Virginia LEIDICH, Appellant, v. David FRANKLIN and Irene Franklin, His Wife, Appellees.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
May 16, 1990.
Reargument Denied July 3, 1990.
575 A.2d 914
Argued March 6, 1990.
“Crime Stoppers” is a private organization acting as it believes good citizens should by helping gather information about criminal activity and by giving such information to the police. Money given to “Crime Stoppers” is not tax money. It is money given freely by people who want to see those who have committed crimes put in jail. Since the funds used by “Crime Stoppers” is voluntarily donated and not public funds, the organization cannot be considered a victim for purposes of restitution. We vacate that portion of the restitution order of the trial court requiring Anderson to pay restitution to “Crime Stoppers.”
Order reversed in part. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Leslie D. Jacobson, Harrisburg, for appellant.
James G. Nealon, III, Harrisburg, for appellee.
POPOVICH, Judge.
This case involves an appeal from the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County granting the motion for judgment on the pleadings filed on behalf of the appellees/defendants, David and Irene Franklin, and dismissing with prejudice the complaint of the appellant/plaintiff, Virginia Leidich. We reverse.
“Like all summary judgments entered without a trial judgment on the pleadings may be entered only in clear
Beck v. Minestrella, 264 Pa.Super. 609, 611, 401 A.2d 762, 763 (1979).
The defendants were the moving parties. They pleaded the bar of the statute of limitations in new matter to which the plaintiff in answer denied its applicability and set forth the factual basis for her contention. Hence, we read the pleadings as follows:
As a result of a collision between the plaintiff‘s and defendants’ automobiles in Dauphin County on April 4, 1986, the plaintiff suffered personal injuries. On January 4, 1988, the plaintiff filed a praecipe for the issuance of a writ of summons with the prothonotary of Dauphin County. Payment for the issuance of the writ was made, but on the back of the writ was written: “writ to atty. 1/4/871 RB“. Next in the record is a certificate of service, prepared by an employee for the plaintiff‘s attorney, indicating that a copy of the writ was served upon the defendants by first class mail dated January 5, 1988.2 This was not disputed by the defendants. See Defendant‘s Answer With New Matter, Paragraph 23; Defendants’ Motion For Judgment On The Pleadings, Paragraph 2; Defendants’ Brief In Support Of Motion For Judgment On The Pleadings, page 1.
Also, on January 5, 1988, the defendants were served with a notice to appear for deposition on February 2, 1988. Counsel for the defendants, on or about March 3, 1988,
Nonetheless, from March 15 through April 4, 1988, documentation (which included the plaintiff‘s medical bills) was submitted to the defendants’ insurer “with regard to possible settlement of the claim on a ‘policy limits’ basis.” Id. at Paragraphs 36-38.
It was not until after April 4, 1988, that the plaintiff learned that settlement would not occur. Rather, the case was being contested “on technical grounds involving alleged deficiencies in the service of the Writ of Summons.” Id. at Paragraph 39.
After the passage of the two-year period of limitations, the plaintiff filed a praecipe on May 17, 1988, seeking the reissuance of the writ. This occurred and the sheriff served the writ on the defendants the same date. The plaintiff, with the issuance of a rule to do so, filed a complaint. This was followed by the defendants filing an answer with new matter alleging, in Paragraphs 28 and 29, that the plaintiff‘s claim was barred by the statute of limitations and the principles enunciated in Lamp v. Heyman, 469 Pa. 465, 366 A.2d 882 (1976).
In the pleadings that followed, the plaintiff denied that her claim was foreclosed by Lamp, supra, that she acted in “good faith” in pursuing the lawsuit and she “ha[d] done nothing to stall or delay th[e] action.” In the end, the court below granted the defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings. It found that the plaintiff‘s action (of seeking the issuance of the initial writ and serving it by mail to the defendants) was contrary to the Rules of Civil Procedure (e.g.,
The plaintiff raises for our consideration but a single issue of whether the court below erred in granting the defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings. This one issue, however, is subdivided into seven subsections in the argument section of her appellate brief, six of which distill to the query: Did the plaintiff comply with the “good faith” effort required by Lamp, supra, in effectuating service of the writ of summons upon the defendants by mail, so as to toll the statute of limitations and render her lawsuit viable? Our response to this inquiry will resolve the matter posed for our review, and, as such, dispenses with the need to address the last of the plaintiff‘s contentions concerning the claim that defendants’ counsel violated American Bar Association Canons of Professional Ethics by “wait[ing] to file a motion on the grounds of improper service until the statute [of limitations had expired.]”
All parties concerned, including the court below, look to the Lamp decision to buttress their respective positions. As such, we will examine Lamp and determine whose version is an accurate interpretation of its objective and purpose.
In Lamp, four days before the expiration of the two-year statute of limitations, the plaintiff‘s attorney filed a praecipe for a writ of summons against the defendants for injuries sustained in an automobile accident. However, instead of delivering the writ to the sheriff for service, the plaintiff instructed the prothonotary to “issue & hold“. A praecipe for the reissuance of the writ was filed together with a complaint thirty-one months after the date of the accident. Again no service was made, and this time no reason appeared of record. Within two months of the reissuance of the writ, another praecipe for reissuance was filed, and service was effectuated on June 19, 1970.
The trial court sustained the preliminary objections and entered judgment for the defendants. On appeal, the Supreme Court observed that, under
The Court observed that the plaintiff validly commenced her action so as to toll the statute of limitations. Thus, when the writ was reissued, the plaintiff‘s action was not barred by the statute of limitations. The case did not come to an end at this point. The Court went on to decide whether the “issue & hold” instructions of the plaintiff‘s attorney rendered ineffectual the original filing. The Court began by reading Rule 1007 allowing no exceptions in providing that an action is “commenced” with the filing of a praecipe, irrespective of whether the prothonotary issues the writ or the sheriff serves it. Stated otherwise, the mere filing of a praecipe, even if a plaintiff deliberately delayed service, was held sufficient to toll the statute of limitations, as stated by the Court in prior rulings. Therefore, the Court held the plaintiff was entitled to rely on these past rulings, and, consequently, the order of the court below holding to the contrary was reversed.
Cognizant of the possible deleterious repercussions flowing from a continuation of such a practice, the Lamp Court altered, for prospective purposes only, such a practice. It did so in the following fashion; to-wit:
... there is too much potential for abuse in a rule which permits a plaintiff to keep an action alive without proper notice to a defendant merely by filing a praecipe for a writ of summons and then having the writ reissued in a timely fashion without attempting to effectuate service.
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Our purpose is to avoid the situation in which a plaintiff can bring an action, but, by not making a good-faith effort to notify a defendant, retain exclusive control over it for a period in excess of that permitted by the statute of limitations.
Accordingly, ... we rule henceforth, [that] ... a writ of summons shall remain effective to commence an action only if the plaintiff refrains from a course of conduct which serves to stall in its tracks the legal machinery he has just set in motion. Since the manner in which writs of summons are to be prepared and delivered to the sheriff for service is not covered by our rules ... a plaintiff should comply with local practice as to delivery of the writ to the sheriff for service. If under local practice it is the prothonotary who both prepares the writ and delivers it to the sheriff, the plaintiff shall have done all that is required of him when he files the praecipe for the writ; the commencement of the action shall not be affected by the failure of the writ to reach the sheriff‘s office where the plaintiff is not responsible for that failure. Otherwise, the plaintiff shall be responsible for prompt delivery of the writ to the sheriff for service.
469 Pa. at 477-79, 366 A.2d at 888-889 (Footnote omitted; Citation omitted).
In applying Lamp, supra, the Commonwealth Court has ruled that filing a petition to review an arbitrator‘s award and sending a copy to the opposition by regular mail, albeit not in compliance with
... it is our position that the [plaintiff] should be permitted to have its petition for review reissued in order for it to effectuate proper service in accordance with Rule 1009 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure. The [defendant] suggests, however, that, under Lamp, for a reissuance to extend the applicable statute of limitations, the [plaintiff] should have initially arranged for service [by the sheriff] and further that the [plaintiff‘s] conduct prevented service upon the [defendant] thereby nullifying the commencement of the action. We disagree. The [plaintiff] merely mistakenly used the improper mode of service and thus this case is not typical of the circumstance contemplated by Lamp. We, furthermore, detect no conduct wherein the [plaintiff] sought to stall the legal machinery it set in motion by filing its petition for review.
89 Pa.Cmwlth. at 181-82, 492 A.2d at 90.
In a similar vein, this Court upheld a motion for summary judgment where the appellants had not made any effort, be it “good faith” or otherwise, to notify the defendant a suit had been instituted against him. See Feher by Feher v. Altman, 357 Pa.Super. 50, 515 A.2d 317 (1986). In making our decision, we made some remarks that are instructive; viz.:
When a praecipe is filed but the writ is not served, the burden is on the plaintiff to show that he made a good faith attempt to have the writ served. In this case plaintiffs‘-appellants’ counsel had the burden of proving that he took some affirmative action calculated to provide notice of the suit to the defendant, yet he did not present the court with any evidence that he had made the requisite good faith effort. The record reflects ... the [various pleadings and briefs supportive of the respective positions of the parties].... None of these documents contain [sic] any indication that counsel made an effort to effect service of the original writ....
Thus, although appellants’ counsel did not actively attempt to thwart service of the writ, he also did not take any affirmative action to see that the writ was served and to put the defendant on notice that an action had been filed against him.
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In fact, appellants’ counsel conceded at oral argument that the reason for not taking steps to have the original writ served was to avoid the additional expense incurred by having the writ served and then at a later time having the complaint served. His argument is without merit....
357 Pa.Super. at 55-56, 515 A.2d at 320 (Emphasis in original).
Lastly, we garner some guidance as to the course we should pursue from the Supreme Court‘s ruling in Farinacci v. Beaver County Industrial Development Auth., 510 Pa. 589, 511 A.2d 757 (1986), wherein the Court was reviewing the application of Lamp, supra, to a matter where the plaintiff‘s counsel‘s inadvertence prevented the service of a writ within thirty days of its issuance.
It appears that the plaintiff‘s attorney filed a praecipe for the issuance of a writ with the prothonotary of Beaver County on the last day to commence an action for personal injuries. The plaintiff‘s counsel paid for the issuance of the writ and it was issued the next day. The plaintiff‘s attorney had intended to instruct and pay the sheriff for service immediately. However, he misplaced the file. The file was found within eight or nine days but the plaintiff‘s attorney forgot to take the necessary steps to effectuate service of the writ. It was reissued and the sheriff paid some four weeks after the file was found, and service was made within the next two weeks.
Although the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court‘s grant of the defendants’ preliminary objections and dismissal of the plaintiff‘s cause of action, it observed, in dictum, that the: “eight or nine days of delay ... was attributable to counsel‘s simply misplacing the file ... is not necessarily
It is interesting to note that Justice ZAPPALA, writing for the dissent consisting of LARSEN and McDERMOTT, JJ., would have reversed because there was no finding by the lower court that the plaintiff:
intended to stall the legal proceedings, and resulted in prejudice to the Appellees. On the contrary, the record reviewed by the trial court does indicate that the Appellees were made aware of the Appellant‘s claim within one year prior to the commencement of these legal proceedings. Therefore, this is not a case in which a potential party has no notice of a pending claim until the filing of a writ for the purpose of tolling the statute of limitations. The trial court opinion is also noticeably void of any finding of prejudice suffered by any of the Appellees.
510 Pa. at 596, 511 A.2d at 760.
What is to be gleaned from Lamp and its progeny is that: (1) one‘s “good faith” effort to notify a defendant of the institution of a lawsuit is to be assessed on a case-by-case basis; and (2) the thrust of all inquiry is one of whether a plaintiff engaged in a “course of conduct” forestalling the legal machinery put in motion by his/her filings. See Lamp, supra; Jacob v. New Kensington Y.M.C.A., 312 Pa.Super. 533, 459 A.2d 350 (1983). Further, we do not read Lamp, and the cases interpreting and applying it, to espouse a mechanical approach to the “good faith” effort rule such that it allows for no exceptions in the face of an explanation and/or conduct which evidences an unintended deviation from the “notice” requirement. See e.g., Feher, supra; Big Beaver Falls Area School District, supra; Jacob, supra.
We find that what was written in a similar context is applicable here; to-wit:
We, of course, agree that the rules relating to service of process are important, notice being a constitutional touchstone for the power of the courts to act. However, we do not agree that every aspect of service is equally critical, so that any defect in process is necessarily mortal. Compare, e.g., Peterson v. Philadelphia Suburban Transp. Co., 435 Pa. 232, 255 A.2d 577 (1969). In the instant praecipe, the immediate consequence of which was the issuance of a technically defective writ. Had plaintiffs complied with
Rule 1010 [rescinded effective January 1, 1986; current version atPa.R.Civ.P. 401(b) ] the instant controversy would not have arisen. On the other hand, if we sustain defendants’ objections to service, plaintiffs
will be out of court on their trespass action because the two-year statute of limitations and Zarlinsky v. Laudenslager, [402 Pa. 290, 167 A.2d 317 (1961)], will operate as a bar. In our view, on the facts of the instant case, we cannot permit this to occur.
Rule 126 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure requires that we abjure such a rigid application of procedural rules by providing:“The rules shall be liberally construed to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action or proceeding to which they are applicable. The court at every stage of any such action or proceeding may disregard any error or defect of procedure which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.”
We find it impossible to conclude that the defect in service in the instant case affected any substantial rights of the defendants. Although plaintiffs are culpable for the mistake which occurred, it would be unjust to sanction the result which sustaining defendants’ preliminary objections would entail.
Hoeke v. Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, 254 Pa.Super. 520, 531-32, 386 A.2d 71, 77 (1978) (Footnote omitted).
As in Hoeke, we find that the defect in service has not affected any substantial rights of the defendants, nor is there any allegation that the defendants were prejudiced by the manner in which they received notice of the lawsuit. See Justice ZAPPALA‘s Dissenting Opinion in Farinacci, supra. More importantly, consistent with Lamp‘s teachings, we cannot in good conscience equate the plaintiff‘s attorney‘s actions with a “course of conduct which serve[d] to stall” the machinery of justice. For example, once the writ was mailed to the defendants, communication with and the submission of documents to their liability carrier began. Even the initial stages of discovery (notice of deposing the defendants) were underway before being discontinued at the behest of the defendants’ counsel.
Thus, we do not view the plaintiff‘s actions as a “course of conduct” to be condemned under the guise of Lamp (an “issue & hold” case). Yet, we caution that, in reversing the
Order reversed.
TAMILIA, J., files a dissenting opinion.
TAMILIA, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent to the holding of the majority reversing the trial court in this matter as I believe it extends Farinacci v. Beaver County Industrial Development Authority, 510 Pa. 589, 511 A.2d 757 (1986), beyond its holdings and ignores the intent of Lamp v. Heyman, 469 Pa. 465, 366 A.2d 882 (1976).
In this case, appellant instituted an action in trespass by filing a writ of summons in the prothonotary‘s office on January 4, 1988. On the same day, counsel for appellant sent a handwritten note to appellees, by regular mail, enclosing a copy of the Writ of Summons. The writ was subsequently reissued pursuant to
The appellant acknowledged that service by regular mail is not permitted either under the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure or under local rules (except for special circumstances which do not apply here). Construing Lamp and Farinacci in relation to the facts of this case, I believe we are bound by the trial court‘s finding. As correctly stated by the majority, Lamp was promulgated to curb an abuse widely prevalent whereby a praecipe would be filed with the prothonotary, to toll the running of the statute of limitations, but the plaintiff would direct the sheriff to not
In further clarification of Lamp, Farinacci held that the trial court must evaluate each case on its facts, measured against compliance with Supreme Court and local rules to ascertain whether a good faith effort had been made to effectuate service. Lamp held the plaintiff could not obstruct service by directing the sheriff to hold service indefinitely. Here, in the absence of either statewide or local rules, appellant, whether inadvertently or not, obstructed proper service by failing to deliver the writ for service to the sheriff. Had he done so, service would have been made routinely in accordance with the local custom or rule. By retaining the summons and mailing a copy, appellant failed to make proper service and interfered with the process, a practice prohibited by Lamp.
The holding of the majority provides cart blanche right in every plaintiff to select a manner of service, outside that required by the rules, and creates more confusion and uncertainty than that cured by Lamp. Farinacci addressed only the issue of when a good faith effort to effect service within the rules was attempted. It did not consider nor does it approve attempted service outside the rules.
The majority spelled out in detail the contacts between the parties preliminarily, which showed some attempt at notice by reference. This is inadequate to meet the test of Lamp or Farinacci as negotiations may continue for considerable periods of time, and in and of themselves, are not evidence as to notice of commencement of an action for purpose of tolling the statute of limitations.
I believe case law instructs us that, in the absence of a gross abuse of discretion, we are bound by the trial court‘s