Lemonius & Co. v. D. Mayer & Son

71 Miss. 514 | Miss. | 1893

Cooper, J.,

delivered the opinion of the court.

In the summer of 1891, Oscar E. Mayer, of the firm of D. Mayer & Son, was in Liverpool, England, at which pla.ce the appellants were in business as cotton commission merchants, and, as such; had before that time, and since Jrave, transacted business with said firm of D. Mayer & Son. At some time prior to the third day of September, Oscar E. Mayer, acting for his firm, directed appellants to purchase for account of his firm a large quantity of cotton for future delivery, which contracts of purchase were to be made on the flags at Liverpool, and under and subject to the rules and usages of the exchange of that city. On the third day of September, the first purchase of two hundred bales was made, and this was followed by other purchases, until, on the seventeenth day of September, contracts for a quantity of cotton aggregating seventeen hundred bales had been made. On the eighteenth day of September, Mayer, being then about to return to America and to this state, of which he was a resident, and in which his firm was engaged in business, gave to appellants a letter confirming their action in the following terms:

“Liverpool, September 18, 1891.

“Messrs. Lemonius & Co., Liverpool:

“ Dear Sir — On my leaving homewards, and as a record in business, I confirm the purchases you have made according to my instructions for account of my firm of D. Mayer & Son, Vicksburg, of

September 3, 200 bales cotton, December and January delivery, at------4-|f-

Septémber 5, 300 bales cotton, December and January delivery, at------Syf-g-

September 12, 200 bales cotton, January and February delivery, at------5-¡y£

September 14, 200 bales cotton, January and February delivery, at------4f^

September 15, 200 bales cotton, January and February delivery, at-------4|-¿

September 15, 200 bales cotton, February and March delivery, at--------4-y-f-g-

September 15, 200 bales cotton, March and April delivery, at------------5^f

September 17, 200 bales cotton, April and May delivery, at------------ — 5 and it is understood that these contracts be liquidated before the time specified for delivery in the contracts.

“Tour commission for attending to the business is three-fourths per cent., including brokerage, and, whenever contracts are closed out, and you require a margin, my firm will readily provide same,by remittance of bills of exchange. This same process will also have reference to the balance of your account lately rendered. . . . Tours truly,

“ Oscar E. Mayer.’I

After the return of Mayer to this state the appellants made like purchases of five hundred other bales of cotton for future delivery, of which Mayer & Son were duly advised, and of which they approved.

Under the rules of the Liverpool exchange, contracts for the sale and purchase of cotton for future delivery could be made only by and between its members and in their names; and in all the contracts for the cotton above noted, Lemonius & Co. were named as the purchasers.

Under another rule of the exchange, weekly settlements were required of any differences of price of the cotton from that obtaining at the time of the contract, so that, under the contracts made by Lemonius & Co., in which they appeared as purchasers, if the price of cotton had advanced, they would -have received in cash from the seller, each week, the advance in price, and if cotton declined, they were required to make like payments to the seller. In the terminology of the exchange, these payments are called “ margins.” Either the seller or buyer may elect to make or demand delivery of the cotton agreed to be sold and bought, but the general and, it seems, practically uniform custom, is that final settlements are made by payment and receipt of the differences in price at the time for delivery from that prevailing at the payment of the last weekly “ margins.” These settlements are made by “ closing out the contracts.” Contracts of this character are called, in England as in the United States, “ futures,” and by their number and volume have become matters of common knowledge.

Under the contracts made by Lemonius & Co. for Mayer & Son, there were losses to the amount of $20,222, which were paid by Lemonius & Co., and charged by them on their account against Mayer & Son, on which account the latter firm were also largely indebted on other dealings, and as to which other indebtedness there is no controversy.

Lemonius & Co. exhibited their bill in the chancei’y court of Issaquena county to subject to the payment of their demand certain real and personal property in that county, which they averred had been fraudulently disposed of by Mayer & Son. On final hearing, the complainants were granted relief except as to so much of their demand as arose out of the payment by them of the lpsses on the contracts for “futures” hereinbefore set forth, which losses the court below held could not be recovered, because they arose in a gaming venture or on contracts prohibited by the laws of this state. From this decree Lemonius & Co. appeal, and the single question for decision is whether complainants are entitled to recover for the payments made by them on losses under the future contracts.

Counsel for the respective parties have presented elaborate and instructive arguments touching the validity.of these contracts under the laws of England, where they were made and to be performed; and counsel for appellants also argue that, even if it be found that the contracts themselves were invalid under the English law, as being gaming agreements, yet, the contracts between Lemonius & Co. and Mayer & Son are collateral to the gambling contracts, and should be enforced, notwithstanding the invalidity of the principal contract under which the losses occurred. Without examining these questions, we shall consider the case upon the assumption that, in the courts of England, the complainants would be entitled to recover the controverted demand.

At the times when the contracts were made and the losses were paid by the appellants, the act of March -7, 1882 (Laws of 1882, pp. 140 and 141), was in force in this state. That act is entitled “An act to prohibit the sale and purchase of ‘futures’ in the state of Mississippi,” and is as follows:

“ Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, That it shall hereafter be unlawful for any person, by agent or otherwise, to deal in. contracts commonly called ‘ futures’ in this state; and any person convicted of buying or selling, either by agent or otherwise, any future contracts, commonly called ‘ futures,’ shall be fined not less than fifty and not over five hundred dollars.

“ Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That no money advanced for the purchase of futures, nor any agreement for the payment of any sum for such purchases, shall be enforced in any court in this state.

“Sue. 3. Be it further enacted, That this act take effect and be in force from and after its passage.”

If the second section of this act stood alone, the right of a party to the condemned contract or of one who had advanced money to be used in the purchase of futures, to access to the courts of this state would unquestionably be denied, without regard to the place where such contract or advancement had been made, and without regard to the validity or invalidity of such contract by the law of the place. The true construction of this section is rendered somewhat obscure by its position in the act, and by the limitation as to place of the acts made unlawful by the first section and by the title of the act. The language employed in the second section is broad enough to contain, and, construed by itself alone, would contain, a prohibition of any remedy in the courts of this state to a party to a contract for “futures” or to one who had advanced money for the purchase of futures, whether such contract was made within or without this state. But the title of the act is “ to prohibit the sale and purchase of futures in the state of Mississippi,” and the first section makes it unlawful “ to deal in contracts commonly called futures in this state,” and declares a punishment to be inflicted upon the guilty party. The question is whether the second section is limited in its operation to the contracts made unlawful by the first — viz.: to contracts made in this state.

A primary rule of construction is that the legislature must be assumed to have meant precisely what the words of the law, as commonly understood, import; and this may be said to be the fundamental and controlling rule of construction. Eudlich on Interpretation of Statutes, § 2. But since it-sometimes happens that a rigid adherence to this rule would result in a meaning different from the legislative purpose,, there are other rules which must be kept in view in determining the construction and interpretation of the words of a statute, where there may be a doubt whether a literal reading will disclose the legislative purpose. Among the most, important of these are that courts should always consider (1) the old law, (2) the mischief, (3) the remedy provided by the act under consideration. Now, the old law was that the contracts commonly called “ futures ” were legal contracts, and that a party thereto might enforce them by resort to the courts. The mischief was that these contracts were in their nature speculative, and very generally were gambling agreements, covered and protected by the rules and regulations of the exchanges in which they were transacted, under devices which rendered it impossible for the courts to discover their real character. That the evil had assumed gigantic proportions is shown by the demand of a large portion of the people of the country that national legislation shall regulate or suppress it, and by the fact that a bill has passed one house of congress for that purpose. This, it is true, has occurred since the passage pf the act of 1882, but that the supposed evil is the same at-which the act of 1882 was aimed, cannot be doubted.

The evil was the speculative dealings by means of these contracts as usually made, degenerating generally into mere gambling on the future price of the thing ostensibly bought or sold. We know, as a matter of general information, that transactions in “futures” are made very generally, if not exclusively, in the large cities, and that there are but few of these cities in which contracts of this character can be made under the rules and regulations of their exchanges, and that, without the protection of these exchanges, it would be impossible for the custom as it now obtains to exist, or to exist in any considerable extent in any form. We know also that, in this state, there was not, at the time of the passage of the act of 1882, and never had been, any large city having the commercial machinery necessary for the transaction of this business, and that, in fact, it was never supposed to be carried on to any considerable extent within the state. A few firms located in other states may have established agencies here to invite and expedite the making of such contracts, but they were insignificant in number or effect.

If such was the character of the evil intended to be cured, it is evident that a statute confined in its operations to the few contracts which might be made within the state, would fall far short of affording a sufficient remedy for its correction. We find nothing, therefore, thus far, which suggests that the natural and ordinary meaning of the words of the statute should be restrained. But beyond this, a consideration of other equally familiar rules of construction will strengthen the conclusion that the legislature meant by the second section of the act all that its words import. The first section of the act, by its terms, refers only to contracts made in this state; but this section is confined to a declaration of the illegality of the contracts, and to subjecting parties thereto to punishment, and its legal effect would have been precisely the same, whether the words “in this state” had been used or omitted, for the laws of this state cannot .have any extraterritorial effect, and cannot therefore either invalidate a contract made without its limits or subject a party thereto to punishment. It is therefore manifest that the words “in this state” were inserted in this section ex industria. By this section the legislature proceeded, as far as it had power, to declare the invalidity of contracts for futures, viz., of those made in this state.

The second section proceeded in a different direction, and declared that access to the courts of this state should be denied to parties to a contract for “ futures,” or to any one who had advanced money to be used in such contracts. It is to be noted that the limiting words, “ in this state,” found in the first section, are omitted from the second, which declares, in general words, “ that no money advanced for the purchase of futures, nor any agreement for the payment of any sum for such purchases, shall be enforced in any court in this state.” If the legislative purpose had been to confine the operation of the second section to contracts made or money advanced in this state, why the change of phraseology by dropping the limiting words of the first section, the use of which would have demonstrated its meaning in the second? While a mere change of phraseology is not of great significance, it may be of importance if the context or subject-matter suggests that it was deliberately done.

But, further than this, if the second section of the act be held to apply only to the contracts named in the first section —viz., contracts made in this state — the section becomes entirely or largely without any operation whatever — mere surplusage — for it is well settled that where an act is made illegal and criminal, no right of action can arise therefrom. McWilliams v. Phillips, 51 Miss., 196; Cotten v. McKenzie, 57 Ib., 418. Though words of a statute will be treated as surplusage to uphold the manifest purpose of the legislature (State v. Stinson, 17 Me., 154), the general rule of construction is to so read the law as to give some effect to all its parts. Endlich on Interpretations, §§ 23, 265, 413 ; Ellis v. Murray, 28 Miss., 129.

These considerations lead us to the conclusion that by the second section of the act of 1882 the complainants were denied access to-the courts of this state to enforce tbeir demand against Mayer & Son for the monéy advanced for the purchase of the “ futures ” in cotton.

The act of 1882 is not now in force in this state, having been repealed by the code of 1892; but by § 4 of that code it is continued in force as to all rights of action or defense existing under it while operative.

The decree is affirmed.

Campbell, C. J., dubitatur.