92 P. 469 | Mont. | 1907
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought by the plaintiff to recover damages for the loss of his left hand, sustained while in the employ of the defendant company. It is alleged that the injury was occasioned by’the negligence of the engineer of defendant’s locomotive while drawing a train upon which the plaintiff was employed as a brakeman.
Plaintiff bases his right of recovery upon the provisions of the Act of the legislature of 1903 (Sess. Laws 1903, p. 156), rendering railroad corporations liable for injuries caused by the negligence of engineers. The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment for plaintiff for $17,400. The defendant moved for a new trial upon the ground, among others, of excessive damages appearing to have been given under the influence of passion or prejudice. The court entered an order granting the motion, unless plaintiff would within ten days remit $7,400 of the verdict and judgment. This was done. Thereupon the motion was denied. The defendant has appealed from the judgment and order.
Under tbe first specification tbe contention is made tbat tbe Act of tbe legislature referred to is obnoxious to tbat clause of tbe Fourteenth Amendment to tbe Constitution of tbe United States wbicb prohibits tbe states from denying to any person within their respective jurisdictions tbe equal protection of the laws. Tbe Act is entitled: “An Act to determine tbe liability of employers in this State for damages to employees.” Tbe first section thereof, wbicb declares tbe rule applicable to railway corporations, provides: “Every railway corporation including electric railway corporations, doing business in this state, shall be liable for all damages sustained by an employee thereof, within this state, without contributing negligence on bis part, when such damages is [are] caused by tbe negligence of any train dispatcher, telegraph operator, superintendent, master mechanic, yardmaster, conductor, engineer, motorman or of any other employee who has superintendence of any stationary or band signal.”
Conceding tbat it is within the legislative discretion to change tbe fellow-servant rule of liability as declared under tbe common law, counsel insist tbat, since this provision mentions in terms railway corporations only, and does not include natural persons or other corporations engaged in operating railways, the former are subjected to penalties and liabilities wbicb natural persons and other corporations engaged in tbe same pursuit are not subjected to.' Such statutes have frequently been tbe subject of controversy before tbe state and federal courts.
A statute of Iowa provided: “Every railroad company shall be liable for all damages sustained by any person, including employees of tbe company in consequence of any neglect of tbe agents, or by any mismanagement of tbe engineer or other employees of tbe corporation to any person sustaining such damage.” In tbe case of McAunich v. Mississippi etc. R. R. Co.,
In the later case of Bucklew v. Central Iowa Ry. Co., 64 Iowa, 603, 21 N. W. 103, the contention was made that the same or a similar statute was obnoxious to the clause of the federal Constitution now under consideration, for the reasons urged in McAunich v. Mississippi etc. R. R. Co., supra; but the contention was held to be without merit, because the Act applied to all corporations or persons engaged in operating railroads. The decision in McAunich v. Mississippi etc. R. R. Co., supra, was held to be controlling, for the reasons that the provisions of the Constitution of Iowa, above referred to, were in effect the same as the clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which is invoked here.
The validity of this law was again brought in question in the case of Herrick v. Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. Co., 31 Minn. 11, 47 Am. Rep. 771, 16 N. W. 413. The plaintiff, in the employ of the defendant in Iowa, was injured by the negligence of the engineer in charge of a train while he was engaged in coupling ears. An action for damages for the injury was instituted in Minnesota, which resulted in a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff. The contention made in that case was the same as in this. The court disposed of it by saying: “If a state, in view of the peculiar nature of the service upon railroads, and the danger incident to it, shall, as a matter of state policy, require these corporations, which are the creatures of its statutes, to assume the risk of injuries to
In Pittsburgh C. C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Montgomery, 152 Ind. 1, 71 Am. St. Rep. 301, 49 N. E. 582, 69 L. R. A. 875, the supreme court of Indiana had before it an Act of the legislature of that state declaring that every railroad or other corporation, except municipal corporations, operating in the state, shall be liable for damages for personal injury suffered by any employee while in its service, the employee injured being in the exercise of due care, “where such injury was caused by the negligence of any person in the service of such corporation who has charge ■of any signal, telegraph office, switch-yard, shop, roundhouse, locomotive engine, or train, upon a railway, or where such injury was caused by the negligence of any person, coemployee or fellow-servant engaged in the same common service in any of the several departments of the service of any such corporation, the said person, coemployee or fellow-servant, at the time acting in the place, and performing the duty of the corporation in that behalf, and the person so injured, obeying or conforming to the ■order of some superior at the time of such injury, having authority to direct. ’ ’ It was contended, as in McAunich v. Mississippi etc. R. R. Co. and Buchlew v. Central Iowa Ry. Co., supra, that the Act was in violation, not only of the provisions of the •state Constitution prohibiting the general assembly from granting “to any citizen, or class of citizens privileges or immunities, which upon the same terms shall not equally belong to all citizens, ’ ’ but also of the clause, supra, of the federal Constitution. Both contentions were overruled, the court citing the case of Buchlew v. Central Iowa Ry. Co. to the point that the provisions of the state Constitution embody the same principles as the equality
• Subsequently the court had before it the same statute, in Pittsburgh, C. C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Lightheiser (Ind.), 78 N. E. 1033. The same contention was again overruled, the court disposing of it with the following comment: “The subject matter of the statute in question here, and its intent and purpose, so far as applicable to railroads, were to protect employees from the-peculiar dangers and hazards in railroading [citing authorities]. Under the decisions cited the character of the employers is not. a controlling factor. The statute is to be given at least a reasonable interpretation, one that will carry into effect the legislative intent. As we have shown, the basis of the classification of railroads by themselves was the hazardous and dangerous, character of the employment of operating railroads, and this-does not depend upon whether railroads are operated by corporations or by one or more persons. If the character of the employer within the meaning of the statute is not important — and the nature of the employment is the test to be applied in construing — the expression ‘every railroad or other corporation operating within this state,’ as applied to railroads, should,, under the rule above stated, be enlarged and expanded so as to include any person, company, or corporation engaged in operating a railroad in this state.”
This statute was before the supreme court of the United States, in Tullis v. Lake Erie etc. Ry. Co., 175 U. S. 348, 20 Sup. Ct. 136, 44 L. Ed. 192. The same contention was made, among others, as in the Montgomery and Lightheiser Cases, supra. The-court accepted the construction announced by the supreme court of Indiana, disposing of the contention of the company by saying, through Chief Justice Fuller: “Considering the statute as-applying to railroad corporations only, we think it cannot be-regarded as in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment.”
An Act of the territory of Colorado provided: “That every railroad corporation operating its line of road, or any part there
Several states of the Union have enacted laws of the same general character, imposing burdens and liabilities upon railroad corporations, without in terms subjecting natural persons to the same burdens and liabilities, and they have generally been sustained by their respective courts of last resort. (Kansas Pac. Ry. Co. v. Peavey, 29 Kan. 169, 44 Am. Rep. 630; Missoitri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Mackey, 33 Kan. 298, 6 Pac. 291; Attorney General v. Chicago N. W. Ry. Co., 35 Wis. 425; Ditberner v. Chicago N. W. Ry. Co., 47 Wis. 138, 2 N. W. 69; Leep v. St. Louis & I. M. Ry. Co., 58 Ark. 407, 41 Am. St. Rep. 109, 25 S. W. 75, 23 L. R. A. 264; St. Louis I. M. & So. Ry. Co. v. Paul, 64 Ark. 83, 62 Am. St. Rep. 154, 40 S. W. 705, 37 L. R. A. 504.) Generally, they have been sustained by the supreme court of the United States; that court accepting the construction given to the particular statute by the state court. In addition to the federal
In Iowa, Indiana and Colorado the theory upon which the respective statutes are sustained is that, though they are in terms .applicable to railway corporations only, the general purpose .-of them is to protect the employees subject to the hazards of the particular employment, and that they are broad enough, when • interpreted in the light of this general purpose, to .include and ' bring within their reach natural persons, or associations of them -other than corporations, when they engage in the same business. Hence, the classification is not made upon a discrimination be- - tween persons of the same class, but between different classes -of business. The same conclusion is stated in Schus v. Powers-Simpson Co., 85 Minn. 447, 89 N. W. 68, 69 L. R. A. 887.
In Herrick v. Minneapolis & St. L. Ry. Co., supra, however, the decision is based upon the theory that the corporation is a creature of the statute; hence, that the legislature, as a matter of state policy, may impose upon it such additional liabilities and burdens as it chooses.
Our own statute is susceptible of the construction giveh to the statute of Iowa, Indiana and Colorado, by the courts of those states. The general purpose of it is, as indicated by its title and the character of the provisions embodied in it, to secure the safety of employees, and thus, indirectly, of the public. Assuming that the expression “railway corporation” is used in a general sense, the design being to include all persons engaged in operating railways, it would be free from all objection. And this might be done under the rule of construction that, having ascertained the general purpose of a statute, to give effect to this general purpose, general words may be restricted to a par
“Sec. 2. No charter of incorporations shall be granted, extended, changed or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, educational, penal or reformatory corporations as are or may be under the control of the state; but the legislative assembly shall provide by general law for the organisation of corporations hereafter to be created; Provided, that any such laws shall be subject to future repeal or alterations by the legislative assembly.” (Const., Art. XV.)
“See. 3. The legislative assembly shall have the power to •alter, revoke or annul any charter of incorporation existing at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, or which may be hereafter incorporated, whenever in its opinion it may be injurious to the citizens of the state.” (Const., Art. XY.)
This reservation is of a substantive right (Attorney General v. Railway Cos., 35 Wis. 425), and means that, if the legislature
A statute of the state of Arkansas declared that "whenever any railroad company or any company, corporation or person engaged in the business of operating or constructing any railroad or railroad bridge, or any contractor or subcontractor, engaged in the construction of any such road or bridge, shall discharge, with or without cause, or refuse to further employ any servant or employee thereof, the unpaid wages of any such servant or employee, then earned at the contract rate, without abatement or deduction, shall.be, and become due and payable on the day of such discharge, or refusal to longer employ; and if the same be not paid on such day, then, as a penalty for such nonpayment, the wages of such servant or employee shall continue at the same rate until paid. Provided, such wages shall not continue more than sixty days, unless an action therefor shall
Corporations are persons (State ex rel. Sackett v. Thomas, 25 Mont. 226, 64 Pac. 503; Santa Clara County v. Southern Pac. Ry. Co., 118 U. S. 394, 6 Sup. Ct. 1132, 30 L. Ed. 118; Pembina Con. Silver M. Co. v. Pennsylvania, 125 U. S. 181, 8 Sup. Ct. 737, 31 L. Ed. 650), but not for all purposes. They have no inalienable rights. Being creatures of the statute, if the reservation in the Constitution means anything, it means that the legislature — the law-making power — may enact any legislation with reference to them, by way of amendment of the law creating them, which does not violate the rule laid down in St. Louis etc. Ry. Co. v. Paul, supra, that property acquired under the operation of the charter, cannot be taken away and that contracts made in like manner may not be impaired.
It cannot be doubted that the legislature, in enacting the general laws on the subject (Civ. Code, Div. I, Pt. IV), might
We hold that the law in question is a valid exercise of legislative power, and is not open to the constitutional objection made.
Counsel, however, have called our attention to the ease of Gulf etc. Ry. Co. v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150, 17 Sup. Ct. 255, 41 L. Ed. 666, and insist that it supports their contention. A statute of Texas imposed a fee not to exceed $10, in addition to costs, upon railway corporations which failed to pay bona fide claims for personal services rendered, or labor done, or for damages, or for overcharges for freight, or for stock killed or injured by trains, within thirty days after presentation at the proper station of the. road. The Act applied to no other corporation or person. The Texas court held it valid. But on error, the supreme court of the United States held it unconstitutional as denying the equal protection of the laws. The statute can, in principle, be readily distinguished from the one now under consideration. It imposed a penalty upon the railroad corporations only for failure to pay their debts promptly, exempting other corporations and natural persons, whereas a like duty rested upon all. It therefore ignored the rule of equality and made an arbitrary classification for purposes, not falling properly under the scope of the police power of the state, upon the theory of a special duty resting upon railroad corporations by reason of the peculiar character of the business in which they were engaged.
2. Counsel contend that the award by the jury of $17,400 for the loss of the left hand is so manifestly excessive that it is apparent that the jury acted from passion and prejudice; that the state of mind thus exhibited must have influenced the jury in determining the question of liability against the defendant from evidence upon which they might have found in its favor; and hence a case is presented in which the inherent vice of the verdict cannot be cured by a reduction of the amount of it.
It was said in Helena & Livingston S. & R. Co. v. Lynch, 25 Mont. 497, 65 Pac. 919: “Courts are reluctant to interfere with the verdict of a jury, and will not do so, on the ground of excessive damages given under the influence of passion and prejudice, unless it is apparent that their feelings of passion and prejudice have entered - into and influenced their decision. Where it is apparent that this is the case, a new trial should be granted, unless it is also apparent that the verdict is otherwise correct, and the ends of justice will be fully served by requiring the successful party to remit the excess. In the latter ease, however, it should appear that upon the facts the successful party is clearly and as a matter of law entitled to a verdict in some amount, and that the prejudice and passion of the jury have gone no further than to lead them to swell the amount of damages; otherwise, all their deliberations must be deemed to have been permeated by their feelings, and the decision as a whole tha
The evidence touching the question whether the injury resulted from the negligence on the part of the engineer, or from the act of the plaintiff in assuming a position more dangerous than was necessary, is conflicting; but it is sufficient to sustain the finding of the jury on this point. If the verdict had been for $5,000, we apprehend there would be no complaint.
Can it be said that the comparatively large amount found is,' of itself, sufficient to make it apparent that the jury were prompted by improper motives? In all such cases the amount to be awarded is left to the jury, under the facts of the particular case. This discretion covers a very wide range. The court cannot lay down any definite or fixed standard of measurement. One jury upon the same facts will award one amount, and another a larger one; yet both may come within the limits of fair discretion. In any case, the amount allowed may not be held to be determinative, unless it be so outrageously disproportionate to the injury as to shock the moral sense. (Yellowstone Park R. R. Co. v. Bridger Coal Co., 34 Mont. 545, 115 Am. St. Rep. 546, 87 Pac. 963; Wilson v. Fitch, 41 Cal. 363.)
In a given case, it may be that the amount awarded is due to miscalculation, or based upon a wrong standard. In such cases the excessive award is not the result of passion or prejudice, but the result of an honest mistake; and in any case there is no presumption of wrongdoing, unless the award is so grossly out of proportion to the injury, looking to all the circumstances, as that it cannot be otherwise accounted for; for the statute (Code Civ. Proc., sec. 1171, subd. 5) allows a new trial on the ground of passion or prejudice, only when one or the other is apparent.
In this case the court instructed the jury that in fixing the amount of damages, if they found the defendant liable, they should take into consideration mental and physical pain suffered and to be suffered, the disfigurement of plaintiff’s per
The action of the trial court in granting the motion conditionally is justified by the ease of Kennon v. Gilmer, 9 Mont. 108, 22 Pac. 448. Looking to all the evidence in the case, the court might very well, in its discretion, pursue the course that was adopted in that case, and diminish the amount of the verdict as it did. It doubtless proceeded upon the theory that the large amount of the award was due to a mistake in the basis of calculation.
This court, in Bourke v. Butte El. & P. Co., 33 Mont. 267, 83 Pac. 470, declared the rule that compensation for impaired ability to earn money should be made upon the principle that
The judgment and order are affirmed.
Affirmed.