Leggett v. Benton Bros. Drayage & Storage Co.
227 S.E.2d 397
Ga. Ct. App.
1976
Check Treatment

LEGGETT v. BENTON BROTHERS DRAYAGE & STORAGE COMPANY et al.

51635

Court of Appeals of Georgia

April 20, 1976

Rehearing Denied May 24, 1976

138 Ga. App. 761 | 227 S.E.2d 397

December 30, 1968, and, simultaneously with a contemporaneous trust agreement, conveyed the property to the purchaser with power of disposal in the latter; the defendant has received over 85 percent of the property, has paid $14,406.64, and refuses to pay the balance of the purchase price, for which this count seeks recovery. Neither the land conveyance nor the trust agreement is in the record. The rule in default cases is that, where judgment is sought based on a sum owing under a written contract, and the case goes into default, it will be assumed that the instrument conforms to the requirements of law, is in writing, and is unconditional.

. Making these assumptions it is obvious that the balance of the purchase price is not unliquidated, but ascertainable by subtracting credits from the initial cost. The damages recoverable on the breach of such a contract, where title has been conveyed, is the balance of the purchase price. See
where this rule was applied although title had not passed but the seller was entitled to price before the conveyance, and
where title did not pass but possession did. The measure of damages set out in
is not applicable in an action for price. In that case the purchaser refused to perform; neither title nor possession changed hands, and the contract seller thereafter resold to a third person at a lesser figure and sought to recoup his loss from the original contracting party. None of the counts here involves recovery of unliquidated damages.

Judgment affirmed. Bell, C. J., and Stolz, J., concur.

ARGUED JANUARY 15, 1976 — DECIDED APRIL 20, 1976 — REHEARING DENIED MAY 24, 1976 —

Richard D. Phillips, for appellant.

Thomas, Howard & Smith, W. Ward Newton, for appellee.

DEEN, Presiding Judge.

Code § 3-1004 provides for a general two-year statute of limitation on actions for “injuries to the person“; there is a four-year limitation applicable to actions for injuries to personalty. Code § 3-1002. The issue here, simply stated, is whether a claim for lost wages and for lost earning capacity must be brought within two years or within four years after the right of action accrues; and while the question may be stated simply, its resolution proves more difficult.

We begin with

wherein it was held: “Where an injury is done to the person of the plaintiff, the pecuniary damage sustained thereby can not be so separated as to constitute an independent cause of action; for the cause of action is single and consists of injury to the person, and the damages are the consequence merely of that injury.” This reasoning was reiterated by the Supreme Court in
, the language of Code § 3-1004 “injuries done to the person” being held to include “... not only injuries to the physical body, but every other injury, for which an action may be brought, done to the individual and not to his property.” The Court of Appeals decision in
was consistent with the Supreme Court‘s analysis: “An injury to the ‘person,’ for which, when a right of action accrues, the action must be brought within two years; . . . is an injury to the physical body of the person. An injury to one‘s health is an injury to the person. The mere fact that one who has received an injury to his person suffers as a result thereof a monetary loss such as expenditures for doctors’ bills, loss of earning capacity, etc., does not make the injury any less an injury to the person. The resulting monetary damages are damages resulting from an injury to the person, and not from an injury to a property right.” And again in
we find this court holding that “[a]n injury to one‘s health is an injury to the person.” After Fraser however, the issue of the applicable statute of limitation to claims for medical expenses, lost wages and lost earning capacity follows a confusing and somewhat tortuous path through the decisions of the Court of Appeals.

In

it was held that a claim for lost wages sought recovery for an injury done to the plaintiff‘s personalty and that the four-year limitation was applicable. This seemingly is in direct opposition to the Supreme Court‘s statement in
that pecuniary damages suffered as the result of physical injury are “injuries to the person” and in contradiction to the Court of Appeals’ holding in
that monetary damages suffered as the result of an injury to the person are not injuries to a property right. Significantly Robinson does not cite Frazier or Dalrymple but merely offers the Code section as authority for its holding.

In

it was held, again without mention of
or
, that a claim for loss of earnings and/or earning capacity was for damage done to property and not for injury to the person and that the four-year statute of limitation applied. Thus Davis had the following results: (1) With regard to lost wages or earnings, it stands with Robinson and is thus in apparent conflict with the Frazier-Dalrymple line of decisions; and (2) with regard to lost earning capacity it is in apparent conflict with Frazier and in express conflict with Dalrymple.

There is thus a conflict, either express or apparent, in the cases on the statute of limitation applicable to a claim for lost wages and lost earning capacity.

Were we able to settle the conflict strictly by resort to the rule of stare decisis, the oldest unoverruled decision, in this case Dalrymple would be followed and we would affirm this case, holding that the claims for lost wages and lost earning capacity were for injuries to the person and barred by a two-year limitation. See

;
. We agree, however, with the Supreme Court that stare decisis is a valid and compelling basis of argument but that it is not a talisman before which justice must give way.
. See also
. We are also mindful that this court is bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court. Thus we are required to analyze the Dalrymple, Robinson and Davis decisions with the precedents of the Supreme Court and with the concept of justice as our polestars.

1. We turn now to the issue of the applicable statute of limitation for a claim for lost earning capacity. It is probable that no element of damages has caused more confusion than recovery for “lost earning capacity“; perhaps this stems from the similar sounding “diminished capacity to labor,” which is an element of pain and suffering recoverable by one who is physically injured. Recovery for “lost earning capacity” is, however, a separate element of damages recovery of which physical injury to the plaintiff resulting in a permanent or total physical disability is the essential element.

. Damages allowed to a plaintiff for injury to his earning capacity are compensatory, allowing a pecuniary recovery for a diminution in the physical ability to work resulting from an injury to the person of the plaintiff.
. The confusion as to the applicable statute of limitation stems, we believe, from the fact that recovery for “lost earning capacity” is an item of special damages which requires some evidence upon which a jury can base with reasonable certainty a finding as to amount of such damages.
. This evidence as to the measure of such damage includes earnings before and after the injury.
. This is but another way of saying that the law does not presume damage to one‘s earning capacity but that there must be evidence as to the measure of such damage to be recoverable. Code § 105-2006. The gravamen of the action remains compensation for physical injury.
;
. The pecuniary damage which must be shown is merely proof of the measure of recovery. See
. On this analysis, if allowable damages for lost earning capacity are compensatory, allowing a pecuniary recovery of a diminution in the claimant‘s physical ability to work, then the monetary damage which is the measure of recovery is, in the language of Frazier, “the consequence merely of that injury [to the person].” The fact that the plaintiff has suffered an injury to his pocketbook or his personalty as the result of an injury to his person does not “constitute an independent cause of action.” Thus the fact that the plaintiff has suffered monetary damage does not extend the statute of limitation because that damage is a “consequence merely” of the injury to his person. We therefore conclude that under Frazier a claim for injury to earning capacity is a claim for injury to the person and therefore reaffirm Dalrymple as well-reasoned and overrule Davis v. Patrick, insofar as it is inconsistent with our holding here; the statute of limitation for recovery of lost earning capacity is two years.

2. We turn now to the applicable statute of limitation for lost wages when arising out of a personal injury done to a plaintiff. Damages for loss of past and present wages, under Frazier and Dalrymple which we have chosen to follow in Division 1 of this opinion, would be, if awarded, recovery of monetary loss which flowed directly from an injury “done to the person” and would therefore be compensation for personal and not property damage. Consequently we hold, for reasons stated supra, that the two-year statute applies to such a recovery. With regard to loss of future earnings, this element of damages is analogous to diminished earning capacity and would be controlled by Division 1 of this opinion.

. The Robinson opinion cites only the Code section in holding that recovery of lost wages is recovery of injury to personalty and Davis cites only the Code section and Robinson; the language of Frazier and Dalrymple which we have found to be controlling, is not cited. Because we find loss of wages to be damage flowing from an injury to the person, we follow Frazier and Dalrymple and reiterate that monetary loss or damage resulting from an injury to the person must be recovered within two and not four years. Robinson and Davis are hereby overruled in any inconsistent respect.

3. The plaintiff urges that the two-year statute of limitation we have found to be applicable to her suit for lost wages and lost earning capacity was tolled because the action was brought within the six-month leeway period after her original suit was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. There was no service on the appellee-defendants prior to the running of the two-year period and no showing of prior notice of the institution of the action or its equivalent. The statute of limitation defense is good.

.

4. The plaintiff urges that the motion to strike was erroneously granted because that defendant might have fraudulently concealed itself and thus tolled the statute of limitation. This argument is urged apparently for the first time in this court; the complaint avers no such state of facts. Code Ann. § 81A-112 (f) provides for the striking of “any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” It is true that the 12 (f) motion has been held to be an inappropriate way to procure the dismissal of all or a part of a complaint.

;
;
;
;
;
;
. However, the technical name given to a motion challenging a pleading is of little importance inasmuch as prejudice hardly can result from treating a motion that has been inaccurately denominated a motion to strike as a motion to dismiss all or part of a complaint.
;
;
;
;
;
. That a motion to strike is in some cases analogous to a motion to dismiss apparently has been recognized in Georgia under our CPA. See
. The complaint in the case sub judice reveals that the accident occurred more than two years from the filing and there is no averment therein alleging fraudulent concealment as tolling the two-year statute of limitation we have found applicable to the action. Thus since the bar of the statute of limitation appears on the face of the complaint and since a motion to strike is analogous to a motion to dismiss, the defendants properly could and did raise the issue in the trial court.
and cits.

Nor do we believe the Goodwin v. First Baptist Church decision, 226 Ga. 524, supra, is in conflict with the result we reach here. All that case holds is that a motion to strike, properly considered as a motion to dismiss, does not give the opposing party notice that material outside the pleadings would be relied upon by the judge in reaching a final judgment. In other words, a motion to strike is not analogous to a motion for summary judgment. In Goodwin the stricken pleading was relevant to the establishment of a defense to the defendant‘s affirmative defense; here the plaintiff has offered no amendment to overcome the defense of statute of limitation. Neither has the plaintiff here sought to introduce affidavits to overcome the affirmative defense as she might have. Code Ann. § 81A-112 (c); see

. The result was that the affirmative defense of statute of limitation appeared on the face of the complaint and the trial judge on that evidence alone granted the motion to strike, in effect dismissing for failure to state a claim the prayers for recovery of damages for personal injury. This was not error. Code Ann. § 81A-101 makes it clear that the CPA shall be construed to “the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.” Were we to hold that the motion to strike was improperly granted because the plaintiff might have a defense to the running of the statute of limitation the purpose and intent of the CPA would be frustrated. When a complaint shows on its face that the statute of limitation has run and there is no further showing by amendment or by affidavit that a tolling of the statute is possible, a motion to strike the barred claims is properly granted.

Judgment affirmed. Bell, C. J., Quillian, Clark, Stolz, Webb and Marshall, JJ., concur. Pannell, P. J., concurs in the judgment only. Evans, J., dissents.

ON MOTION FOR REHEARING.

DEEN, Presiding Judge.

When our original opinion in this case was delivered in February of 1976, it had been researched and developed without the benefit of Federal District Judge Owens’ opinion in

. In remarkably similar analyses and totally independent of one another, the federal and state courts have reached the same conclusion—that the statute of limitation in Georgia for lost wages and lost earning capacity is two years. Such unanimity between state and federal courts being rare under the best of circumstances, we are compelled to note our amazement that it was reached on this issue independently.

Motion for rehearing denied.

EVANS, Judge, dissenting.

When this case was first before this court, I concurred in the judgment only. Upon motion for rehearing, I am voting for said motion and I am dissenting from the majority opinion.

The question involved here is whether the 4-year limitation or 2-year limitation applies to certain items sued for including medical expenses, etc. and lost wages.

I had overlooked a full-bench decision holding that such items are controlled, not by the 2-year limitation, but by the 4-year limitation. See

. In the cited case all nine judges voted for the decision and for the opinion. It is older than any of the cases relied on by the majority opinion, and must be followed under the rule of stare decisis, until it is overruled by a full bench of nine judges. See Code Ann. § 24-3501;
;
.

I do not overlook the wild and woolly decision of the Supreme Court in

, wherein stare decisis and “oldest full-bench decision” are given rough treatment, and it is held that “the justice of the case” must control. If we apply Hall v. Hopper to this case (Heaven forbid!), then the “justice of this case” would still demand that the 4-year statute of limitation be applied in this case.

Therefore, I vote to reverse the lower court, and respectfully dissent from the majority opinion.