaintiff’s trade-mark is so simulated as probably to deceive customers or patrons of his trade or business, there is good ground for the court to enjoin. Filley v. Fassett, 44 Mo. 173. If the effect of the simulated trade-mark is to deceive the public into the belief that the article upon which it is placed is the article of some other manufacturer, then it is a deception, whether it was the actual intention of tho person using the simulated trade-mark to deceive or not, as the principle of law applies that persons are held to have intended the necessary, natural, and probable consequences of their acts.
In looking at the trade-mark to see whether it is so far an imitation of another as to deceive ordinary customers exercising ordinary care when purchasing, we must not look at the device alone, but wo must also examine the article upon which it is placed, and if there is a resemblance in it to another article bearing the trade-mark that is claimed to have been infringed, and if this resemblance, when blended with the appearance of the device, has a tendency to deceive tho ordinary public into the belief that they are buying the other article, then the very nature of the article becomes potential evidence in tlie ¿aso to show a purpose to deceive.
In this case, if tho device of defendant was upon a plug of tobacco different in shape from that of complainant, the chance of deception
Taking this as the true rule, and applying it in this case, I am forced to the conclusion that the ordinary mass of- purchasers would be deceived, after paying ordinary attention when purchasing, into the belief that they were buying the tobacco of complainant, when in fact they were getting the tobacco of the defendant. Ordinary care, in this connection, means the care that men ordinarily exercise when buying chewing tobacco.
Entertaining this view of the ca,se, I think complainant is entitled to an injunction enjoining defendant from using the device adopted by him; and it will be so ordered.