175 F. 340 | 6th Cir. | 1909
(after stating the facts as above). The charge of the court to the jury is not included in the record; nolis any special instruction that may have been requested by either side and given or refused. The only assignments of error that need be noticed relate to the evidence. One arises upon an exception to the admission of testimony as to a certain conversation said to have occurred between the superintendent and one of the foremen of plaintiff in error; and tlie other two are based upon the court’s refusals to direct a verdict, in the first place at the close of the testimony.of plaintiff in error, and in the next place at the close of all the evidence offered at the trial.
At the time of the accident plaintiff in error was engaged as the. principal contractor for the removal of an old roundhouse and the construction of a new one for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. The trench mentioned in the statement comprised what was called a drop pit and a jack pit. The drop pit was 7y.¿ feet wide, 5 feet deep, with perpendicular sides, and 75 feet long. "The jack pit ivas placed along the central portion of the drop pit, and was 3 feet wide and 5(/> feet in depth below the bottom of the drop pit. A cement wall, of 8 inches in thickness and 3% feet in height, had been placed on each side of the jack pit, when defendant in error, Highbarger, a carpenter, was directed by his foreman to enter the trench and engage in the construction of a wooden frame for temporarily
Highbarger had no part in the excavation of either of the trenches described, but was engaged and worked solely as a carpenter. He was in the employ of the construction company. The company’s general superintendent of the entire work was a man named Park, who was constantly on the work and in control; and a foreman of the company’s carpenters was in immediate charge of Highbarger and certain other carpenters working with him. It was alleged in the petition and answer, and proved at the trial, that the excavation was made in filled material, not in natural ground. This fact, coupled with the claim of each party that the other understood the character of the materials composing the fill, was made the basis of the charge by each that the other was in fault.
The company waived its exception to the denial of the- motion to direct a verdict in its favor at the close of plaintiff’s testimony; for, instead of standing on its exception, it introduced testimony in its own behalf. Detroit Crude Oil Co. v. Grable, 94 Fed. 73, 75, 36 C. C. A. 94; Union Pac. Ry. Co. v. Daniels, 152 U. S. 684, 687, 14 Sup. Ct. 756, 38 L. Ed. 597; Spalding v. Castro, 153 U. S. 38, 43, 14 Sup. Ct. 768, 38 L. Ed. 626; Runkle v. Burnham, 153 U. S. 216, 222, 14 Sup. Ct. 837, 38 L. Ed. 694; Sigafus v. Porter, 179 U. S. 116, 121, 21 Sup. Ct. 34, 45 L. Ed. 113; Traction Co. v. Durack, 78 Ohio St. 243, 85 N. E. 38.
During the progress of the trial exception was taken by the construction company to the admission of testimony of one Oliver Law-head (foreman of certain of the company’s carpenters, but not including Highbarger and those working with him under another foreman) to the effect that, two or three weeks prior to- the accident, Law-head told Superintendent Park that the bank of the trench looked to him “like it was dangerous and should be propped up”; to which Park answered, “Oh h-1, it will not fall in.” This testimony, subject to like exception of the construction company, was corroborated by one Smart, a fellow workman of Highbarger. It is true, as claimed by counsel, that the bank- mentioned in the conversation was not in specific terms located by either Lawhead or Smart, and Park testified that the conversation did not take place; but it is reasonably certain, from all the questions and answers upon the subject, that the bank in question was the one that counsel and the witnesses had in mind.
* The testimony was competent. The conversation took place, if at all, between two representatives of the construction company, one a foreman of carpenters, and the' other the superintendent, and it amounted at least to- notice. The construction company is an Illinois corporation, and, so far as appears in the record, Superintendent Park
In Bartolomeo v. McKnight, 178 Mass. 242, 247, 59 N. E. 804, 805, an action lor personal injuries caused by the caving in of the side of a trench, the court passed upon the competency of a conversation similar to the one in question. It said:
“The fact that the foreman’s attention was called to tlie danger of the trench, and the need of bracing seem to us to have been clearly competent on the question of negligence on his part.”
To the same effect, respecting another kindred conversation, is the decision in Brady v. Norcross, 174 Mass. 442, 54 N. E. 874.
In Parker v. Boston & Hingham Steamboat Co., 109 Mass. 449, 451, when passing upon the question of negligence touching the condition of a gangway plank used by passengers in boarding the boat, the court said:
“Testimony that the attention of the agents or servants of the defendants was called to the insecure condition of the plank was competent to show sucii negligence.”
See, also, New York Electric Equipment Co. v. Blair, 79 Fed. 896, 897, 25 C. C. A. 216; Harder & Hafer Coal Min. Co. v. Schmidt, 104 Fed. 282, 285, 43 C. C. A. 532; Hoyt v. Jeffers, 30 Mich. 181, 189.
It remains to consider the exception to the refusal to direct a verdict at tlie close of all the evidence. The point of the complaint is that Higlibarger possessed such knowledge of the fill and of the materials composing it as to enable liim to observe and appreciate the danger and so to charge him with the risk of entering upon the work he was doing when he met with his injury. The comparison thus suggested between the duty of an employer and that of an employe to determine the liability of filled material to fall when exposed to excavation, is important. Higlibarger, as before stated, took no part in making the excavation, and bad no experience in that respect. He did not bear the Lawhead-Park conversation, and he testiiied. in substance, that he did not know of the tendency of such material to fall under conditions like those in question.
Can it be true that all fills, or all fills like this one, are so obviously calculated to slide into excavations made in them, as to suggest danger to men of Highbarger’s class and experience? Was the court, as matter of law, upon admission that the excavation had been made in a fill of the character shown, warranted in charging Highbarger with understanding and appreciating the tendency or danger of tlie sides of excavations made in such material as this to break and fall? If the conversation between Lawhead and Park actually occurred, it is plain
But a more satisfactory solution may be found, we think, in the settled rule that it is the primary duty of employers to provide reasonably safe places for the performance of the duties imposed on their employes. As before pointed out, the instructions given to the jury are not included in the record. This fact and the-verdict justify the inference of negligence in the construction company respecting this primary duty. Furthermore, it must be presumed that the court in fact instructed, and rightly instructed, the jury concerning the assumption of risk' involved in Highbarger’s employment.
Now, when it is urged that Highbarger, in obeying the instructions of his foreman to enter the trench for the purpose of doing carpenter work, appreciated the danger and assumed the risk, and so, as matter of law, relieved his employer from the performance of its own primary duty, the claim ought to be supported by convincing authority. We think the claim is inconsistent with the principles announced in many decisions.
In Norman v. Wabash R. Co., 62 Fed. 727, 728, 10 C. C. A. 617, 618, this court was required to pass upon the law “governing the reciprocal duties of employér and employe with reference to the safe condition of the place where the employé is to work.” A motion to direct a verdict for defendant was made and granted in the court below, and the judgment was reversed for that reason. Judge Taft, speaking for the court, said:
“It is the duty of the employer to exercise ordinary -care to-provide, and maintain a reasonably safe place in which the employs is to perform his services, so that the employs shall not he exposed to unnecessary and unreasonable risks. The employs has the right to presume, when directed to work in a particular place, that reasonable care has been exercised by his employer to see that the place is free from danger, and, in reliance upon such presumption, may discharge his duties in such place, unless there are obvious dangers which would lead a reasonably prudent employs either to refuse to work in the place, or to make complaint of the same to his master. If, however, the danger is not actually known to the employe, or would not become known to an employs of reasonable prudence performing the duties imposed on him, he cannot he charged with contributory negligence in the happening of an injury to him by reason of the condition of the place in which he works.”
In the course of the opinion, approval was given to the decision in Railway Co. v. Jarvi, 53 Fed. 65, 69, 3 C. C. A. 433, 437, and a portion of the quotation from that case, respecting the duties of master and servant, there set out, is as follows:
“Bach is required to exercise that degree of care in the performance of his duty which a reasonably prudent person would use under like circumstances: hut the circumstances in which the master is pla-ced are generally so widely different from those surrounding the servant, and the primary duty of using care to furnish a reasonably safe place for others is so muc-h higher than the duty of the servant to use reasonable care to protect himself in a case where the primary duty Qf providing a safe place * * ■* rests on the master, that a reasonably prudent person would ordinarily use a higher degree of care 1o keep the place of work reasonably safe, if placed in the position of the master who furnished it than if placed in that of the servant who occupies It.”
In National Steel Co. v. Hore, 155 Fed. 62, 65, 83 C. C. A. 578, 581, this court had occasion to pass upon the question of assumption of risk by a plumber’s helper in relation to the water block of a furnace, which required repairs, and consequent removal and replacing. The point arose both upon the overruling of a demurrer to the petition and the refusal of a peremptory instruction. In speaking of the respective duties of the employer, plaintiff in error, and of the employe, defendant in error, Judge Lurton said:
“It was the duty of plaintiff in error to guard against such accidents as could be foreseen as liable to occur by the exorcise of reasonable care, and the defendant in error had a right to assume that the master had not unreasonably and negligently subjected him to danger that this block would blow out. To assume as matter of law that a common laborer, such as llore was, should have known that there was this danger from the facts known to him, is going too far. To determine the effect of the conditions known to him in producing hazard, not ordinarily incident to his service in aiding in the disconnection of the water pipes supplying the block to be removed, would require a skill and judgment which ought not to be attributed as matter of law to one who is described in the petition as a plumber’s helper and whoso experience about such work does not appear. * * * There is a distinction between knowledge of defects, or knowledge of alleged negligent acts, and knowledge of the risks resulting from such defects or acts.”
In Harder & Hafer Coal Min. Co. v. Schmidt (before cited) 104 Fed. 282, 285, 43 C. C. A. 532, 535, where it appeared that appreciation of danger on the part of one employé was communicated to a mining boss, who assured him that his fears were unfounded, .and another employé without knowledge of the danger was injured, if was held:
“Whatever may bo the exemption of the employer from liability for injurie;; caused by a danger tha t is obvious to the injured, such exemption will not be accorded where the nature of the menace is so uncertain as to cause discussion between the employfis and the employer, with the result that the employer dissuades the employé of his apprehension, and especially s.o where the' particular employe Injured is without any knowledge of its existence.”
See, also, James B. Clow & Sons v. Boltz, 92 Fed. 572, 574, 34 C. C. A. 550; Choctaw, O. & G. R. Co. v. McDade, 112 Fed. 888, 892, 50 C. C. A. 591, affirmed in 191 U. S. 64, 24 Sup. Ct. 24, 48 L. Ed. 96; Valley R. Co. v. Keegan, 87 Fed. 849, 31 C. C. A. 255; Mason & O. R. Co. v. Yockey, 103 Fed. 265, 268, 43 C. C. A. 228; Bartolomeo v. McKnight, 178 Mass. 242, 246, 59 N. E. 804, before cited; Kranz v. L. I. R. Co., 123 N. Y. 1, 5, 25 N. E. 206, 20 Am. St. Rep. 716; Wellston Coal Co. v. Smith, 65 Ohio St. 70, 61 N. E. 113, 55 L. R. A. 99, 87 Am. St. Rep. 547; Davis v. Turner, 69 Ohio St. 101, 68 N. E. 819. But it is not necessary to cite further decisions.
The class of decisions relied on so confidently by learned counsel for the company deny liability of the master, either where dangerous conditions and the perils ordinarily attending them ’are in truth known and appreciated alike by employer and employé, or where such conditions are manifestly as readily observable by the one as the other. But
As regards the claim that the decision of this court in Morgan Const. Co. v. Frank, 158 Fed. 964, 86 C. C. A. 168, is controlling here, it is enough to say that the court -found that the place became dangerous only through the prosecution of the work carried on by the fellow servants of intestate, and that the master had not knowledge of the conditions for a sufficient length of time to enable him either to cause the iron plates which occasioned the injury to be removed, or the mode of piling them to be changed. Plainly these facts differ materially from those shown in the present case.
The judgment must be affirmed, and it is so ordered.
37 C. C. A. 453, 48 L. R. A. 63.
For other eases see same topic & § su.ubek in Dec. & Am. Digs. 1907 to date, -& Rop’r Indexes