95 F. 637 | 6th Cir. | 1899
(after stating the facts). The first objection to the action of the court below in adjudging the defendant to be a bankrupt, embodied in the first, fifth, and tenth assignments of error, is that the petition was prematurely filed. The petition was.filed at 8:30 o’clock on the morning of November 1, 1808. Section 71 of the act of bankruptcy, approved July 1, 1898 (30 Stat. 544), provides as. follows:
“This act shall go into full force and effect upon its passage: provided, however, that no petition for voluntary bankruptcy shall be filed within one month from the passage thereof, and no petition for involuntary bankruptcy shall be filed within four months of the passage thereof.”
It is contended that under this language no petition for involuntary bankruptcy could be filed before the 2d day of November, 1898. Nothing has been introduced into the record, or otherwise brought to the attention of the court, to show at what hour of the day of July 1, 1898, the bankruptcy act was approved by the president. In the absence of such a showing, it is presumed to have been approved on the first minute of the day of July 1, 1898. Arnold v. U. S., 9 Cranch, 104; Lapeyre v. U. S., 17 Wall. 191-198; In re Welman, 20 Vt. 653; In re Howes, 21 Vt. 619; U. S. v. Norton, 97 U. S. 164; In re Richardson, 20 Fed. Cas. 699; Arrowsmith v. Hamering, 39 Ohio St. 573; Tomlinson v. Bullock, 4 Q. B. Div. 230. The case of Arnold v. U. S., supra, presented the question whether a law adding 100 per cent, to the existing duties upon imports approved upon a certain day should be applied to a cargo of dutiable goods brought within a port of entry upon that date. It was held by the supreme court that, by presumption of law, the act approved upon that day had been approved upon the first moment of that day, and therefore that the goods were subject to the duty. In the case of In re Wellman, the bankruptcy act of 1841 had been repealed by an act approved March 3, 1843. A petition in bankruptcy had been filed upon the latter
The cases in which, it has been permitted to show by evidence, and by records of which the court takes judicial notice, exactly the hour and the minute of the day when a bill is passed, are cases where the effect of 1 tie ordinary presumption that the act is approved upon the first minute; of the day of its approval would have been to make the; legislation retroactive, and therefore harsh and unjust. It is doubtful whether in a case like the present, where the date at issue is four months after the passage of the bill, it should be permitted to go into evidence to show the exact minute and hour of the day when the bill was approved. We are inclined to think that in such a case, where there is no retroactive effect possible, the court should hear no evidence upon the point, but should, in order to secure certainty, hold the presumption that the act was approved on the first moment of the day of its date to be conclusive.
It is, however, not necessary for us to decide this question, because, in the absence of any proof as to the hour and minute when the bill was approved, the presumption must be given effect. This is abundantly established by the authorities already cited. Calculating four months, therefore, from the beginning of the day of July 1st, the four months was compílete upon the ending of October 31st, and before the beginning of ^November 1st following. Hence the petition of the petitioners below was filed in time.
The second objection embodied in the second and sixth assignments of error is that the petition and application were not properly verified. The petition and application were, as we have seen, signed in the names of the petitioners by the attorneys, and there was a verification showing that these attorneys were attorneys of record, and that the facts were true. We do not propose now to pass upon the question whether this pietition was verified in proper form. The petition was answered by all the parties in interest, without any objection to its form. We have not the slightest doubt that, under any system of pleading, such a pleading to the merits waives all formal or modal matters. A verification of the petition is certainly a formal or modal matter, and does not reach to the jurisdiction. This is the view which was taken by Judge Longyear in the case of In re
The third, seventh, and eighth assignments of error complain of the action of the court in adjudging the defendant to be a bankrupt in the face of . the averment contained in the answer of each appellant that the defendant was not insolvent on the 12th of July, 1898, when the alleged preferences were given to the creditors named in the petition. In so far as the petition charged these preferences to be acts of bankruptcy, and sought an adjudication upon that ground, this averment certainly raised an issue of fact, which the district court must have heard and decided upon evidence before it could adjudicate the defendant to be a bankrupt. The petition, however, also alleged that on the 13th day of July, 1898, the defendant made a general assignment of its assets to Charles J. McKee for the benefit of its creditors. Such assignment is expressly declared, by the third section of the bankruptcy law, to be an act of bankruptcy, and it has been distinctly held by the supreme court of the United States in the case of Geo. M. West Co. v. Lea (decided May 22, 1899) 19 Sup. Ct. 836, that such an act justifies an adjudication of bankruptcy without averinent or proof that the assignor was insolvent at the time of the assignment or of the filing of the petition. Unless the petition-' ers have estopped themselves from relying on this assignment as an act of bankruptcy, therefore, the answers of the defendant and Coleman did not raise any issue of fact which prevented the court from adjudging the defendant a bankrupt on the petition and answer.
The fourth and eighth assignments of error raise the question whether the following paragraph of the answer of the defendant is a sufficient defense to the petition:
“Fourth. An assignment having been made by said company by its deed to Charles J. McKee, at the county of Montgomery and state of Ohio, and which was filed in the probate court thereof, pursuant to law, the said plaintiffs appeared in said probate court, and in the common pleas court of said county, and there attacked the alleged preferences, consented to sales and confirmations, and prevented distribution, and placed themselves, in respect to the property and liens, within the jurisdiction of said state courts, and thereby deprived themselves of the right to the jurisdiction of this court in bankruptcy, respecting said assets and said liens. Said proceedings are all pending in the state courts.”
. This defense, in effect, is that the petitioners, by attacking the alleged preferences as fraudulent in the state courts, thereby px-ecluded themselves from attacking these preferences in the district .court by proceedings in bankruptcy. Even if the two proceedings were similar suits in law or equity upon the same cause of action, the pendency of the suit in the state court would not even support a plea in abatement in the federal court. City of North Muskegon v. Clark, 22 U. S. App. 522, 10 C. C. A. 591, and 62 Fed. 694; Gordon v. Gilfoil, 99 U. S. 168. The proceeding in involuntary bankruptcy is not primarily for the purpose of invalidating preferences, though this may be its
The only doubtful question raised by this defense is whether enough is alleged to estop the petitioners from obtaining a judgment of bankruptcy on the ground that the defendant made a general assignment for the benefit of creditors. Conceding, without deciding, that if the petitioners assented to the deed of assignment before it was made, or ratified it by accepting its fruits thereafter, they would he estopped to set it np as a ground for adjudging the assignor to he a bankrupt, we do not think that the defense makes sufficiently clear the assent or ratification. The averment of the defense is that the petitioners appeared in the probate and common pleas courts to attack the alleged preferences, and consented therein to sales and confirmations. It may he that these sales were sales under the executions on the judgments, and not under the assignment. They had the right, as creditors of defendant, to attack the preferences as fraudulent, without admitting the validity of the assignment. The defense does not charge that they filed their claims under the assignment, or that they attempted to secure any benefit thereunder. It may be that, by doubtful inferences from general expressions in the defense, it would be possible to conclude that facts existed creating an estoppel; hut estoppels cannot be inferred. They must be fully and clearly pleaded, and the facts upon which they are based must be particularly set. forth. Nothing is to he supplied, by inference or- in-tendment. Co. Litt. 227a, 352f; 4 Com. Dig. tit. “Estoppel,” (E. 4); Rex v. Lyme Regis, 1 Doug. 149, 159; Meiss v. Grill, 44 Ohio St. 253, 6 N. E. 656; Brazil v. Isham, 12 N. Y. 9; Bowles v. Trapp, 139 Ind. 55, 59, 38 N. E. 406; Vanbibber v. Beirne, 6 W. Va. 168; Fredenburg v. Lyon Lake M. E. Church, 37 Mich. 476. This defense, on its face, was not intended to jilead the estoppel we are discussing, and the facts alleged may he consistent with a situation in which no such es-toppel would arise.
But even if the defense of estoppel had been fully pleaded, and it had been averred that the petitioners recognized the assignment by filing claims in the probate court and taking part in those proceedings, we do not think it could be sustained as a sufficient estoppel, under the circumstances of this case. The cases relied on to sustain such an estoppel are English cases, like Bamford v. Baron, 2 Term R. 594, note; Jackson v. Irvin, 2 Camp. 48; Ex parte Stray, 2 Ch. App. 374, and Ex parte Alsop, 1 De Gex, F. & J. 289, and American cases like Perry v. Langley, 19 Fed. Cas. 280; In re Williams, 29 Fed. Cas. 1327; In re Massachusetts Brick Co., 16 Fed. Cas. 1067; and In re Schuyler, 21 Fed. Cas. 760, — in which the petitioning creditor was held estojijKwl because he had induced and abetted the committing of the act of bankruptcy he afterwards relied on in his petition, or because, after he learned of the act, he acquiesced in it, and did not at
It is further contended that no act of the defendant company, committed during the four months before the petition for involuntary bankruptcy could be filed under the law, can be used as a basis for such a petition, because this is to give the law a retroactive operation, — an unjust effect, which should be avoided if possible. The objection is palpably unsound. The bankruptcy law was passed on the 1st day of July, 1898. It declared on that day what should thereafter be acts of bankruptcy, and gave notice to the public that four months later petitions for involuntary bankruptcy might be filed against certain classes of persons. The acts were denounced on the 1st of July. The remedy against the injuries caused by such acts was suspended until four months thereafter. The congress, however, speaks as of the time when the law was passed, and one committing an act of bankruptcy as therein defined, after its passage, was then advised by the law that he thereby subjected himself on the 1st day of November to proceedings in involuntary bankruptcy. Creditors who sought to take a preference after the passage of the act were advised that a petition filed within four months after .its passage might devest them of any interest acquired through acts of bankruptcy committed during that four months.
The ninth assignment of error is based. on the fifth defense of Henry Coleman, in which he denies that there was any preference given to him by the Leidigh Carriage Company, the defendant, or that it was the result of collusion. The question as to whether the preference was void is a question which must be settled in a court of competent jurisdiction in due course. The district court has not decided the validity of the preference of Henry Coleman. It has only adjudged that the defendant is a bankrupt as of the date of the filing of the petition, November 1st. What effect that will have upon Coleman’s claim to a preference is a matter for consid
It is next objected in argument and the briefs, though we do not find an assignment of error specifically directed to the point, that the assets of this defendant bankrupt are in the hands of the' as-signee for the benefit of creditors, subject to the orders of the probate; court; that the district court in bankruptcy cannot obtain jn-, risdiction to administer the assets which are in the course of administration, and in fbe possession of officers of other courts. If this objection were to be sustained, it would seriously embarrass the enforcement of the bankruptcy law, and make it subordinate to tin; state insolvency and assignment laws, wherever an insolvent debtor who had commit led an act of bankruptcy had placed his assets in the hands of the assignee acting by state law under the direction of the probate court. It is generally true that, as between courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the court which first obtains' possession of the res must retain possession of it until the res has been finally disposed of, and any one else interested in the res must apply to that court if he desires relief with respect to the property in the possession of that court. But, as between district courts sitting in bankruptcy and slate courts for the administration of insolvent estafes, there is no concurrent jurisdiction. The constitution of the United tita ¡es, by giving to congress the power to pass uniform bankruptcy laws, gives to tlie courts in which congress shall vest this power paramount jurisdiction in bankruptcy proceedings. The orders in bankruptcy are therefore superior to those of a stale insolvency court. Section 720, which forbids a court of the United Stares from enjoining proceedings in a stale court, expressly excepts bankrupt cy proceedings. This is the plain intimation, by federal and paramount law, that, where a federal bankruptcy court shall take jurisdiction, there the state insolvency court must yield. Hence it is that the assignee for the benefit of creditors of the defendant company, the grantee in the deed which is by the federal law an act of bankruptcy, may be made a party in the bankruptcy court, and may be required to hold the assets of the bankrupt subject to the order of the district court in bankruptcy.
The case of Blake v. Railroad Co., 3 Fed. Cas. 586, has no application whatever tó the case at bar. There the question was whether a circuit court of the United States might, upon a bill in equity filed in that court, appoint a receiver to take possession of the assets of defendant railroad company which had been adjudged a bankrupt, though the assets were then in the hands of the receiver of the state court appointed in a proceeding to foreclose a mortgage. In that ease the proceeding in the state court was not an insolvency proceeding; it was a proceeding to foreclose a mortgage, in the ordinary course of which possession of the mortgaged property had. been taken by a court of competent jurisdiction. Bankruptcy proceedings do not stay ordinary litigation, but are taken subject to> them. They do stay proceedings in insolvency or under assignments for the general distribution of the assets of the debtor.
“The rights which supervene upon a mortgage or other specific lien, accompanied with possession before proceedings in bankruptcy, are very different from those" arising from proceedings in state courts in cases of general insolvency. A mere insolvent proceeding, or a proceeding of that nature, and possession of bankrupt property taken in pursuance thereof, is antagonistical and repugnant to the bankrupt law, and will be avoided by regular proceedings in bankruptcy. But a proceeding to enforce a mortgage or other specific lien involves the right of property, and possession in pursuance, legally or judicially, taken before proceedings in bankruptcy, cannot be interrupted by those proceedings.”
In the case at bar the assets of the bankrupt are in the hands of the assignee for distribution by the probate court. The assignee was made a party to the proceedings below, and no- reason appears why the assignee was not rightly enjoined from distributing the assets until a trustee should be elected in the bankruptcy proceedings to take custody thereof.
The last assignment of error is based on the claim that the federal act is unconstitutional. The ground for this contention is that the act is not uniform, in that a distinction is made between natural persons and artificial, and, further, that the distinction is made between classes of artificial persons. All natural persons can be adjudged voluntary or involuntary bankrupts; whereas, artificial persons, of the character of the Leidigh Carriage Company, cannot be adjudged voluntary bankrupts, but can be adjudged involuntary bankrupts, and other corporations cannot be adjudged either voluntary or involuntary bankrupts. In our judgment, the power given to congress in section 8 of article 1, “to establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States,” imposes no limitation upon congress as to the classification of persons who are to be affected by such laws, provided only the laws shall have uniform operation throughout the United States. The object which the framers of the 'constitution had was to enable congress to prevent the enforcement of as many different bankrupt laws as there were states." The meaning of the language of the constitution is not changed by arranging the words in a slightly, different order, so that it shall read, “to establish laws on the subject of bankruptcies uniform throughout the United States.” The emphasis in the phrase is on the words “uniform” and “throughout,” and their correlation leaves no doubt that the uniformity required is geographical, and not personal, in the sense of being alike applicable to all members of the community.
The history of the bankrupt laws in England shows that a bankrupt law, when our constitution was adopted, which applied to all members of the community alike, would have been a great anomaly. The first bankrupt act passed in England was St. 34 & 35 Hen. VIII.
Tire question of the classes of persons to he affected by the bankrupt law is one largely, if not wholly, within the discretion of congress. Chief Justice Marshall said In Sturges v. Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 194: “The bankrupt law is said to grow out of the exigencies of commerce, and to be applicable solely to traders; but it is not easy to say wbo must be excluded from, or may be included in, this description. It is, like every other part of the subject, one on which ihe legislature may exercise an extensive discretion.” Cerlainly it cannot be said that, in enacting the present law, congress has passed the limits of such discretion. The proper purposes of a bankruptcy act like the present are — First (aud this was its original purpose), to enable creditors to protect themselves by summary process against the frauds of their debtors in evading the piyment of debts; second, to distribute the assets of the debtor equally among his creditors; and, third, to relieve debtors from the burden of debts which, through business misfortunes and otherwise, they have incurred, and which they are unable to pay. In England, until 1849, there was no provision by which petitions in voluntary bankruptcy could be filed, though there had previously been acts for the relief of insolvent debtors from an early period; and parliament had, as Mr. Justice Vaughn Williams points out in Re Painter [1895] 1 Q. B. 85, recognized that the state has an interest in the debtor being relieved from his liability, so that he shall not be weighed down by the burden of indebtedness from discharging the duties of a citizen and may employ himself in honest industry. The reason why bankruptcy legislation was limited to traders for so many centuries was because it was considered that traders were the class having the greatest opportunity, and therefore most likely, to commit ihe frauds which bankruptcy acts were passed to prevent.
It seems to us that the classification which congress has imposed is entirely reasonable, having regard to the proper objects for which such a law may be passed. By the present act, any person who owes debts, except a corporation, is entitled to the benefits of the act as a voluntary bankrupt. The exception finds a proper basis in the fact that it is of no particular good to the state or the public to relieve an artificial entity from a burden of indebtedness after it has failed in the purpose for which it was organized. The individuals interested in the corporation as stockholders, so far as they may be made liable for its debts, have the opportunity, should the liability render them insolvent, to apply by voluntary petition to be relieved from that
Any natural person may be adjudged an involuntary bankrupt except wage earners and farmers. The involuntary feature of the law is chiefly directed against frauds upon creditors. A wage earner who depends upon his salary — a salary limited to $1,500 a year— is not likely to be able to contract debts of any great amount, and is not likely to have an opportunity to commit the frauds denounced in the bankruptcy act. The same thing may be said of one in tilling the earth. The capital of the farmer is largely in the land. His crops are difficult of disposition, except at certain seasons of the year. He lives in a comparatively sparsely-settled community, in which his transactions with respect to his property are likely to be well known to his neighbors, and the opportunities for fraud are .quite limited.
Any unincorporated company, and any corporation engaged principally in manufacturing, trading, printing, publishing, or mercantile pursuits, owing debts of $1,000, may be adjudged an involuntary bankrupt. Bo, too, may a private banker. This is merely an effort to limit the application of the involuntary feature to that class of corporations which would have come under the head of “traders” at common law. National banks and state banks are not included, because It was properly assumed by congress that the statutory provisions for winding up such corporations were usually so summary, complete, and drastic that no additional safeguards against frauds were needed. The action of the district court sitting in bankruptcy is affirmed, at the costs of the appellants.