Leland O. STEVENS and Leland O. Stevens, Incorporated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. INTERACTIVE FINANCIAL ADVISORS, INCORPORATED and Redtail Technology, Incorporated, Defendants-Appellees.
No. 15-2130
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued June 1, 2016. Decided July 29, 2016.
Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied September 2, 2016.
830 F.3d 735
Finally, my colleagues have misapplied Shearson Lehman Brothers. There the Illinois Appellate Court held that when “arbitrators ma[k]e an evident miscalculation of figures in arriving at the award, the reviewing court will modify or correct the award.” 203 Ill.Dec. 189, 639 N.E.2d at 232. But the arbitration panel did not make a calculation error. The arbitrators concluded that CBRE was not liable; there is no miscalculation to modify or correct. Shearson Lehman Brothers does not apply.
Accordingly, however much we might disagree with the arbitrators’ reasoning, we cannot vacate the award. I respectfully dissent.
James L. Kopecky, Daryl M. Schumacher, Howard J. Rosenburg, Attorneys, Kopecky Schumacher Bleakley Rosenburg PC, Chicago, IL, for Defendants-Appellees.
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and BAUER and FLAUM, Circuit Judges.
BAUER, Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-appellant, Leland O. Stevens (“Stevens“), is a self-employed financial advisor. He claims that defendants-appellees, Independent Financial Advisors, Inc. (“IFA“) and Redtail Technology, Inc. (“Redtail“) (collectively, “the defendants“), stole his clients’ nonpublic personal information. Believing that he had a property right to this private information, Stevens sued the defendants for conversion and other claims on behalf of himself and his eponymous corporation. The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants on some of Stevens’ claims, and a jury found for the defendants on the remaining claims. Stevens now appeals the district court‘s grant of summary judgment, as well as a supplemental jury instruction that the district court gave during trial. We affirm both of the district court‘s actions.
I. BACKGROUND
After twenty years as an insurance salesman, Stevens wanted to sell investment products. Because neither he nor his company was registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Stevens needed to associate himself with a registered investment advisor to sell securities under federal law. See
In exchange for sharing clientele and fees with IFA, Stevens had access to IFA‘s market resources and other proprietary information. This included access to a centralized cloud-based data system, which Redtail operated under IFA‘s direction. Stevens uploaded client information into this database, including sensitive nonpublic information like names, addresses, and social security numbers. Besides uploading information from clients who purchased investment products from him, Stevens also uploaded information from clients who purchased only insurance products. Because these clients did not purchase securities, they were not IFA clients. IFA did not know that Stevens had entered the non-IFA client information into the database.
In October 2009, IFA learned that Stevens had become involved in a Ponzi
In time, the defendants moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the defendants’ motion on the claims relating to the information of clients who had purchased securities from Stevens. The district court noted that federal securities law prevented a financial institution like IFA from disclosing the nonpublic information of its clients to a nonaffiliated third party like Stevens. See
The district court did not grant summary judgment for the conversion claim related to the information of the non-IFA clients (those who purchased only insurance from Stevens). The same restrictions governing the sale of securities do not govern the sale of insurance, and relevant state law does not proscribe IFA from sharing that information with Stevens. Those claims instead went to trial. During its deliberations, the jury sent the district court a question in writing, “Can we consider [filing] the lawsuit a demand for property?” The district court stated that filing a lawsuit does not constitute a demand for the purposes of a conversion claim under Illinois law. The jury then returned a verdict in favor of the defendants.
Stevens appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Stevens’ arguments on appeal only relate to his conversion claims. To prove conversion under Illinois law, a plaintiff must show that: (1) he has a right to the property at issue; (2) he has an absolute and unconditional right to the immediate possession of the property; (3) he made a demand for possession; and (4) the defendant wrongfully and without authorization assumed control, dominion, or ownership over the property. In re Karavidas, 376 Ill.Dec. 413, 999 N.E.2d at 310 (quotation marks and citations omitted). Stevens presents two arguments on appeal. First, he argues that the district court erred by holding that he could not prove that he had an absolute and unconditional right to the immediate possession of the nonpublic information of the IFA clients. Thus, granting summary judgment on the conversion claim relating to IFA clients was erroneous. Second, he argues that filing a lawsuit satisfies the demand element of the conversion claim, and that the district court court erred by instructing the jury differently.
We disagree with both of Stevens’ arguments. First, the district court properly
A. Summary Judgment For Claims Related to IFA Clients
Once IFA terminated its relationship with Stevens in 2009, it could not provide him with the nonpublic information of the IFA clients under federal law. As a result, Stevens did not have an absolute and immediate right to immediate possession of the information. See Horbach v. Kaczmarek, 288 F.3d 969, 978 (7th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted) (under Illinois law, “[t]he essence of conversion is the wrongful deprivation of one who has a right to immediate possession of an object unlawfully held” (quotation marks omitted)). He could not sustain a conversion claim as a matter of law, so summary judgment for the defendants was appropriate.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party—here, Stevens. E.g., Roberts v. Columbia Coll. Chicago, 821 F.3d 855, 861 (7th Cir. 2016) (citation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact.”
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act famously repealed the Depression-era Glass-Steagall Act‘s “ban on affiliations between commercial and investment banks.” Watters v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., 550 U.S. 1, 29, 127 S.Ct. 1559, 167 L.Ed.2d 389 (2007) (calling Gramm-Leach-Bliley a “seminal piece of banking legislation” for this reason); see
Pursuant to its statutory authority, the SEC promulgated Regulation S-P, which forbids investment advisors from “directly or through any affiliate, disclos[ing] any nonpublic personal information about a consumer to a nonaffiliated third party.”
Here, IFA could not have provided Stevens with the nonpublic personal information of the IFA clients that he procured. First, the clients in this case are consumers under the regulation; the heart of the controversy is the nonpublic personal information that they provided when seeking financial advice. See
Stevens argues that because he procured the clients and uploaded the information at issue, he has an ownership claim to the information superseding IFA‘s claim to the information and the mandate of Regulation S-P. But ownership is not relevant to analysis under Regulation S-P. See In re S.W. Bach & Co., 435 B.R. 866, 891 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2010) (citing NEXT Fin. Grp., Inc., S.E.C. Release No. 349, 2008 WL 2444775 at *26 (ALJ June 18, 2008)) (noting that Regulation S-P applies “[r]egardless of who ‘owns’ the customer information“). The statutory duty to protect a customer‘s nonpublic information under both Gramm-Leach-Bliley and Regulation S-P falls squarely “on the covered financial institution, not the individual representative.” Id. (quoting NEXT, 2008 WL 2444775 at *26); see
Regulation S-P carves out a single exception to the duty of non-disclosure to a nonaffiliated third party: an investment advisor like IFA could follow a specifically enumerated opt-out procedure. See
B. Jury Instruction in Trial For Claims Related to Non-IFA Clients
Stevens also argues that the district court misstated Illinois law when it told the jury that filing a conversion lawsuit does not constitute a demand for property. We regard a court‘s response to a question from the jury regarding the law as a supplemental jury instruction, and generally review such instructions for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Carani, 492 F.3d 867, 874 (7th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted). But we have no evidence that Stevens objected to the court‘s response, or that any exceptional circumstances prevented him from objecting. Thus, his argument is forfeited. See
Even if Stevens had objected, the district court did not abuse its discretion in its instruction to the jury. When reviewing a court‘s response to a jury question, we determine whether the response: (1) fairly and adequately addressed the issues; (2) correctly stated the law; and (3) answered the jury‘s question specifically. Morgan v. City of Chicago, 822 F.3d 317, 342 (7th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, the district court more than adequately addressed the narrow issue and directly answered the jury‘s single question. The salient question on appeal is whether it correctly stated relevant Illinois law. We hold that it did.
The Illinois Supreme Court has never explicitly established the rule that filing a lawsuit does not constitute a demand, so a federal court sitting in diversity jurisdiction must “use [its] own best judgment to estimate how the Illinois Supreme Court would rule as to its law.” Zahn v. N. Am. Power & Gas, LLC, 815 F.3d 1082, 1087 (7th Cir. 2016) (brackets, quotation marks, and citation omitted). In making this estimation, federal courts should “give great weight to the holdings of the state‘s intermediate appellate courts[,] and ought to deviate from those holdings only when there are persuasive indications that the highest court of the state would decide the case differently.” Id. at 1087-88 (quoting Allstate Ins. Co. v. Menards, Inc., 285 F.3d 630, 637 (7th Cir. 2002)); see also Fid. Union Trust Co. v. Field, 311 U.S. 169, 177-78, 61 S.Ct. 176, 85 L.Ed. 109 (1940) (“An intermediate state court in declaring and applying the state law is acting as an organ of the [s]tate[,] and its determination, in the absence of more convincing evidence of what the state law is, should be followed by a federal court in deciding a state question.“).
Here, there is no persuasive indication that the Illinois Supreme Court would rule that filing a lawsuit was sufficient to meet the demand element of a conversion claim. Stevens has not identified any Illinois appellate case holding as much. In fact, Illinois appellate courts have held to the contrary—that a pre-lawsuit demand is necessary to sustain a conversion claim—and the Illinois Supreme Court has not overruled these decisions. See Rybak v. Dressler, 178 Ill.App.3d 569, 127 Ill.Dec. 366, 532 N.E.2d 1375, 1387 (1988),
In support of his position, Stevens only cites a single unreported federal district court opinion, which in turn cites a single Seventh Circuit case. See MacNeil Auto. Prod., Ltd. v. Cannon Auto. Ltd., 2010 WL 4823592, at *1 (N.D.Ill. Nov. 19, 2010), citing LaParr v. City of Rockford, 100 F.2d 564, 565-66 (7th Cir. 1938). MacNeil‘s reliance on LaParr was misplaced: LaParr‘s discussion of a “demand” relates to a controversy regarding the appropriate reference point for interest accrual, not regarding what satisfies the demand element of a conversion claim. See LaParr, 100 F.2d at 568-69. LaParr references no Illinois case that discusses the appropriate timing for a demand for property in a conversion claim, and certainly does not stand for the proposition that filing a lawsuit fulfills the demand element of a conversion claim under Illinois law. A single tangential Seventh Circuit case cited in an unpublished federal district court opinion is hardly “convincing evidence” of what Illinois law would be regarding the demand element of a conversion claim. See Field, 311 U.S. at 178, 61 S.Ct. 176. The district court‘s answer to the jury‘s question was correct, and not an abuse of discretion.2
A final issue: Stevens argues on appeal that he was excused from making a demand. Under Illinois law, a demand for property is not necessary where the demand would be futile or if the defendant has sold, disposed of, or fundamentally changed property at issue. See, e.g., Stathis v. Geldermann, Inc., 258 Ill.App.3d 690, 196 Ill.Dec. 761, 630 N.E.2d 926, 931 (1994); A.T. Kearney, Inc., 87 Ill.Dec. 798, 477 N.E.2d at 1334 (citation omitted). Stevens claims that the district court did not address this issue of law. But the district court did address the issue, including this language in its jury instructions. It did not misstate the law as Stevens argues.
III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the actions of the district court and the jury‘s verdict.