9 F.2d 558 | 2d Cir. | 1925
We think that the plaintiff’s proof comes to nothing more than that the defendant paid the crew. The pay roll and the documents covering the coal did not emanate from the defendant, nor were they sent to it, so far as appears. Taken alone, the payment of the erew might be enough to establish prima facie that the defendant operated the ship, though that question we do not find it necessary to decide. It becomes of no moment in the light of the resolution of the board, which shows the contrary. While the board vested “supervision” of all ships of the “Lines” in its subcommittee, we read the resolution as meaning that it retained for itself the function of a board of directors; that is, fnll management under its deputies.
We should have no question of the ensuing legal relations except for sections (d) and (e), because the mere disbursing of the ship was certainly consistent with the chief purpose originally disclosed. To say that the “Lines” should have the relations of á “subsidiary corporation” to the defendant means nothing. There are several such relations conceivable, the most familiar, perhaps, being that the “parent” merely owns a controlling interest in the “subsidiary’s” shares. In some eases the courts have declined to recognize their distinct personality for juridical purposes, as, for example, when the officers are the same and the business is conducted under the detailed direction of the “parent.” Ordinarily, however, the two are treated as separate persons, and we should feel pretty sure that this was the purpose here, were it not for section (e). That, again, means very little, except that it shows that the board expected that the defendant might issue direct instructions to Love, the managing director. If so, the “relations” of “parent” and “subsidiary” may in fact have amounted to a merger of any separate identity which the resolution tried to create; the defendant may have directed the operation of the ships. We can only say that the matter has been left so vague that the plaintiff, who has the burden of proof, has failed to carry it. On its face the whole resolution seems to us to put operation in the board. The sections discussed apparently leave the defendant a kind of deus ex machina, whose intervention conventionally is sporadic; at least, we cannot ascribe to it the attribute of immanence. Plainly the question was not one for the jury, and in our judgment the proof was defective.
Under section 11 of the Shipping Act of 1916 (Comp. St. § 8146£) the board was authorized to create the defendant, for the operation of merchant vessels in the commerce of the United States. Whether under this law it might itself operate such vessels we need not inquire, for under section 7 of the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 8146(4bbb), it was given power to sell or to charter such vessels as it might acquire or to operate the same until sold. The same power is recognized by section 12 of the Act (Comp. St. Ann. Supp. 1923, § 8146(4eee). Thus the board was within- its powers in passing the resolution of October 16th, and in taking over the operation of the vessel in question, even if the defendant had operated it in the past, as to which we are not informed. The defendant was not the employer, and not responsible for the damages which arose under the plaintiff’s contract.
The remaining question is of the competency of the certified copies, to which the plaintiff objected upon their introduction. Two questions arise: First, whether secondary evidence was proper at all; and, seeond, whether, if so, it was competent. The plaintiff argues that the board is not an executive department of the United States, and that Revised Statutes, § 822 (Comp. St. § 1494) does not therefore control. We do not find it necessary to hold the contrary. It was early established by the Supreme Court that “on general principles,” and regardless of statutes, copies of public documents, properly certified by their custodian, were competent evidence without the production of the originals. U. S. v. Percheman, 7 Pet. 51, 85, 8 L. Ed. 604; U. S. v. Wiggins, 14 Pet. 334, 346, 347, 10 L. Ed. 481; Mechan v. Forsyth, 24 How. 175, 176, 16 L. Ed. 730; Breitmayer v. U. S., 249 F. 929, 932, 933, 162 C. C. A. 127 (C. C. A. 6); Wigmore, See. 1677. The rule is quite independent of any statute, and is not affected by section 882. Our decision in Cohn v. U. S., 258
The question of the proper authentication of the copies is covered by section 3 of the Shipping Act of 1916 (Comp. St. § 8146b), which directs us to take judicial notice of the seal of the board. Thus the evidence was competent in both aspects.
The practice of allowing the defendant to put in all its proof on the issue of employment, without covering the other issue, was proper and commendable. The whole proof then showed that the plaintiff could not recover. Whether it might have been more regular to direct a verdict we need not inquire.
Judgment affirmed.