Lewis v. State

59 So. 577 | Ala. | 1912

SAYRE, J.

Appellant was duly arraigned on November 3, 1911, and his case set for trial on the 8th. Three efforts were made to execute the court’s order that a copy of the indictment and the venire be served forthwith upon the defendant, the first on the day of the arraignment, the last' upon the 6th. The second requires no special attention. The first and second copies of the venire served upon the defendant contained the names of three regular jurors who had 'not been summoned. In all other respects they were regular and, so far as their contents were concerned, complied with, the court’s order. The sheriff’s return as to these three jurors was that they had not been found. The copy of the venire last served upon the defendant, identical in other respects with the first, omitted the names of the three regular jurors who had not been summoned, and substituted for them the names of three others who had been summoned to serve as regular jurors for the week in which the case was set for trial. Appended to this last venire or list of jurors was a certificate by the clerk to the effect that the last list was made and served on the defendant for the purpose of correcting the errors mentioned, and setting them out with particularity. The clerk’s certificate removed all occasion for misapprehension of the meaning of the several lists served upon the defendant; and, in view of the circumstances which have been stated, we hold there was a substantial compliance with the statute and the court’s order, which required that a list of the names of all jurors, regular and special, be forthwith served upon the defendant by the sheriff. See Coates v. State, 1 Ala. App. 35, 56 South. 6; Savage v. State, 174 Ala. 94, 57 South. 469.

1 We are not able to see the force of the suggestion of error in the record which takes the point that the order of the court upon arraignment fails to show that the sheriff was required to summon the special jurors, who were yet to be summoned, in the language of the statute, “to appear in court” on the day set for the trial. The order was that “the sheriff summon the persons, whose names are now drawn from the jury box in this court on the day so set, as jurors for the trial of this cause.” The provision of the statute and the requirement of the order were identical in meaning and effect j and the mere trifling departure of the order from the verbiage of the statute cannot be allowed to have the effect contended for.

Deceased received the wound of which he died early in the morning of Friday, November 4, 1910. The flesh and muscle of his left forearm — the entire lower portion of the arm to the bone, the surgeon testified at one point — were torn away by a charge of small shot from a shotgun. He suffered a severe primary arterial hemorrhage, find was greatly prostrated from shock and loss of blood before he received surgical aid. The surgeon from the beginning, so he testified, recognized the serious nature of the wound, though he did not communicate his fears to his patient. Death followed from the wound on Wednesday evening next thereafter. The state depended entirely upon the declaration of the deceased for an account of the circumstances of the difficulty in which he received his wound. In the interval, deceased, according to the state’s witness Weatherly, repeatedly stated his belief that he would never get up, that he would never get well, and finally that he would die. He made no response to the efforts of his kinsmen and friends to encourage Mm, and at no time, so far as appears, did he express a hope of recovery. In the evening of the day before his death, deceased made a statement to the witness Weatherly of the circumstances under which defendant had shot him, and this statement, repeated by the witness, was received as a dying declaration over defendant’s objection. In this we do not find error. It was not necessary, say our cases, that the declaration should have been made in articulo mortis; nor that the deceased should have said, in so many words, that he was in extremis, that death, impended, or that he had no hope of recovery. It is necessary, however, that the court should be clearly satisfied, upon a close and cautious scrutiny of the facts upon which admissibility depends, that the declarant was impressed with the conviction that he could not recover. After an examination of many of our cases on the subject, we have reached the conclusion that the evidence of the declaration made to Weatherly was properly received. — 1 Mayf. Dig. p. 287, §§ 26-72. So, likewise, on the testimony of the witness Dunn, the declaration made to him by deceased, about an hour after deceased had been wounded, and before the surgeon had reached him, was received in evidence without error.

The state proved that shortly after deceased was wounded a small book was taken from a pocket in the coat he wore, and that it had shot holes in it. We read the record to mean that the witness to this fact also volunteered a statement that the book contained the constitution of the Farmers’ Alliance, and that the deceased Avas a member of that organization. Defendant’s motion to exclude this evidence — all of it, as we understand) — without any discrimination between its parts, was overruled. In view of the unquestioned facts of the case, this piece of evidence was altogether useless; but, so far as it related to the presence of the book and its physical condition, it had a tendency to prove the means by which deceased’s wound was inflicted. That was a relevant fact competently proved; and it is impossible to say it was erroneously kept before the jury by the court’s ruling made on defendant’s motion to exclude. The idea is advanced that the statement that deceased was a member of the Farmers’ Alliance, and that the book contained a copy of the constitution of that order, were calculated to arouse an unjust prejudice against the defendant. If there was apprehension of that effect, and it had been expressed in the form of a motion to exclude that part of the testimony which went to prove the irrelevant and objectionable facts, we do not doubt that the trial court would have excluded those parts, and would have taken other appropriate measures to guard the jury box against the intrusion of unworthy influences, whether set in motion by testimony or argument. And we must presume that the trial court either did so in a general way in its oral charge, or, no separate motion being made, considered the matters now urged for error as mere trifles, which had no effect upon the minds of the jury. At any rate, under the rule which has heretofore prevailed in this court, a part of this evidence being relevant and competent, it was not the duty of the court, on a motion directed against all of it, to separate the good from the bad. That should have been done by the defendant or his counsel.

The state’s theory of how and why the killing occurred was disclosed by evidence which tended to show the following facts: Defendant had been indicted for a misdemeanor. A deputy sheriff at Pine Hill had requested deceased, who lived in the same neighborhood with, defendant, “to bring hint in.” Deceased, armed himself, and next morning, as he went along the road,, met defendant, who was hunting and had his gun. Deceased told defendant he had a writ for him. For the rest, we reproduce the declaration of deceased as testified to by the witness Weatherly: “He [defendant] said, ‘All right.’ He demanded his gun; but he refused to give! up his gun. He told him then to take out the shells. He unbreeched his gun, and shook the shells, out. He said he wanted to go by his house; but he did not tell him what for. He followed him to the house, and followed him in. When he started in the house, he told him he had.better not go in the house. He would go in, and he followed him inside the house. When he got inside the house, he passed by his wife, and lunged his wife against him. Before he recovered he shot him and ran out of the door.” Defendant’s version was this: “I met him in the road. He told me he wanted to see me, and to stop. Mr. Trammell came to me. He said, ‘Consider yourself under arrest.’ I asked Mr. Trammell if he had a warrant for me, and he told me, ‘No.’ I told him ‘You can’t arrest me if you ain’t got no warrant.’ Finally he prevailed on me that would be all right. I told him, ‘Well, I will go and give up and go with you,’ and walked on back to the house and went in the house. He said, ‘Take the shells out of the gun.’ I unbreeched and took the shells, out, but never would give the gun up, or the shells. In going in the house, I pushed the shells back in the gun. After I got in the house, he said: ‘Well, you got to give up the gun,’ and took his pistol and threw it in my face, and when he done that I shot Mr. Trammell.” On cross-examination, defendant testified that he asked deceased to let him go to his house, which was near at hand, and get some clothes; that on the way deceased had tried to get him to surrender his gun; that he reloaded his gun as he went up the steps in advance of deceased; and that, after they got in the house, deceased said: “Give up the gun. If you do not give it up, I will shoot you” — and put the pistol in his face.

The. declarations of deceased, as reproduced by the witness Weatherly, to wit, “Johnson [meaning the defendant] was out there hunting, and had his gun,” and “he [deceased] said he had a writ for him,” related to the res gestae of the inception of the difficulty, and were properly admitted in evidence. As said by Stone, C. J., in Johnson v. State, 102 Ala. 1, 16 South. 99, “in every conceivable case in which it becomes material to ascertain the manner of bringing on a difficulty — the position, occupation, conduct, and manner of the respective parties at the time the quarrel had its inception — are pertinent circumstances to be weighed in determining who was the aggressor. They shed light on what was done, and are incidents of the main fact. That is the true test.”

Whether deceased had a warrant or capias for the defendant, and whether, under the deputy sheriff’s appointment, he had authority of law for his arrest of the defendant, were material questions in the case. The argument for appellant proceeds at several points upon the idea that the evidence showed, without conflict, that deceased had no warrant. As we read the record, deceased, in his dying declaration, testified that he had a writ for defendant. This, as we have said, was competent evidence of the fact. There was, then, no error in that ruling of the court which permitted the state to show that the sheriff of the county had delivered the capias for defendant to Springle, the deputy on whose request the deceased was attempting to arrest the defendant. Springle, though his name was marked on the indictment as a witness for the state, did not testify, thus leaving an hiatus in the testimony, apart from the dying declaration, by which it was sought to trace the capias into the possession of deceased. Nevertheless, the evidence was competent, and tended to corroborate and establish the statement of the dying declaration on that point, and there was no error in receiving it.

We have referred to Springle as a deputy sheriff. One of the witnesses so referred to him. The sheriff of the county testified that he had not authorized the deceased to execute the writ for the apprehension of defendant. There was nothing to the contrary. Whatever authority deceased had in the premises was conferred upon him by Springle. But whether Springle was a general deputy or undersheriff, who, by virtue of his appointment as such, had authority to execute all the ordinary duties of the office of sheriff, or whether he was specially deputized for the particular purpose of arresting the defendant, does not appear. It was shown that Springle was not present at the time deceased attempted to arrest defendant. If Springle’s authority was special, though he might have called upon a bystander for help in the personal, effort to execute the writ, or might have commanded the.aid of the posse comitatus (Watson v. State, 83 Ala. 60, 3 South. 441; Dougherty v. State, 106 Ala. 63, 17 South. 393), he had no authority to delegate the authority which had been delegated to him, and in that .case deceased had no authority to make the arrest. — Perkins v. Reed, 14 Ala. 536; Hunt v. Burrel, 5 Johns. (N. Y.) 137; Allen v. Smith, 12 N. J. Law, 159.

An officer, who has lawfully executed an arrest, may disarm his prisoner. — Ex parte Hurn, 92 Ala. 102, 9 South. 515, 13 L. R. A. 120, 25 Am. St. Rep. 23. Submission to an unlawful arrest is not a waiver of the right to resist or to escape; a fortiori this is true where such arrest has been coerced. — Roberson v. State, 53 Ark. 516, 14 S. W. 902; Alford v. State, 8 Tex. App. 545; 2 Am. & Eng. Encyc. p. 852. It follows that one who has submitted to an unlawful arrest may resist an effort to disarm him. But, while the right of any citizen to resist any attempt to put any such illegal restraints upon his liberty cannot be denied, resistance in such cases must not be in enormous disproportion to the wrong and injury threatened. He has no right to kill to prevent a mere trespass, which is unaccompanied by imminent danger of great bodily harm or felony, and which does not produce in his mind the reasonable belief of such danger. — Noles v. State, 26 Ala. 31, 62 Am. Dec. 711; Adams v. State, 175 Ala. 8, 57 South. 591.

It is scarcely necessary to say that the mere possession of a writ conferred no authority upon deceased. He must have received authority to execute the writ from some officer having authority to appoint a special deputy.

Charges 14 and 15, requested by the defendant, stated correct propositions of law, and their refusal was error which must cause a reversal. Under that phase of the evidence presented by his testimony, these charges stated propositions of law which were of least importance, to the defendant. They stated principles which not only affected the rights of the defendant under that view of the case presented by his testimony, but may also affect the rights and liberties of all citizens in similar cases. They involved the right of resistance to unlawful arrest — a phase of • the right of self-defense which, to a just and reasonable extent, is essential to every form of government. We are unable, therefore, to say that the propositions of these charges were unimportant, or that for any reason appearing of record, their refusal was without detriment to the defense.

Charge 16 was, however, properly refused. It was open to the jury, under tendencies of the evidence, to find that defendant submitted to arrest and requested that he be permitted to go to his house with the purpose of securing what advantage there might accrue to him by reason of the fact that he was in his own house, and there, without lawful excuse or sufficient provocation, treacherously slew the deceased. If the jury so found, then they did well to convict defendant of murder in the first degree, without regard to whether deceased ivas authorized by law to arrest defendant..

Charge 10 erroneously asserted that deceased was a trespasser upon the premises of defendant; whereas the evidence went to show that deceased had gone there upon defendant’s request and for defendant’s convenience. Charges 12 and 13 were properly refused also. They hypothesized a fact of which there was no evidence, to wit, that deceased forcibly carried or took defendant to the latter’s house.

Charge 6 was well refused. It dealt with a case not before the court. The question was, not under what circumstances the deceased might have lawfully killed defendant, but whether there was excuse or extenuation for the act of defendant in killing deceased.

Charge 1, refused to the defendant, stated no proposition of law. It has been frequently held that courts cannot be required to declare to juries that there is no evidence of this, that, or the other fact. — Troup v. State, 160 Ala. 125, 49 South. 332.

For the errors indicated, the judgment of conviction will be reversed and the cause remanded.

Reversed and remanded.

All the Justices concur, except Dowdell, C. J., not sitting.