127 N.W. 837 | N.D. | 1910
Lead Opinion
This is an action to recover on an insurance policy. The complaint is in the usual form, alleging that, in consideration of $51 paid by the plaintiff to defendant, the latter issued its policy of insurance, a copy of which is annexed to and made a part of the complaint, whereby defendant insured the plaintiff against loss or damage by fire in the sum of $1,000 on a certain frame building situated on lots 9 and 10, block 21 of the village of Leonard, Cass county, for the-term of one year from January 6, 1906. That plaintiff duly performed all of the terms of said contract of insurance on his part to be performed, and that on January 29, 1906, said building was totally destroyed by fire, which fire did not occur by reason of any of the causes enumerated in said policy exempting the Insurance Company from liability in case of fire or loss, and that plaintiff’s loss by reason, of such fire exceeded the sum of $1,500. That the destruction by fire, as aforesaid, was complete and the loss total, and that there was no disagreement between the plaintiff and defendant as to the amdunt of said loss, but that shortly after defendant was notified of the loss
The policy is the standard form adopted in this state and contains, among others, the following stipulation: “This entire policy shall he void if the insured has concealed or misrepresented, in writing or otherwise, any material fact or circumstance concerning this insurance or the subject thereof; or if the interest of the insured in'the property he not truly stated therein . . . this entire policy, unless otherwise provided by agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, shall be void ... if the interest of the insured he other than uncon
“This policy is made and accepted subject to the foregoing stipulations and conditions, together with such other provisions, agreements, or conditions as may be indorsed hereon or added hereto; and no officer, agent, or other representative of this company shall have power to waive any provision or condition of this policy except such as by the terms of this policy may be the subject of agreement indorsed hereon, or added hereto, and as to such provisions and conditions no officer, agent, or representative shall have such power or be deemed or held to have waived such provisions or conditions unless such waiver, if any, shall be written upon or attached hereto, nor shall any privilege or permission affecting the insurance under this policy exist or be claimed by the insured unless so written or attached.”
A demurrer was interposed to the complaint upon the ground that the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Such demurrer was overruled and the appeal is from the order overruling the same.
In brief, appellant’s contention on this appeal is that. under the facts alleged in the complaint the policy is and was void at its inception, for the reason that the interest of the insured was not that of “unconditional and sole ownership,” and the nature and extent of his interest in the property was not stated in, nor indorsed upon, the policy. In other words, notwithstanding the fact that plaintiff, in applying for the insurance and at the time of the execution and delivery of the policy, expressly notified and informed defendant- and its agent of the nature and character of his interest in the property, and that defendant, with such notice and knowledge, executed and delivered to plaintiff such policy and collected the premium thereunder, defendant may, nevertheless, urge that such policy was void at its inception and no liability ever attached thereunder; that the doctrine of implied waiver and estoppel cannot be successfully invoked, because the parties, by their contract, have otherwise stipulated and the legislature by statute, in effect, otherwise declared.
If appellant’s contention be sound, the result would be most harsh and inequitable. We cannot countenance such a doctrine unless imperatively required so to do by plainly established principles of law.
We will first notice the present status of the adjudications of this ■court and its predecessor, the territorial court, so far as material to the question here involved. In Lyon v. Insurance Co. 6 Dak. 67, 50 N. W. 483, the court unanimously held that defendant’s agents had the power to waive the matter of encumbrances which were known to them at the time of negotiating and accepting the risk. In that case, as the case at bar, it was contended that the policy was never in force •on account of the omission of the insured to comply with a condition requiring him to inform the company of encumbrances on the property. Such condition was as follows: “If the property hereby insured, ■either real or personal, or any part thereof, be or shall become encumbered by mortgage, judgment, or otherwise, and it be not so stated in the written application or indorsed in writing on the policy, this policy and every part thereof shall be void.” The proof showed that the property was encumbered by mortgage at the time the application for insurance was made, and at the time the loss occurred, but that the agents of the insurance company knew such fact, but nevertheless issued the policy and collected the premium. Plaintiff ■contended there as here, that the stipulation in the policy above quoted had been waived, and such contention was sustained.
Again in the case of Waterbury v. Dakota F & M. Ins. Co. 6 Dak. 468, 43 N. W. 697, the territorial court in speaking on this point said: “It is too well settled to be now questioned that the company, or its agent acting within the scope of his authority, may waive any •of the conditions of the policy, and if at the time of issuing the policy the company or such agent hnoius the falsity of a representation made by the applicant in procuring the insurance, the company is estopped from asserting its falsity in order to avoid liabilityCiting numer•ous cases.
During the early history of this court, and over twenty years ago, it was called upon to consider a similar question in the case of John
The court in the Johnson Case thereafter quotes approvingly from the Federal rule, as announced in New York L. Ins. Co. v. Fletcher, 117 U. S. 519, 29 L. ed. 934, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 837, and thereafter, among other things, says: “The application was made a part of the policy in express terms and a copy thereof was indorsed upon the policy. . . . Upon receiving the policy with copy indorsed thereon, the plaintiff is legally chargeable with notice and knowledge of the entire terms of the insurance contract and he is estopped from denying such knowledge. It was the plaintiff’s duty to have taken steps at once upon receiving the policy to have the same corrected or rescinded. He did not do so, and by his silence when required to speak he became constructively a participant in the original fraud of the agent and thereby forfeited his right under the policy; and unless defendant has waived such forfeiture the plaintiff must fail to recover.” The court thereafter held that such forfeiture had been waived.
As we shall hereafter see, the above rule is no doubt sound when properly applied, but as there applied it is clearly against the great weight of modern authority as well as reason, and we feel obliged to modify the rule thus announced, so that it will apply only to forfeitures for breaches of conditions siibsequent, except in cases where
This court in the case of Thompson v. Travelers’ Ins. Co. reported in 11 N. D. 274, 91 N. W. 75, and 13 N. D. 444, 101 N. W. 900, again recognized the doctrine of implied waiver and estoppel in clear and explicit language. The present chief justice, in differentiating that case from certain cases cited and relied on by respondent in support of a waiver of the forfeiture, said: “Not one of the numerous cases cited by respondent is in point on the facts of the case at bar. These cases are eases where premiums were paid, accepted, and retained with knowledge of the facts constituting th¿ forfeiture, and of course it was held that the companies were thereafter estopped to.plead the forfeiture claimed. With that doctrine this court fully concurs.”
On the second appeal Chief Justice Young, in voicing the opinion, of the court, clearly recognized the right of plaintiff to prove an estoppel by showing that when the policy was delivered, and the premium collected by defendant’s agent, he had knowledge of the fact which the insurance company claimed avoided the policy, the entire opinion being devoted to the question of the insufficiency of the proof offered for such purpose. We quote from the syllabus as follows: “1. The life insurance policy upon which this action is brought contained this condition: 'This policy shall not take effect unless the first premium is actually paid while the assured is in good health.’ Held, dhat in the absence of an estoppel, the liability of the insured depends upon the actual, and not mere apparent, good health of the assured when the first premium was paid. ... 2. In order that the acceptance or retention of the premium may estop an insurer from relying upon a breach of condition in the policy, it must appear that it had knowledge of the facts constituting the breach.”
Thus it will be seen that this court was, until the decision in J. P. Lamb & Co. v. Merchants’ Nat. Mut. F. Ins. Co. 18 N. D. 253, 119 N. W. 1048, firmly committed to the doctrine that the insurer, by knowledge on the part of its agent, which knowledge is imputed to the company, of facts existing at the inception of the policy which, under its terms would avoid it, will be estopped to urge such invalidity. In denying a rehearing in the Lamb Case Judge Spalding used certain language which might be construed as approving a contrary rule, and
As we shall hereafter see, the rule of the Federal court as announced in Northern Assur. Co. v. Grand View Bldg. Asso. supra, is opposed to the decisions of nearly every state in the union which has had occasion to pass upon.the question, and to the extent that the opinion in J. P. Lamb & Co. v. Merchants’ Nat. Mut. F. Ins. Co. supra, approves the rule thus announced by the Federal court the same is hereby disapproved.
We deem the correct rule to be as stated .in the leading case of Wood v. American F. Ins. Co. 149 N. Y. 382, 52 Am. St. Rep. 733, 44 N. E. 80, as follows: “The restrictions inserted in the contract upon the power of the agent to waive any .condition, unless done in a particular manner, cannot be deemed to apply to those conditions which relate to the inception of the contract, when it appears that the agent has delivered it and received the premiums with full
That court in a later case also said “that the agent of a fire insurance company may, by issuing a policy with knowledge of the facts, waive a condition that the policy shall be void if the property insured be encumbered, and a note of the encumbrance be not indprsed upon the policy, notwithstanding a provision in the policy that no agent of the company shall have power to waive any such condition, except by written endorsement.” Skinner v. Norman, 165 N. Y. 565, 80 Am. St. Rep. 776, 59 N. E. 309. That the rule of the New York cases is supported by the overwhelming weight of authority must be conceded. We cite the following cases supporting the above rule: Welch v. Fire Asso. of Philadelphia, 120 Wis. 456, 98 N. W. 227; Home Ins. Co. v. Stone River Nat. Bank, 88 Tenn. 369, 12 S. W. 915; German-American Ins. Co. v. Yeagley, 163 Ind. 651, 71 N. E. 897, 2 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 275; King v. Council Bluffs Ins. Co. 72 Iowa, 310, 33 N. W. 690; McGonigle v. Susquehanna Mut. F. Ins. Co. 168 Pa. 1, 31 Atl. 868; Continental Fire Asso. v. Norris, 30 Tex. Civ. App. 299, 70 S. W. 769; Continental F. Ins. Co. v. Brooks, 131 Ala. 614, 30 So. 876; Phœnix Ins. Co. v. Fleming, 65 Ark. 54, 39 L.R.A. 789, 67 Am. St. Rep. 900, 44 S. W. 464; Rhode Island Underwriters’ Asso. v. Monarch, 98 Ky. 305, 32 S. W. 959; Hartford F. Ins. Co. v. Keating, 86 Md. 130, 63 Am. St. Rep. 499, 38 Atl. 29; Improved Match Co. v. Michigan Mut. F. Ins. Co. 122 Mich. 256, 80 N. W. 1088; Home Ins. Co. v. Gibson, 72 Miss. 58, 17 So. 13; Flournoy v. Traders’ Ins. Co. 80 Mo. App. 655; Parsons v. Knoxville F. Ins. Co. 132 Mo. 583, 31 S. W. 117, affirmed in banc, 132 Mo. 600, 34 S. W. 476; Benjamin v. Palatine Ins. Co. 80 App. Div. 260, 80 N. Y. Supp. 256, affirmed in 177 N. Y. 588, 70 N. E. 1095; Grabbs v. Farmers’ Mut. F. Ins. Asso. 125 N. C. 389, 34 S. E. 503; Gould v. Dwelling-House Ins. Co. 134 Pa. 570, 19 Am. St. Rep. 717, 19 Atl. 793; Gandy v. Orient Ins. Co. 52 S. C. 224, 29 S. E. 655; Virginia F. & M. Ins. Co. v. Richmond Mica Co. 102 Va. 429, 102 Am. St. Rep. 846, 46 S. E. 463; Wagner v. Westchester F. Ins. Co. 92 Tex.
Many of the foregoing cases were decided since the Supreme Court of the United States handed down the. Northern Assurance Company decision, and they expressly disapprove the same. In Welch v. Fire Asso. of Philadelphia, 120 Wis. 456, 98 N. W. 227, Marshall, J., said: “It is well understood that the judicial rule here discussed is peculiar to insurance contracts, and significantly exceptional in that it ignores the familiar principle applied to written obligations generally, that he who becomes a party -to such an obligation is presumed to have knowledge of its contents and is bound thereby, unless by some artifice resorted to by the other party thereto, reasonably calculated to prevent or deter him from obtaining such knowledge, he is so prevented, or deterred. Bostwick v. Mutual L. Ins. Co. 116 Wis. 392, 67 L.R.A. 705, 89 N. W. 538, 92 N. W. 246. As an original proposition it would be difficult to justify that special favor to policy holders in actions to recover losses sustained. The long line of decisions in this state supporting it,, however, precludes any change thereof other than by legislative enactment. The authorities elsewhere are not all in harmony with it. A very few condemn it. Northern Assur. Co. v. Grand View Bldg. Asso. 183 U. S. 308, 46 L. ed. 213, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 133, is a significant instance thereof. In that case the departure from general principles is most vigorously condemned in this language: ‘It is manifest that the-theory that such parol evidence, though it may not be competent to change the written contract, may be received for the purpose of raising-an estoppel in pais, is a mere invasion of the rule excluding parol testimony when offered to alter a written contract. A party suing on a contract in an action at law must be conclusively presumed to be aware of what the contract contains, and the legal effect of his agreement is that its terms shall be'complied with.’ The court said further, in effect,, the only exception to that is where, by fraud, a' person is induced to accept a contract different from the one agreed upon, in excusable ignorance of the variance. The exception thus condemned has the sanction
In addition to the foregoing authorities, we cite the following very recent cases holding to the same effect: Fosmark v. Equitable Fire Asso. 23 S. D. 102, 120 N. W. 777; O’Neill v. Northern Assur. Co. 155 Mich. 564, 119 N. W. 911; Sharp v. Scottish Union & Nat. Ins. Co. 136 Cal. 542, 69 Pac. 253, 615; Allen v. Home Ins. Co. 133 Cal. 29, 65 Pac. 138; Loring v. Dutchess Ins. Co. 1 Cal. App. 186, 81 Pac. 1025; Springfield F. & M. Ins. Co. v. Price (1909) 132 Ga. 687, 64 S. E. 1074; Wisotzkey v. Niagara F. Ins. Co. 112 App. Div. 599, 98 N. Y. Supp. 760; Plunkett v. Piedmont Mut. F. Ins. Co. 80 S. C. 407, 61 S. E. 893; Westchester F. Ins. Co. v. Ocean View Pier Co. 106 Va. 633, 56 S. E. 584; Glens Falls Ins. Co. v. Michael, 167 Ind. 659, 8 L.R.A.(N.S.) 708, 74 N. E. 964, 79 N. E. 905; People’s F. Ins. Asso. v. Goyne, 79 Ark. 315, 16 L.R.A.(NS.) 1180, 96 S. W. 365, 9 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 373; House v. Security F. Ins. Co. — Iowa, —, 121 N. W. 509; Capital F. Ins. Co. v. Montgomery, 81 Ark. 508, 99 S. W. 687; Parsons v. Lane (Re Millers’ & Mfrs.’ Ins. Co.) 97 Minn. 98, 4 L.R.A.(N.S.) 231, 106 N. W. 485, 7 A. &. E. Ann. Cas. 1144; 19 Cyc. Law & Proc. pp. 812-814 and cases cited; 16 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 2d ed. p. 949; 3 Cooley, Briefs on Insurance, 2650-2655; Clement, Fire Ins. 418; Ostrander, Fire Ins. § 265; Vance, Ins. pp. 304, 305.
In speaking on the question of waiver or estoppel under facts here
By the issuance and delivery of the policy, and the acceptance of the premium, with knowledge of the existing facts relative to plaintiff’s interest in the property, the company, in effect, said to the plaintiff that, notwithstanding the stipulations and conditions in the policy to the ■contrary, we will treat the same as a valid and binding contract of indemnity. In other words we agree not to urge such conditions or stipulations to defeat such policy in the event plaintiff shall assert any rights thereunder. The company thereby, in effect, said to plaintiff, the policy is a valid policy of insurance. It would seem, therefore, •on the plainest principles of equity and good conscience, that the company should be estopped by such conduct to assert the contrary. As said thirty-two years ago by Justice Walker of the Illinois supreme court: ■“This information given to the agent operated as notice to the company, .■and it having accepted the premium and assumed the risk, it must be held that the company has waived the condition, or if not, it is estopped from urging its breach as a defense. To permit such a defense, would be highly unjust and iniquitous. It would shock the sense of right and fair dealing to permit money to be obtained under such assurances, and to permit the company to say, we are not bound, and did not intend, on ■our part, to be bound for any loss that might occur; we misled and deoeived you into paying the premium, and although we did not intend to be bound, and knew we were not, still we will keep the premium, and you must suffer the loss. This is the substance of the defense, and such a defense cannot be allowed to prevail.” St. Paul F. & M. Ins. Co. v. Wells, 89 Ill. 82.
Appellant’s counsel lays stress upon the fact that this is a standard policy prescribed by statute, and that the courts are therefore bound to give it effect. Such -argument has repeatedly been made and as often repudiated by the courts as unsound. . It is firmly established that a form ■of policy of fire insurance, although prescribed by law, is, when issued by the insurance company, none the less a contract and to he construed
It is urged that by receiving and retaining the policy, plaintiff is conclusively deemed to have acquiesced in and agreed to its terms. Such contention has the sujjport of many authorities, and no doubt is sound when properly applied. Aside from the case of Northern Assur. Co. v. Grand View Bldg. Asso. 183 U. S. 308, 46 L. ed. 213, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 133, and the few other authorities adhering to the rule there-announced, it is firmly settled that restrictions in a policy on the power of agentó with respect to waiver have no application to those conditions relating to the inception of the contract. 3 Cooley, Briefs on Insurance pp. 2510 and 2511. Mr. Cooley states the reason for this,doctrine to be that “the insured is not bound by restrictions and stipulations of which he has no knowledge. .As an insured cannot be charged with constructive notice of the stipulations in a policy until he has accepted it, therefore a limitation in a policy on an agent’s authority will not bind the insured with reference to matters occurring prior thereto. Until an insured has either actual or constructive notice of the limitations on an agent’s authority, he may assume that the agent has the authority indicated by the apparent scope of his employment.” At page 2619> the same author says: “Unquestionably, the weight of authority supports the doctrine that an insured cannot rely on waivers by parol prior to the issuing of a policy. But this rule does not apply to implied waiver by the issuance of a policy, and receipt of the premiums thereon, with Icnowledge of matters vitiating the policy at its inception; for a. large majority of the cases, especially the more recent ones, support the rule that an insurance company will not be permitted to defeat a recovery upon a policy issued by it by proving the existence of facts which would render it void, where it had full knowledge of it when the policy was issued.” As said by the Georgia court in City F. Ins. Co. v. Carrugi, 41 Ga. 660: “It would be a fraud to take a man’s
Of course, in order to successfully invoke the doctrine of estoppel against the insurer as above stated, the insured must be devoid of any taint of fraud on his part. If there is any collusion between him and the insurance company’s agent, he cannot invoke the doctrine of implied waiver or estoppel. If, however, the insured in good faith informs the agent of the actual facts regarding the property insured, and makes truthful answers to the questions asked him by such agent, we know of no sound reason why the insurance company should be permitted, in a court of law, to urge in avoidance of the policy that answers or representations inserted in the application or policy by the agent, either through mistake, carelessness, or fraud, avoid such policy and exonerate the company from all liability thereunder. The few courts holding to the contrary base their decisions upon the untenable ground that to permit plaintiff to prove facts contrary to.the written statements in the application and policy would violate the rule against the admission of parol testimony tending to vary the written contract. But, as will be seen by the foregoing authorities, the courts, with but few exceptions, hold “that to apply the doctrine as to parol testimony with the strictness demanded by the insurer would be to make a rule of evidence' adopted as a protection against fraud an instrument of the very fraud it was intended to prevent.” 3 Cooley, Briefs on Insurance, 2565, 2566, and cases cited.
For a correct statement of the rule regarding the subjects of waiver and estoppel as applied to the standard form of policy such as the one in the case at bar, see Clement on Fire Ins. pp. 405, 448, and cases
The above rule is supported by the great weight of authority. We shall not attempt here to cite the many cases. They are collated in the opinion of Hr. Justice Corson in the recent case from South Dakota, — Fosmark v. Equitable Fire Asso. 23 S. D. 102, 120 N. W. 777. Particular attention is called to the case of People’s F. Ins. Asso. v. Goyne, 79 Ark. 315, 16 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1180, 96 S. W. 356, 9 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 373, from which we quote the following: “A fire insurance company may be estopped by the conduct of its agent, acting within the apparent scope of his authority, from availing itself of a false answer to a material question, or of a breach of warranty, or of a violation of the provisions of the application or policy, notwithstanding clauses in the application or policy to the effect that the company shall not be bound by any such conduct or representation of its agent; and such estoppel or waiver may be proved by parol evidence, though the policy or application contains clauses to the effect that no waiver shall be effective unless indorsed in writing on the policy at the home office of the company.”
Appellant’s counsel strenuously contends, in effect, that by force of certain statutory provisions in this state the rule of implied waiver or estoppel cannot be invoked. The particular sections of the statute relied on are §§ 5952 to 5956 and 5960 and 5961, Rev. Codes 1905. These sections merely deal with the subject of warranties in relation
Counsel’s criticism of certain of the New York cases shows that he apparently fails to distinguish between a waiver and an estoppel, and also fails to distinguish between conditions or warranties which are precedent and those which are subsequent to the formation of the contract.
Our conclusion leads to an affirmance of the order appealed from.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The rule on the question involved in this case was established in Johnson v. Dakota F. & M. Ins. Co. 1 N. D. 167, 45 N. W. 799, in 1890. The Supreme Court of the United States in 1902, in Northern Assur. Co. v. Grand View Bldg. Asso. 183 U. S. 308, 46 L. ed. 213, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 133, reviewed the authorities with great care and settled the question for the Federal courts in harmony with the views of this court expressed in the Johnson Case. The case of New York L. Ins. Co. v. Fletcher, 117 U. S. 519, 29 L. ed. 934, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 837, also covers the same ground. I see no reason of sufficient weight to warrant this court in overruling the Johnson Case and disregarding the Federal authorities and thereby establishing two rules in this jurisdiction. It results in this: that foreign insurance companies who write large risks in this state and suffer losses in cases where this principle is in question are not liable, while foreign companies which write risks in this state of less than
While the weight of authority seems to be in harmony with the' majority opinion, yet on close examination many of the authorities which at first reading appear to be so, are distinguishable. This is shown by the opinion in Russell v. Prudential Ins. Co. 176 N. Y. 178, 98 Am. St. Rep. 656, 68 N. E. 252. The policy under consideration in that case contained provisions similar to those in question in the case at bar, and the court held that the insurer was not liable where the waiver had not been indorsed on the policy, and distinguished Stewart v. Union Mut. L. Ins. Co. 155 N. Y. 257, 42 L.R.A. 147, 49 N. E. 876, and prior decisions which appeared to be in conflict with the Eussell Case, on the ground that in the former decisions it was clear by inevitable inference that they had been based upon the fact that the policy had never been delivered to the insured and that consequently he could not be charged with knowledge of its contents, and the court .says: “Is this contract to be enforced as clearly written, or is it to be ignored for the reason that men enter into contracts without reading them, and assume that a vague and unproven custom exists permitting a local agent to give life and validity to the policy without reference to the terms of the contract of insurance? The question may be put in another form. Can an insurance company enter into a contract with a person applying for insurance which can so fix the precise conditions under which the policy shall issue that the agent, in the absence of express authority, cannot abrogate it? It would seem that the statement of the foregoing questions would compel an answer in favor •of the company without argument.”
Mr. Freeman, in an exhaustive note on this subject contained in 107 Am. St. Rep. on page 123, states that the weight of more recent adjudications is in favor of the power of the insurer to limit the