2 Conn. App. 715 | Conn. App. Ct. | 1984
This is a suit to quiet title to a private road known as Walden Hill Road, in Guilford, in which the plaintiffs also sought injunctive relief and damages.
This case is a subsequent chapter of what the trial court described as a long and bitter feud between the plaintiff Karl B. Leabo and the defendant, which has already resulted in one Supreme Court decision. Leabo v. Leninski, 182 Conn. 611, 438 A.2d 1153 (1981). Some of the facts of that case are pertinent here. In 1959, the Guilford zoning commission approved a subdivision plan of certain property owned by the estate of George T. Sperry located in the Sachem’s Head section of Guilford. The subdivision consisted of six lots situated north of Falcon Road and a small piece of rocky shore, known as the “Second Piece,” located south of Falcon Road. Falcon Road runs east and west along the beach on Long Island Sound and west of Walden Hill Road. The estate also owned additional property not included in the subdivision plan. That property consisted of a 2.23 acre parcel located on the east side of Walden Hill Road and a small beach, approximately 1300 square feet in area, located south of Falcon Road and east of the “Second Piece.” Leabo v. Leninski, supra, 612.
The trial court here found the following facts, which are not disputed in this appeal: The estate sold the six lots, Walden Hill Road and the “Second Piece” to Falcon, Inc. Falcon, Inc., conveyed the six lots and the “Second Piece” to the plaintiffs or their predecessors in interest. Each deed granted the owners rights to the beach and conveyed a right of way “for all purposes
In 1975, Leabo learned that the Sperry estate’s remaining land in the area, including the 2.23 acre parcel adjoining Walden Hill Road and the small beach to the southeast of the road, was for sale. Leabo consulted with his attorney and with the Sachem’s Head Association, the local zoning authority; both advised him that conversion of the four summer cottages on the 2.23 acre lot to year-round use would violate existing zoning ordinances. After hearing that the defendant was interested in purchasing the property and winterizing the four summer cottages, Leabo had his attorney send the defendant a letter advising him that such a conversion would be in violation of the zoning ordinances and that Leabo would oppose it.
Three days later, the defendant purchased the 2.23 acre lot and small beach. His deed made his rights to the beach subservient to those of the other lot owners and granted him an easement to use the road similar to that granted to the plaintiffs or their predecessors in interest.
The defendant’s actions following his purchase of the property have been the subject of prior litigation. See Leabo v. Leninski, supra; Zoning Commission v. Leninski, 34 Conn. Sup. 66, 376 A.2d 771 (1976). He began to convert a three car garage on the ground floor of one of the cottages into an apartment and was ordered to stop by the local zoning authority and the
Angered by the court order, he began a campaign of retaliation and malicious harassment against Leabo. He painted a cottage which was directly across from Leabo’s property red, white and blue so that it resembled a crude version of the American flag; he erected two large wooden crosses, one in front of the painted cottage and the second on a hill directly across from Leabo’s home; further, he posted a crude, oversized, homemade sign proclaiming the beach open to the public. Successful suits were brought by Leabo and other lot owners defining their beach rights and enjoining the posting of signs. See Leabo v. Leninski, supra; Zoning Commission v. Leninski, supra. This suit focuses on the plaintiffs’ rights in Walden Hill Road, which the defendant subsequently purchased.
After purchasing Walden Hill Road, the defendant cut down the trees on some of the tree lawns to make room for the hundreds of cars and bicycles he expected after declaring the beach to be public. When Leabo continued to mow the tree lawn in front of his home, but within the defendant’s roadway, the defendant called the police and had his attorney demand that Leabo cease his actions.
The defendant then proceeded to heap debris on the tree lawns. Leabo continued to remove the debris even after the defendant again called the police to order Leabo to stop. Thereafter, the defendant dug up the tree lawn in front of Leabo’s home. Ultimately, the defendant brought in heavy construction equipment and placed boulders on the tree lawn in front of the plaintiffs’ homes. The defendant himself placed some of the large boulders in front of Leabo’s home, interfering with Leabo’s access to his mailbox and to the entrance of his home.
I
The Appeal
The defendant first argues that interference with the plaintiffs’ rights of way was not pleaded as a theory of recovery and that the court, therefore, erroneously based its decision on this theory. The plaintiffs’ complaint was in four counts, which the defendant suggests should be strictly construed as making only two claims of adverse possession and two claims of trespass, and as not claiming interference with rights of way. We disagree.
A formalistic or highly technical construction of pleadings is contrary to a proper view of pleading requirements. O’Brien v.Seyer, 183 Conn. 199, 210-11,
The first two counts of the complaint incorporate into the pleadings the deeds which conveyed the respective lots to each plaintiff. These deeds, which were attached to the complaint, recited the rights of way granted with the lots. Both the third and fourth counts state in part that the “plaintiffs have had their access to the paved portion of Walden Hill Road and their right of way restricted . . . .” (Emphasis added.) In conjunction with these allegations, the plaintiffs’ claim for relief requested, inter alia, that the defendant be enjoined from further interference with “plaintiffs’ access to the paved portion of Walden Hill Road and plaintiffs’right of way . . . .” (Emphasis added.)
Construing these allegations favorably to the pleaders; O’Connor v. Dory Corporation, 174 Conn. 65, 69, 381 A.2d 559 (1977); we conclude that they gave sufficient notice to the defendant that the plaintiffs were proceeding on the theory of interference with deeded rights of way as well as the theory of adverse possession of the road. Under these pleadings, the plaintiffs were not required to abandon one theory of recovery in order to pursue another.
The defendant also argues that the court erred in including certain attorney’s fees in the exemplary damages award because the plaintiff did not prove them by evidence. The plaintiffs introduced into evidence a
Exemplary damages
The bill for $11,041.10 was properly offered into evidence and used to determine damages. From this exhibit, the court had evidence of the reasonable hourly rate of the plaintiffs’ counsel. Additionally, the court knew of counsel’s activities during the trial and the length of the trial. Fees for the conduct of the trial would have been permissibly assessed based on the hourly rate and the length of the trial. See Hoenig v. Lubetkin, 137 Conn. 516, 525, 79 A.2d 278 (1951). The court, however, went beyond its bounds when it awarded fees for trial preparation and preparation of the post-trial brief without evidence
Finally, the defendant claims that exemplary damages were erroneously awarded to all of the plaintiffs. He argues that, because the record supports a finding of malice only toward the plaintiff Leabo, exemplary damages should only have been awarded in the amount of the attorney’s fees attributable to representation of Leabo. We disagree.
“Punitive [or exemplary] damages are awarded when the evidence shows a reckless indifference to the rights of others or an intentional and wanton violation of those
The court found that all the plaintiffs had been injured to some extent, but that the Leabos bore the brunt of the malicious harassment by the defendant. It found that justice and equity require that the plaintiffs, especially Leabo, be compensated by the defendant “for the damages suffered because of Mr. Leninski’s malicious and wilful conduct toward them and for his intentional disruption of their enjoyment of their property rights.” (Emphasis added.) The defendant cannot complain that not all the plaintiffs should receive exemplary damages solely because he meant to injure only one and injured the others only incidentally. This court will not retry the facts or disturb the findings of malice and injury by the trial court; Kelsey v. Connecticut State Employees Assn., 179 Conn. 606, 615, 427 A.2d 420 (1980); Hobby v. Feldman, 2 Conn. App. 696, 697, 482 A.2d 1226 (1984); and we will not upset the exemplary damages award warranted by those findings.
II
The Cross Appeal
The first claim in the plaintiffs’ cross appeal is that the court erred in limiting recovery to exemplary
Although the cross appeal was taken by all the plaintiffs, and although evidence of liability was offered with respect to them, it is clear from our examination of the briefs and transcript that evidence of damages for mental anguish and invasion of privacy was offered only with respect to Leabo. Thus, only he can be said to have proved any such damages. The other plaintiffs may also have technically and legally suffered those injuries. Even if that is the case, they are only entitled to nominal damages and this court will not ordinarily reverse and grant a new trial merely for the failure to award nominal damages. Rubin v. Rios, 186 Conn. 754, 756, 443 A.2d 1273 (1982); Preisner v. Illman, 1 Conn. App. 264, 269, 470 A.2d 1237 (1984); but see Kelly v. Ivler, 187 Conn. 31, 450 A.2d 817 (1982) (remanded for rendition of judgment of nominal damages). We therefore affirm that part of the trial court’s judgment denying compensatory damages for mental anguish and invasion of privacy to the other plaintiffs, on the alternative theory that no evidence of such damages was offered with respect to them. See State v. Beckenbach, 1 Conn. App. 669, 673 n.4, 476 A.2d 591, cert. granted, 193 Conn. 806, 477 A.2d 659 (1984).
As to Leabo, the complaint adequately pleaded a cause of action for compensatory, as well as exem
Leabo established this cause of action. The court specifically found that he “conclusively proved, that . . . Leninski, by a course of deliberate and intentionally harrassing conduct extending over a period of many months, wilfully and maliciously interfered with Leabo’s enjoyment of his property and caused him great mental anguish, inconvenience and expense.” This finding, which the evidence supports, necessarily triggered not only an award of exemplary damages, but also an inquiry into the amount of compensatory damages to be awarded for that mental anguish, inconvenience and expense.
A fair reading of the court’s memorandum of decision indicates that it declined to award such compensatory damages, not because of a failure of proof by Leabo, but because of the difficulty of arriving at a monetary figure for them. This was error.
It is axiomatic that the plaintiff who establishes tort liability is entitled to fair, just and reasonable compensation for his injuries. Herb v. Kerr, 190 Conn. 136, 139, 459 A.2d 521 (1983); Hulk v. Aishberg, 126 Conn. 360, 362, 11 A.2d 380 (1940). “Damages in personal injury cases cannot be computed mathematically, nor does the law furnish any precise, definite rule for their assessment.” Sadonis v. Govan, 132 Conn. 668, 670, 46 A.2d 895 (1946); Conaway v. Prestia, 191 Conn. 484, 494, 464 A.2d 847 (1983). The court has, and must exercise, a wide discretion in the amount of damages for personal injuries, and the amount awarded in each case depends largely on the judgment of the trier. Johnson
These same principles apply here where the injury proven was mental and emotional, rather than physical. “Medical science and mental health fields have advanced sufficiently to enable a trier of fact to determine the extent of mental suffering by the same standard of proof as physical suffering. See Wallace v. Coca-Cola Bottling Plants, Inc., 269 A.2d 117, 121 (Me. 1970). In today’s world, both supply equal grist for the [trial court’s] mill, based on ‘[t]he ordinary knowledge acquired from everyday experience by the [trial court] . . . .’ Id., 122.” Buckley v. Lovallo, 2 Conn. App. 579, 589, 481 A.2d 1286 (1984). Here, there was evidence that, as a result of the defendant’s conduct, Leabo and his family felt compelled to go elsewhere during the summertime rather than stay at their home in Sachem’s Head, and that there was tension and strain in the family. There was also evidence that the defendant’s conduct contributed to a divorce between Leabo and his wife. The court also found that the second cross erected by the defendant was intended specifically to harass the Leabo family, that he knew that the Leabos were Jewish, and that from time to time he would shout anti-Jewish epithets at Leabo. This evidence and these findings, together with the reasonable inferences which
The same cannot be said, however, of the plaintiffs’ additional claim on the cross appeal, namely that the court erred in failing to award damages for diminution of property values. As all the plaintiffs, including Leabo, conceded in oral argument in this court, there was no evidence of such a diminution. Although the trial court did not decline to award these damages on that basis, “we are free to sustain a trial court’s judgment on a theory different from that adopted by it . . . .” State v. Beckenbach, supra, 673 n.4. Because of the absence of such evidence, we find no error in that part of the trial court’s judgment which denied damages for diminution of the values of the plaintiffs’ properties.
The plaintiffs’ final claim is that the court erred in failing either to order the defendant to remove the boulders or to award damages for the cost of their removal. The defendant responds that we should not review this claim because the plaintiffs did not include it in their preliminary statement of issues under Practice Book § 3012 (a). We agree.
The plaintiffs’ preliminary statement of issues is confined to their claims involving the court’s failure to award compensatory damages for mental anguish, invasion of privacy and diminution of property values. It does not refer to the claim of which they now seek review. Since this claim does not involve a constitutional issue and does not rise to the level of plain error or a miscarriage of justice,
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Although other interested parties were named as defendants in the trial court, only Leninski appealed. We therefore refer to him as the defendant.
This appeal, originally filed in the Supreme Court, was transferred to this court. Public Acts, Spec. Sess., June, 1983, No. 83-29, § 2 (c).
The terms “punitive damages” and “exemplary damages” are “merely alternate labels for the same remedy” and no distinction exists between them. (Footnote omitted.) Alaimo v. Royer, 188 Conn. 36, 42-43, 448 A.2d 207 (1982)
The plaintiffs could easily have introduced evidence of the time spent in preparation for the trial. As to the post-trial brief, they could have introduced evidence of a reasonable estimate and requested permission to open their case if that estimate proved substantially inaccurate.
We note that the plaintiffs did not offer evidence of the cost of removal of the boulders or suggest that they could not remove them.