241 Conn. 678 | Conn. | 1997
The principal issue in this certified appeal is whether, under the circumstances of these consolidated cases, the Appellate Court properly concluded that the defendant, Whitey’s Frame Shop, violated the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA)
The opinion of the Appellate Court sets forth the following facts relevant to these appeals. “The plaintiffs each incurred over $3000 in fines arising from unpaid parking tickets issued by the city of Hartford. The plaintiffs did not contest the tickets when they were issued. On April 5, 1990, the defendant, acting at the direction of the Hartford police department, towed the plaintiffs’ automobiles to its lot. At a hearing pursuant to a city ordinance before the Hartford tax department on April 6, 1990, a hearing officer reduced the amount of the fines the plaintiffs owed by eliminating the additional interest and penalties due. Each plaintiff still owed over $1000, the total of the face amounts of the tickets.
“Pursuant to both a city ordinance
“The trial court determined that because the plaintiffs demanded the return of their automobiles while they contested the tickets in a variety of fora, the automobiles were not ‘abandoned’ as that term is used in § 14-150. Because the automobiles were not abandoned, the court reasoned, the defendant did not have the authority to dispose of them. Therefore, the trial court awarded to each plaintiff the $50 salvage value the defendant received for each automobile.
The plaintiffs appealed from the judgments of the trial court to the Appellate Court, arguing that the trial court had improperly awarded fees and costs to the defendant. The defendant filed cross appeals, challenging the trial court’s determination that it had violated CUTPA. The Appellate Court affirmed the trial court’s judgment with respect to the towing and storage charges, and also affirmed the trial court’s determination on the CUTPA claim, concluding that the defendant’s actions were not exempt from CUTPA despite the defendant’s argument that it had acted on the authority and direction of the city in disposing of the plaintiffs’ automobiles.
I
The defendant argues that it did not violate CUTPA because: (1) the city had the authority to tow scofflaw vehicles pursuant to the city ordinance; and (2) the defendant relied, in good faith, upon its contract with the city, which authorized the defendant to store and dispose of such vehicles in accordance with the procedures set forth in § 14-150 (g). In response, the plaintiffs argue that the defendant could not have relied on the disposal procedures in § 14-150 because that statute does not contemplate scofflaw vehicles within its provisions. We agree with the defendant.
We begin by recognizing that the city, in accordance with its police powers and the Home Rule Act; General Statutes §§ 7-187 through 7-201;
The defendant argues that, for such scofflaw vehicles, the city, recognizing such omission in the ordinances, adopted the storage and disposal procedures set forth in § 14-150 (g). The defendant further argues that a plain reading of the contract between the city and the defendant confirmed the intent to adopt those storage and disposal procedures. We agree.
The contract outlines the reasons that the city might have for directing the defendant to tow and store a vehicle, including clearing vehicles during snowstorms, removing vehicles following accidents or to be held for evidence, removing scofflaw vehicles and such other actions as the police department may designate. Furthermore, the contract provides that “[f]or vehicles not claimed by their legal owners, the [defendant] shall store and dispose of said vehicles as provided by section 14-150 of the Connecticut Statutes.”
Our resolution of the defendant’s claim is guided by the general principles governing the construction of contracts. A contract must be construed to effectuate the intent of the parties, which is “determined from the language used interpreted in the light of the situation of the parties and the circumstances connected with the transaction. . . . [T]he intent of the parties is to be ascertained by a fair and reasonable construction of the written words and . . . the language used must be accorded its common, natural, and ordinary meaning and usage where it can be sensibly applied to the subject matter of the contract. . . . Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the contract is to be given effect according to its terms. A court will not torture words to import ambiguity where the ordinary meaning leaves no room for ambiguity .... Similarly, any ambiguity in a contract must emanate from the language used in the contract rather than from one party’s subjective perception of the terms. . . . Absent a statutory warranty or definitive contract language, the trial court’s interpretation of a contract, being a determination of the parties’ intent, is a question of fact
In our view, the Appellate Court improperly concluded that the failure expressly to reference subsection (g) of § 14-150 in the contract required application of the entire statute. The contract’s language is clear and unambiguous that vehicles that are unclaimed by their legal owners shall be stored and disposed of in accordance with § 14-150. Furthermore, it is undisputed that such storage and disposal procedures are set forth in subsection (g) of that statute. It would be a hypertechnical construction of the contract, indeed, to require application of the entire statute merely because the contract provision does not refer specifically to that particular subsection.
Even if we were to assume, without deciding, that the contract’s failure to refer to subsection (g) meant that the entire statute applies, the Appellate Court’s conclusion that the defendant could not dispose of vehicles that were not specifically designated by § 14-150 is contrary to common sense and to a plain reading of the contract as a whole.
II
We next consider the plaintiffs’ argument that, with respect to their claim for conversion, the judgment of the Appellate Court should be modified because the Appellate Court improperly concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding only the
In its memorandum of decision, the trial court stated: “[A]s to the first count of their amended complaints, the plaintiffs have failed to produce actual damages apart from perhaps a claim for the salvage price of $50 the defendant received for each of the cars. Neither plaintiff presented any evidence as to the actual value of the vehicles; repair bills on the Lawson car [cannot] establish a value for this 1979 car. Also, Ms. Charest did not prove any damages as regards to lost income because of the defendant’s disposal of this vehicle. She sold items from the car or by using the car but lost money from this business venture over a period of years. She did not give any estimate as to how much money she lost as a result of missed business opportunities. Similarly as to Mr. Lawson, he vaguely testified as to lost employment opportunities but did not present any evidence as to actual monetary loss.”
“It is axiomatic that the burden of proving damages is on the party claiming them. . . . When damages are claimed they are an essential element of the plaintiff’s proof and must be proved with reasonable certainty. . . . Damages are recoverable only to the extent that the evidence affords a sufficient basis for estimating their amount in money with reasonable certainty. . . . Although damages often are not susceptible of exact pecuniary computation and must be left largely to the sound judgment of the trier . . . this situation does not invalidate a damage award as long as the evidence
Having reviewed the record, we agree with the Appellate Court that the plaintiffs failed to establish damages beyond the $50 awarded for the salvage value of their automobiles. As the Appellate Court stated: “First, Charest testified that not only did she initially have another vehicle to use in her weekend job as a produce vendor, but that in previous years she had never shown a profit in this endeavor. Second, Charest testified that Lawson was not able to work from 1990 to 1992 as a result of losing the use of his automobile. The plaintiffs, however, offered no other evidence to substantiate the claim for Lawson’s lost wages. Finally, the plaintiffs did not offer any evidence regarding the book value of either automobile. In light of the paucity of evidence relating to actual damages, therefore, the trial court clearly did not abuse its discretion in awarding compensatory damages of $50 for each car.” Lawson v. Whitey’s Frame Shop, supra, 42 Conn. App. 605.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
General Statutes §§ 42-110a through 42-110q.
“On April 23, 1991, the city issued parking ticket releases to each plaintiff because the fines were deemed to be uncollectable.” Lawson v. Whitey’s Frame Shop, 42 Conn. App. 599, 601 n.2, 682 A.2d 1016 (1996).
Section 22-44 (b) of the Hartford city ordinances provides: “The chief of police shall not authorize or direct the release of any vehicle placed within a vehicle pound pursuant to [the scofflaw ordinance] until such time as the owner or person in charge of such vehicle shall have:
“(1) Supplied the chief of police with evidence of his identity and ownership;
“(2) Satisfied all outstanding municipal parking citations against the subject vehicle to the satisfaction of the chief of police;
“(3) Paid the cost of removal, impoundment, and administration; and
“(4) Signed a receipt for such vehicle.”
General Statutes § 14-150 provides in pertinent part: “Abandoned or unregistered motor vehicles and motor vehicles which are a menace to traffic. Notice. Removal. Storage. Hearing. Lien. Sale, (a) Any person who abandons any motor vehicle within the limits of any highway or upon property other than his own without the consent of the owner thereof for a period longer than twenty-four hours shall have committed an infraction and shall be fined not less than eighty-five dollars. The last owner of record of a motor vehicle found abandoned, as shown by the files of the Department of Motor Vehicles, shall be deemed prima facie to have been the owner of such motor vehicle at the time it was abandoned and the person who abandoned the same or caused or procured its abandonment.
“(b) Any inspector of the Department of Motor Vehicles, any officer attached to an organized police department or any state police officer upon discovery of any motor vehicle, whether situated within or without any highway of this state, which is a menace to traffic or public health or safety, shall take such motor vehicle into his custody and cause the same to be taken to and stored in a suitable place. . . .
“(g) The owner or keeper of any garage or other place where such motor vehicle is stored shall have a lien upon the same for his storage charges.
“The trial court awarded the $50 under the plaintiffs’ first count of conversion. The trial court refused to award compensatory damages for lost wages or for the alleged full value of the automobiles because, the court asserted, the plaintiffs failed to produce any evidence to substantiate those claims for damages.” Lawson v. Whitey’s Frame Shop, 42 Conn. App. 599, 603 n.5, 682 A.2d 1016 (1996).
General Statutes § 52-564 provides: “Treble damages for theft. Anyperson who steals any property of another, or knowingly receives and conceals stolen property, shall pay the owner treble his damages.”
The Appellate Court also concluded, however, that the trial court’s award of treble damages under § 52-564 on the plaintiffs’ award of the $50 salvage value of each of their automobiles constituted plain error. Lawson v. Whitey’s Frame Shop, supra, 42 Conn. App. 607. Those portions of the judgments were reversed. Id., 616-17. The plaintiffs do not challenge the finding of plain error on appeal. See footnote 8 of this opinion. Additionally, the defendant did not appeal from the plaintiffs verdict on the conversion count.
Practice Book § 4140 (b) provides in relevant part: “Any party may . . . present for review any claim that the relief afforded by the appellate court
General Statutes § 7-194 provides in pertinent part: “[A]ll towns, cities, or boroughs which have a charter or which adopt or amend a charter under the provisions of this chapter shall have the following specific powers in addition to all powers granted to towns, cities and boroughs under the constitution and general statutes: To manage, regulate and control the finances and property, real and personal, of the town, city or borough and to regulate and provide for the sale, conveyance, transfer and release of town, city or borough property and to provide for the execution of contracts and evidences of indebtedness issued by the town, city or borough.”
Specifically, § 22-42 (b) of the Hartford city ordinances provides: “Whenever any vehicle is found parked upon the streets and public grounds of the city and where there are five (5) or more municipal parking citations issued for violation of any municipal traffic ordinance, rale or regulation upon such vehicle, which are delinquent, unpaid, otherwise unsettled and uncontested, then a member of the police department may place or direct a person or persons so authorized by the chief of police to place an immobilization device upon such vehicle or, in the alternative, the member of the police department may remove and convey such vehicle by means of towing or otherwise, to a. vehicle pound or he may order such person so authorized by the chief of police to remove and convey such vehicle by means of towing, or otherwise, to a vehicle pound.”
We note that, at oral argument before this court, a question arose as to whether, applying § 14-150 in its entirety, that statute does in fact contemplate the disposal of scofflaw vehicles in light of subsection (a) of the statute, which deems a vehicle abandoned if it has been left on the property of another for a period longer than twenty-four hours. Because we conclude that the defendant had the authority to dispose of the plaintiffs’ automobiles in accordance with the terms of the contract with the city, and without relying on the application of § 14-150 (a), we need not decide this issue today.
Because the defendant did not appeal from the plaintiffs’ verdict on the conversion counts; see footnote 7 of this opinion; that verdict is still intact even though we conclude that the defendant had the authority to dispose of the plaintiffs’ automobiles.
The plaintiffs also argue that the Appellate Court improperly concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not awarding them attorney’s fees and punitive damages. Although the plaintiffs’ argument is unclear whether they claim that such fees and damages should have been awarded as part of the conversion or the CUTPA claim, we nevertheless decline to address either claim.
The Appellate Court noted that the trial court had found that the defendant’s practice of disposing of unclaimed scofflaw vehicles could cause substantial injury to consumers and, therefore, treated the $1018 in CUTPA
Because the plaintiffs failed to seek an articulation from the trial court to clarify whether the $1018 in CUTPA damages was for compensatory damages, punitive damages or attorney’s fees relating to the $50 compensatory award, we decline to review this claim. See Bank of Boston Connecticut v. Schlesinger, 220 Conn. 152, 154 n.2, 595 A.2d 872 (1991) (“[i]t is the responsibility of the appellant to seek an articulation of the trial court’s decision in order to provide this court, with an adequate record for review”); see also Practice Book § 4051. Moreover, because we conclude that the defendant did not violate CUTPA, we need not address whether the trial court abused its discretion by not awarding attorney’s fees and punitive damages to the plaintiffs as part of the CUTPA award.